[{"id":"abua","name":"Abua","status":"published","searchAliases":["Abua","Abuan"],"language":{"name":"Abua","glottocode":"abua1244","family":{"name":"Central Delta","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Delta Cross","Central Delta"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Abua live in Abua/Odual LGA of Rivers State and speak a Central Delta language, related to Ogbia and Odual.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"rivers-abua-odual","name":"Abua/Odual","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Abua Central","lga":"rivers-abua-odual","lgaName":"Abua/Odual","state":"Rivers","point":[6.6145,4.811],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"rivers-abua-odual","point":[6.6145,4.811]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of Abua–Odual LGA. The LGA article says the people of Abua are of Ijaw ancestry.","refs":[3],"confidence":"disputed"},"refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"The Ijaw-ancestry claim in the LGA article needs checking against the language classification used for this group."}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-abua1244","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Abua (abua1244)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/abua1244","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-rivers-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Rivers State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-abua-odual","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Abua–Odual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abua–Odual","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"acipa","name":"Acipa (Cicipu)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Acipa","Achipa","Achifawa","Cicipu","Acipanci"],"language":{"name":"Cicipu","glottocode":"cici1237","family":{"name":"Kainji","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Kainji"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Acipa (Achifawa in Hausa) are a small Kainji people of the Zuru Emirate and western Niger State. Their language, Cicipu, is related to the Kambari languages.","refs":[2,1,3],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"kebbi-sakaba","name":"Sakaba","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"niger-mariga","name":"Mariga","state":"Niger","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"niger-rafi","name":"Rafi","state":"Niger","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"kaduna-birnin-gwari","name":"Birnin Gwari","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Acipa of Sakaba","lga":"kebbi-sakaba","lgaName":"Sakaba","state":"Kebbi","point":[5.555,11.131],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kebbi-sakaba","point":[5.555,11.131]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"niger-mariga","name":"Mariga","state":"Niger"},{"lga":"niger-rafi","name":"Rafi","state":"Niger"}],"refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-cicipu","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Cicipu, Central Kainji (cici1237)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cici1237","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kainji-languages","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kainji languages (languages with LGAs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainji_languages","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kebbi-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kebbi State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebbi_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"adara","name":"Adara (Kadara)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Adara","Kadara","Ajure","Kajuru"],"language":{"name":"Kadara","glottocode":"kada1284","family":{"name":"Plateau","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Benue-Congo Plateau"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Adara, called Kadara by Hausa, are the major people of Kajuru LGA in southern Kaduna (Ajure in Adara).","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"kaduna-kajuru","name":"Kajuru","state":"Kaduna","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Adara communities (Kajuru)","lga":"kaduna-kajuru","lgaName":"Kajuru","state":"Kaduna","point":[7.8015,10.2605],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Magunguna"},{"name":"Idazo"},{"name":"Etissi"},{"name":"Ungwan Galadima"},{"name":"Ungwan Guza"},{"name":"Ungwan Ma'aji"},{"name":"Ungwan Araha"},{"name":"Ungwan Goshi"},{"name":"Ungwan Sako"}],"markers":[{"lga":"kaduna-kajuru","point":[7.8015,10.2605]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"kaduna-kachia","name":"Kachia","state":"Kaduna"}],"history":{"text":"The Adara call Kajuru Ajure and Kachia Akhwee. Kajuru LGA was cut from Chikun in 1997 with two traditional districts, Kajuru and Kufana. Zazzau's agent Yawa raided the Adara from Kajuru and Kachia in the 1880s.","refs":[3,4,5],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[4,3],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-kada1284","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Kadara (Adara) (kada1284)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kada1284","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kaduna-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kaduna State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kajuru","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kajuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajuru","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-adara-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Adara people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adara_people","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-southern-kaduna","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Southern Kaduna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Kaduna","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"afemai","name":"Afemai","status":"published","searchAliases":["Afenmai","Etsako","Yekhee","Owan","Auchi"],"language":{"name":"Yekhee (Etsako)","iso639_3":"ets","glottocode":"yekh1238","family":{"name":"Edoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Edoid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Afemai (Afenmai) of northern Edo State, including the Etsako and Owan peoples, occupy six LGAs; Auchi is a main centre. Many of their kingdoms trace their founders to Benin.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"edo-etsako-west","name":"Etsako West","state":"Edo","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"edo-etsako-central","name":"Etsako Central","state":"Edo","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"edo-etsako-east","name":"Etsako East","state":"Edo","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"edo-owan-east","name":"Owan East","state":"Edo","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"edo-owan-west","name":"Owan West","state":"Edo","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"edo-akoko-edo","name":"Akoko-Edo","state":"Edo","presence":"significant","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Shared with the Akoko and the Etuno of Igarra."}],"communities":[{"name":"Auchi","lga":"edo-etsako-west","lgaName":"Etsako West","state":"Edo","point":[6.27,7.07],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Utsogu"},{"name":"Akpekpe"},{"name":"Aibotse"},{"name":"Igbhei"},{"name":"Iyekhei"}],"markers":[{"lga":"edo-etsako-west","point":[6.27,7.07]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of Etsako West and, under British rule, of the Kukuruku Division; the town is made up of five quarters. Home of Auchi Polytechnic.","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[4],"confidence":"high","note":"Point is the town centre, approximate."},{"name":"Jattu (Uzairue)","lga":"edo-etsako-west","lgaName":"Etsako West","state":"Edo","point":[6.295,7.093],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Afowa"},{"name":"Elele"},{"name":"Iyamho"},{"name":"Ogbido"},{"name":"Ayua"},{"name":"Afashio"},{"name":"Ikabigbo"},{"name":"Imeke"}],"markers":[{"lga":"edo-etsako-west","point":[6.295,7.093]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of the Uzairue clan of twenty-one villages and seat of its ruler, the Ogieneni; Jattu's new market is reckoned the largest in Afemailand.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[5,6],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Agbede","lga":"edo-etsako-west","lgaName":"Etsako West","state":"Edo","point":[6.264,6.864],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"edo-etsako-west","point":[6.264,6.864]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Nupe army's base in Afemai in the late 19th century, from which, by Esan tradition, it raided Esanland; Agbede has remained Muslim.","refs":[7],"confidence":"disputed"},"refs":[6,7,8],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Okpella","lga":"edo-etsako-east","lgaName":"Etsako East","state":"Edo","point":[6.5825,7.1905],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Ogute-Oke"},{"name":"Awuyemi"},{"name":"Imiekuri"},{"name":"Igiase"},{"name":"Imiegeli"},{"name":"Okhu"},{"name":"Komunio"},{"name":"Iddo"}],"markers":[{"lga":"edo-etsako-east","point":[6.5825,7.1905]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"A clan of two sub-clans, Ogute and Oteku, on the Benin–Abuja road, speaking Okpella, an Edoid language. Its people worship a supreme god, Eshinegba.","refs":[9],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Farming (yams, cassava, tomatoes, ogbono) and mining of its limestone, marble and granite; the Ewo market meets every fourth day.","refs":[9],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[9],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Weppa Wanno","lga":"edo-etsako-east","lgaName":"Etsako East","state":"Edo","point":[6.5825,7.1905],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"edo-etsako-east","point":[6.5825,7.1905]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Uwano people say they left Benin in the 16th century under General Adaobi, in the exodus from Ewuare's harsh rule. Before colonial rule they were republicans, led by Ukpi drummers, village and family heads; the Okumagbe throne was created only in 1939 when the Weppa and Wanno clans were merged. Their land faces Idah across the Niger.","refs":[10],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[10],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Fugar","lga":"edo-etsako-central","lgaName":"Etsako Central","state":"Edo","point":[6.4585,7.0045],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Ogbona"},{"name":"Iraokhor"},{"name":"Anegbete"},{"name":"Ekperi"}],"markers":[{"lga":"edo-etsako-central","point":[6.4585,7.0045]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of Etsako Central.","refs":[11],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[11],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Afuze","lga":"edo-owan-east","lgaName":"Owan East","state":"Edo","point":[6.043,6.969],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"edo-owan-east","point":[6.043,6.969]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Afen-su-Uze, “the clan of Uze”, a water cane: founded by Imoigan, a descendant of Imah and Uzuanbi, first as a farm camp; it grew as a market on the long-distance trade routes. Headquarters of Owan East.","refs":[12],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[12,6],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Sabongida-Ora","lga":"edo-owan-west","lgaName":"Owan West","state":"Edo","point":[5.937,6.898],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"edo-owan-west","point":[5.937,6.898]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[6],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-afemai","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Yekhee (yekh1238)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/yekh1238","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-afemai","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Afemai people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afemai_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-igarra","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igarra","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-auchi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Auchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auchi","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-jattu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jattu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jattu","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"oriire-2025-esan-nupe","citation":"Osalumhense, Stacey. (2025). The Esan-Nupe War. Oriire","url":"https://oriire.com/article/the-esan-nupe-war","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"idrees-1989-bida","citation":"Idrees, Aliyu A. (1989). Collaboration and the British Conquest of Bida in 1897: The Role and Achievement of the Indigenous Interest Groups. African Study Monographs 10(2): 69–82","url":"https://jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/ASM%20%20Vol.10%20No.2%201989/Aliyu%20A.%20IDREES.pdf","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"wikipedia-okpella","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Okpella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okpella","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-weppa-wanno","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Weppa Wanno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weppa_Wanno","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"wikipedia-etsako-central","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Etsako Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etsako_Central","checked":true},{"n":12,"id":"wikipedia-afuze","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Afuze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afuze","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The Owan speak Edoid languages distinct from Yekhee; the profile uses Yekhee for the group."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"afizere","name":"Afizere (Izere)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Afizere","Izere","Afusari","Jarawa"],"language":{"name":"Izere","glottocode":"izer1241","family":{"name":"Plateau","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Benue-Congo Plateau"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Afizere are one of the three peoples recognised as indigenes of Jos, with the Berom and Anaguta, and the main people of Jos East LGA. Hausa sometimes call them Jarawa, but they are distinct from the Jarawa (Jar) of Kanam and Bauchi.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"plateau-jos-east","name":"Jos East","state":"Plateau","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"plateau-jos-north","name":"Jos North","state":"Plateau","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-toro","name":"Toro","state":"Bauchi","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Afizere districts (Jos East)","lga":"plateau-jos-east","lgaName":"Jos East","state":"Plateau","point":[9.037,9.865],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Fobur","point":[9.037,9.865]},{"name":"Shere"},{"name":"Federe"},{"name":"Maigemu"},{"name":"Forsum"}],"markers":[{"lga":"plateau-jos-east","point":[9.037,9.865]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"plateau-jos-north","name":"Jos North","state":"Plateau"}],"history":{"text":"The Afizere are one of the three peoples recognised as indigenes of Jos. Their chiefdom, under the Agwom, is made of the districts of five royal families: Fobur, Forsum, Maigemu, Shere and Federe.","refs":[2,5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2,5,6],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-izer1241","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Izere (Afizere) (izer1241)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/izer1241","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"hrw-2006-indigenes","citation":"Human Rights Watch. (2006). \"They Do Not Own This Place\": Government Discrimination Against \"Non-Indigenes\" in Nigeria","url":"https://www.hrw.org/report/2006/04/25/they-do-not-own-place/government-discrimination-against-non-indigenes-nigeria","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-plateau-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Plateau State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-toro-bauchi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Toro, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toro,_Nigeria","checked":false},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-afizere","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Afizere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afizere","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"afo","name":"Afo (Eloyi)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Afo","Eloyi","Afao","Ajiri","Aho","Epe"],"language":{"name":"Eloyi (Ajiri)","glottocode":"eloy1241","family":{"name":"Plateau","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Benue-Congo Plateau"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Afo, who call themselves Eloyi, live mostly in Nasarawa, Awe and Kokona LGAs of Nasarawa State; the emirate of Nasarawa was founded around 1838 in Afo country.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"nasarawa-nasarawa","name":"Nasarawa","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-kokona","name":"Kokona","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-keffi","name":"Keffi","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-awe","name":"Awe","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Eloyi hills","lga":"nasarawa-awe","lgaName":"Awe","state":"Nasarawa","point":[9.176,8.2405],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"nasarawa-awe","point":[9.176,8.2405]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"nasarawa-nasarawa","name":"Nasarawa","state":"Nasarawa"},{"lga":"nasarawa-kokona","name":"Kokona","state":"Nasarawa"}],"history":{"text":"Most Eloyi (Afo) lived in a 24 km range of rocky hills in today's Nasarawa State. After revolting against the British in 1918 they were forced from their homeland and scattered across Nasarawa and Benue; some have gone back to the hills. In 1932 the British split them into ten village areas under heads the Eloyi did not recognise.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-eloy1241","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Ajiri (Eloyi, Afo) (eloy1241)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/eloy1241","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-eloyi-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Eloyi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloyi_people","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"agbo","name":"Agbo","status":"published","searchAliases":["Agbo","Legbo","Imabana","Itigidi","Ekureku"],"language":{"name":"Legbo","glottocode":"legb1242","family":{"name":"Upper Cross","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Delta Cross","Upper Cross"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Agbo, who speak Legbo, are with the Bahumono the main people of Abi LGA, Cross River State. Some describe them as an Igbo subgroup; the Agbo reject this.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"cross-river-abi","name":"Abi","state":"Cross River","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Agbo villages (Abi)","lga":"cross-river-abi","lgaName":"Abi","state":"Cross River","point":[8.032,5.8895],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"cross-river-abi","point":[8.032,5.8895]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Abi LGA's people are mostly Bahumono or Agbo, with Imabana villages.","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-legb1242","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Legbo (Agbo) (legb1242)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/legb1242","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-bahumono","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bahumono people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahumono_people","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-abi-cross-river","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Abi, Cross River State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abi,_Cross_River_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"agwagune","name":"Agwagune","status":"published","searchAliases":["Agwagune","Agwagwune","Akunakuna","Egup Ipa"],"language":{"name":"Agwagwune","glottocode":"agwa1247","family":{"name":"Upper Cross","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Delta Cross","Upper Cross"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Agwagune (Egup Ipa clan) live in Biase LGA, Cross River State, in towns such as Agwagwune, Okurike and Itu-Agwagune, and also in Abi.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"cross-river-biase","name":"Biase","state":"Cross River","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"cross-river-abi","name":"Abi","state":"Cross River","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Akunakuna (Agwagune) towns","lga":"cross-river-biase","lgaName":"Biase","state":"Cross River","point":[8.101,5.624],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Akpet Central","point":[8.101,5.624]},{"name":"Adim","point":[8.037,5.741]},{"name":"Abayongo"},{"name":"Abini"},{"name":"Orum"},{"name":"Etono"}],"markers":[{"lga":"cross-river-biase","point":[8.101,5.624]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Gwune (Agwagune) is the language of the Akunakuna; its dialects are named after their towns: Abayongo, Abini, Dim (Adim), Orum, Erei and Etono. Akpet Central is the headquarters of Biase LGA.","refs":[4,5],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[4,5,6],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-agwa1247","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Agwagwune (agwa1247)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/agwa1247","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"opencommons-biase","citation":"Biase, Nigeria (clans: Umon, Egup Ipa, Erei, Ehom, Ubaghara)","url":"https://opencommons.org/Biase_Nigeria","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-cross-river-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Cross River State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-gwune-language","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gwune language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwune_language","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-biase","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Biase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biase","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"alago","name":"Alago","status":"published","searchAliases":["Alago","Idoma Nokwu","Arago","Andoma","Osana"],"language":{"name":"Alago","iso639_3":"ala","glottocode":"alag1242","family":{"name":"Idomoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Idomoid"]},"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Alago of southern Nasarawa State speak an Idomoid language and trace their origin, with the Idoma, to the Kwararafa confederacy. They are the main people of Doma, where the Andoma rules, and of Keana and Obi, whose rulers rank with the Andoma among the leading Alago chiefs.","refs":[2,3,4],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Andoma of Doma","seat":"Doma","refs":[3,4],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"nasarawa-doma","name":"Doma","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"core","refs":[3,5],"confidence":"high","note":"Predominant in the north of the LGA; the Bassa are numerous in the south."},{"lga":"nasarawa-keana","name":"Keana","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"core","refs":[4,5],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"nasarawa-obi","name":"Obi","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"significant","refs":[4,5],"confidence":"medium","note":"Seat of the Osuko of Obi, an Alago ruler."},{"lga":"nasarawa-awe","name":"Awe","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"significant","refs":[5],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-lafia","name":"Lafia","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"medium","note":"Among Lafia’s original inhabitants."}],"communities":[{"name":"Doma","lga":"nasarawa-doma","lgaName":"Doma","state":"Nasarawa","point":[8.357,8.393],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"nasarawa-doma","point":[8.357,8.393]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Seat of the Andoma. Doma tradition dates its founding to about 1232 by Andoma, whose Alago, once called Idoma, came from Apa in Kwararafa by way of Idah, Apa, Otukpa, Ogyogo on the Benue and Oba'sidoma in Keana. The kingdom lasted until British rule in 1901; the Odu festival is held each year.","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Mostly farming.","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[3,7],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Keana","lga":"nasarawa-keana","lgaName":"Keana","state":"Nasarawa","point":[8.834,8.217],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"nasarawa-keana","point":[8.834,8.217]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Seat of the Osana, one of the three great Alago kings. Founded by Akyana Adi, by tradition in the 12th century, and home of the Benue valley's salt.","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Salt making from the brine flats, and farming.","refs":[4,8],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[4,7],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Obi","lga":"nasarawa-obi","lgaName":"Obi","state":"Nasarawa","point":[8.775,8.368],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Agwatashi","point":[8.85,8.316]},{"name":"Agyaragu"},{"name":"Daddare"}],"markers":[{"lga":"nasarawa-obi","point":[8.775,8.368]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Seat of the Osuko of Obi, the third of the leading Alago kings with the Andoma and the Osana; Agwatashi is one of the main Alago towns.","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[9,4,7],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Assakio","lga":"nasarawa-lafia","lgaName":"Lafia","state":"Nasarawa","point":[8.86,8.607],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"nasarawa-lafia","point":[8.86,8.607]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"One of the Alago town centres, whose people share the Kwararafa origin of Doma and Keana.","refs":[3,4],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[4,3,7],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-alago","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Alago (alag1242)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/alag1242","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-alago-language","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Alago language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alago_language","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-doma","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Doma, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doma,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-keana","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Keana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keana","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-lafia","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Lafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafia","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-kwararafa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kwararafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwararafa","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"wikipedia-obi-nasarawa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Obi, Nasarawa State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi,_Nasarawa_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Alago towns named in Wikipedia (Aloshi, Agaza, Agbashi, Agwatashi, Assakio) are not yet placed as points."],"kingdoms":[{"id":"kwararafa","name":"Kwararafa","peak":1650}]},{"id":"anaguta","name":"Anaguta","status":"published","searchAliases":["Anaguta","Iguta","Naraguta"],"language":{"name":"Iguta","glottocode":"igut1238","family":{"name":"Kainji","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Kainji"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Anaguta are one of the three peoples recognised as indigenes of Jos, with the Berom and Afizere. Their language, Iguta, is Kainji.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"plateau-jos-north","name":"Jos North","state":"Plateau","presence":"core","refs":[2,3,4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"plateau-bassa","name":"Bassa","state":"Plateau","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Anaguta chiefdom","lga":"plateau-jos-north","lgaName":"Jos North","state":"Plateau","point":[8.911,9.951],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Anabor"},{"name":"Andoho"},{"name":"Anagohom"},{"name":"Andugom"},{"name":"Andirgiza"}],"markers":[{"lga":"plateau-jos-north","point":[8.911,9.951]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Anaguta means “people of the bow”: the bow and their hill homes are the core of their identity, and all their ancestral lands lie on high ground on the Jos Plateau. The chiefdom of five clans is led by the Ujah Anaguta, head of the Jos North traditional council.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[5],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-igut1238","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Iguta (Anaguta) (igut1238)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/igut1238","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"hrw-2006-indigenes","citation":"Human Rights Watch. (2006). \"They Do Not Own This Place\": Government Discrimination Against \"Non-Indigenes\" in Nigeria","url":"https://www.hrw.org/report/2006/04/25/they-do-not-own-place/government-discrimination-against-non-indigenes-nigeria","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-plateau-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Plateau State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-jos-north","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jos North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos_North","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-guta-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Guta people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guta_people","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"anioma","name":"Anioma (Enuani)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Anioma","Enuani","Aniocha","Oshimili","Asaba","Ibusa","Ogwashi-Uku","Illah","Delta Igbo","Western Igbo"],"language":{"name":"Enuani (a dialect of Igbo)","iso639_3":"ibo","family":{"name":"Igboid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Igboid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Enuani speaking peoples of Aniocha and Oshimili, on the west bank of the Niger around Asaba, Ibusa, Ogwashi-Uku, Issele and Illah. The Anioma are a fusion of peoples: their towns trace their founders to the Igbo east of the Niger (Ibusa to Isu and Nri), to Benin (Agbor, Otolokpo, Aboh), to the Igala (Ebu, which still speaks Igala) and to the Yoruba of Owo and Akure (the Olukumi of Ugbodu and Ukwu Nzu). Illah alone has Igbo, Igala and Benin quarters. Together they fought the British in the Ekumeku war of 1883–1914. Enuani is a dialect of Igbo. Their identity is debated: the Obuzor of Ibusa and Senator Ned Nwoko say the Anioma are Igbo, while the Asagba of Asaba and a 2025 communique of Aniocha and Oshimili leaders say “Anioma is Anioma; Anioma is not Igbo”, a culture area of Bini, Igala, Yoruba and Igbo origins.","refs":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"delta-aniocha-north","name":"Aniocha North","state":"Delta","presence":"core","refs":[1,8],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"delta-aniocha-south","name":"Aniocha South","state":"Delta","presence":"core","refs":[1,8],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"delta-oshimili-north","name":"Oshimili North","state":"Delta","presence":"core","refs":[1,8],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"delta-oshimili-south","name":"Oshimili South","state":"Delta","presence":"core","refs":[1,8],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Asaba (Ahaba)","lga":"delta-oshimili-south","lgaName":"Oshimili South","state":"Delta","point":[6.7193,6.2056],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"delta-oshimili-south","point":[6.7193,6.2056]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded by Nnebisi, son of the Igala prince and trader Onojobo and of Diaba of Agbakoba village in Nteje, east of the Niger. Raised among his mother's people, he crossed the river; where his pot fell he said “Ahabam”, “I have chosen well”. In October 1967 Nigerian troops massacred hundreds of Asaba men and boys during the civil war.","refs":[9,10,11],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[9,10,11],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ibusa (Igbuzo)","lga":"delta-oshimili-north","lgaName":"Oshimili North","state":"Delta","point":[6.6282,6.1777],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Ogboli"}],"markers":[{"lga":"delta-oshimili-north","point":[6.6282,6.1777]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"A federation of two settlements: that of Umejei, a prince of Isu exiled after killing a rival in a wrestling bout, and Ogboli, founded by Edini, who left Nri with his exiled brother Odaigbo. Some historians think followers of Ezechima from Benin also settled here.","refs":[12],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[12],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Illah","lga":"delta-oshimili-north","lgaName":"Oshimili North","state":"Delta","point":[6.649,6.4246],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Umutei-Edem"},{"name":"Umutei"},{"name":"Ajaji"},{"name":"Umuagwu"}],"markers":[{"lga":"delta-oshimili-north","point":[6.649,6.4246]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded by more than one people: its first four quarters by the sons of Illah, whose father came from Agukwu Nri and whose mother was Igala; two more by Igbo settlers; two by Igala princes from Idah; and one by a prince of Benin who came to defend the town. It is governed by the Ogbelani-in-Council, and the eldest man of the Benin quarter is always its Iyase.","refs":[3,5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[3,5],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ogwashi-Uku","lga":"delta-aniocha-south","lgaName":"Aniocha South","state":"Delta","point":[6.5157,6.1775],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Ikelike"}],"markers":[{"lga":"delta-aniocha-south","point":[6.5157,6.1775]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Its original settlers, the Ikelike, came from Benin. In 1909 the town twice drove British troops out during the Ekumeku war.","refs":[9,13],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[9,13],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Issele-Uku","lga":"delta-aniocha-north","lgaName":"Aniocha North","state":"Delta","point":[6.4629,6.2982],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"delta-aniocha-north","point":[6.4629,6.2982]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Its first settlers came from Nri. Its leader Idabor was among the Ekumeku chiefs who fought the British.","refs":[9,14],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[9,14],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Onicha-Olona and Onicha-Ugbo","lga":"delta-aniocha-north","lgaName":"Aniocha North","state":"Delta","point":[6.481,6.3635],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Onicha-Olona"},{"name":"Onicha-Ugbo"}],"markers":[{"lga":"delta-aniocha-north","point":[6.481,6.3635]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded by branches of the same Ado N'Idu migration under Eze Chima that founded Onitsha across the Niger.","refs":[15],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[15],"confidence":"medium"},{"name":"Olukumi towns: Ugbodu and Ukwu Nzu","lga":"delta-aniocha-north","lgaName":"Aniocha North","state":"Delta","point":[6.462,6.3771],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Ugbodu","point":[6.462,6.3771]},{"name":"Ukwu Nzu (Eko Efun)","point":[6.4774,6.3874]}],"markers":[{"lga":"delta-aniocha-north","point":[6.462,6.3771]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Olukumi speak a language related to Yoruba. Ugbodu, “the forest has saved us”, was founded by Yoruba from the Akure kingdom and joined by the Ologun Uja from Owo; its king is the Oloza. Ukwu Nzu, the largest Olukumi town, says its founders came with Orunmiha, sent from Ife, and it became a centre of the Ekumeku resistance.","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[4,5],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-anioma-region","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Anioma Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anioma_people","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"esogbue-2018-anioma-origins","citation":"Emeka Esogbue. (2018). Anioma Evolved from Different Histories of Origin (interview)","url":"http://emekaesogbue.blogspot.com/2018/01/anioma-evolved-from-different-histories.html","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-illah","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Illah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illah","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-olukumi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Olukumi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olukumi_people","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"owner-2026-10-08-anioma","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: the Anioma are a fusion of Igala, Igbo, Benin and Olukumi peoples, and together they fought the Ekumeku war; Illah was not founded by the Igala alone","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"vanguard-2025-anioma-communique","citation":"(2025). Aniocha, Oshimili leaders reject move to place Anioma State in South East (communique signed by Dr Okey Okonta for Njiko Aniocha-Oshimili). Vanguard","url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/aniocha-oshimili-leaders-reject-move-to-place-anioma-state-in-south-east/","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"vanguard-2025-nwoko","citation":"(2025). Anioma faced ethnic cleansing, forced to deny Igbo identity: Ned Nwoko. Vanguard","url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/09/anioma-faced-ethnic-cleansing-forced-to-deny-igbo-identity-ned-nwoko/","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-oshimili-north","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Oshimili North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshimili_North","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"esogbue-2023-enuani","citation":"Emeka Esogbue. (2023). The Enuani: Who Are They?","url":"http://emekaesogbue.blogspot.com/2023/08/the-enuani-who-are-they.html","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-asaba","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Asaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaba","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"wikipedia-asaba-massacre","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Asaba massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaba_massacre","checked":true},{"n":12,"id":"wikipedia-igbuzo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igbuzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbuzo","checked":true},{"n":13,"id":"neusroom-ekumeku","citation":"This is the story of the Ekumeku Movement. Neusroom","url":"https://neusroom.com/this-is-the-story-of-the-ekumeku-movement-described-by-chinua-achebe-as-western-igbolands-earliest-and-fiercest-military-clash/","checked":false},{"n":14,"id":"wikipedia-ekumeku","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ekumeku Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekumeku_Movement","checked":true},{"n":15,"id":"wikipedia-onitsha","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Onitsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onitsha","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The Olukumi, who speak a language related to Yoruba, live among the Anioma (Aniocha North); not yet mapped.","Ebu (Oshimili North) is Igala speaking; see Igala."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"annang","name":"Annang","status":"published","searchAliases":["Anaang","Annang","Oku Ibom","Ikot Ekpene"],"language":{"name":"Anaang","iso639_3":"anw","glottocode":"anaa1238","family":{"name":"Lower Cross","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Delta Cross","Lower Cross"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Annang (Anaang) live in western Akwa Ibom; Ikot Ekpene is their political and cultural capital.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"akwa-ibom-abak","name":"Abak","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-essien-udim","name":"Essien Udim","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-etim-ekpo","name":"Etim Ekpo","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-ikot-ekpene","name":"Ikot Ekpene","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-obot-akara","name":"Obot Akara","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-oruk-anam","name":"Oruk Anam","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-ukanafun","name":"Ukanafun","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-ika","name":"Ika","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[3,4],"confidence":"high","note":"Ika is one of the eight Annang LGAs; its people call themselves Ika-Annang."}],"communities":[{"name":"Abak","lga":"akwa-ibom-abak","lgaName":"Abak","state":"Akwa Ibom","point":[7.783,5.0275],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Abak Urban"},{"name":"Afaha Obong"},{"name":"Ediene"},{"name":"Midim"},{"name":"Otoro"}],"markers":[{"lga":"akwa-ibom-abak","point":[7.783,5.0275]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Abak has five clans: Abak Urban, Afaha Obong, Ediene, Midim and Otoro. It became a seat of British government in 1902, after British forces invaded the valley between the Ediene and Abak clans.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Palm produce, once shipped through the river port at Ekpene Okpo, Ntak Ibesit.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Essien Udim clans","lga":"akwa-ibom-essien-udim","lgaName":"Essien Udim","state":"Akwa Ibom","point":[7.663,5.122],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Afaha Ikot Ebak","point":[7.663,5.122]},{"name":"Mbiabet"},{"name":"Ikpe Ekoi"},{"name":"Ikot Idem Udo"},{"name":"Nto Okpo"}],"markers":[{"lga":"akwa-ibom-essien-udim","point":[7.663,5.122]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Once the most populous part of Annang land, cut from Ikot Ekpene in 1989. Its clans are Afaha, Adiasim, Odoro Ikot, Ekpeyong Atai, Ikpe Annang, Okon, Ukana and Ukana East; Ikpe Annang has fourteen villages and Okon eighteen.","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[6,7],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ikot Ekpene","lga":"akwa-ibom-ikot-ekpene","lgaName":"Ikot Ekpene","state":"Akwa Ibom","point":[7.718,5.173],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"akwa-ibom-ikot-ekpene","point":[7.718,5.173]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The centre of the former Ikot Ekpene Division of Annang Province; the British set up a military post here in 1904.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[7,2],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Oruk Anam","lga":"akwa-ibom-oruk-anam","lgaName":"Oruk Anam","state":"Akwa Ibom","point":[7.6395,4.7495],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Ikot Ibritam"},{"name":"Urua Anwa"},{"name":"Ikot Akpan Essien"},{"name":"Ekparakwa"}],"markers":[{"lga":"akwa-ibom-oruk-anam","point":[7.6395,4.7495]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Largely Annang; made of the old Oruk and Anam areas, with nine clans including Inen, Obio Akpa, Ibesit, Nung Ikot, Nung Ita, Ndot and Ekparakwa.","refs":[8],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[8],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Nto Edino","lga":"akwa-ibom-obot-akara","lgaName":"Obot Akara","state":"Akwa Ibom","point":[7.593,5.257],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"akwa-ibom-obot-akara","point":[7.593,5.257]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[9,7],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-annang","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Anaang (anaa1238)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/anaa1238","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-anaang","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Anaang people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaang_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-akwa-ibom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Akwa Ibom State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-ika-akwa-ibom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ika, Akwa Ibom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika,_Akwa_Ibom","checked":false},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-abak","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Abak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abak","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-essien-udim","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Essien Udim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essien_Udim","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-oruk-anam","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Oruk Anam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oruk_Anam","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"wikipedia-obot-akara","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Obot-Akara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obot-Akara","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Wikipedia says eight LGAs but names seven."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"arum","name":"Arum","status":"published","searchAliases":["Arum","Alumu","Alumu-Tesu"],"language":{"name":"Arum (Alumu-Tesu)","glottocode":"alum1246","family":{"name":"Plateau","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Benue-Congo Plateau"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Arum are one of the peoples of Wamba LGA in Nasarawa State.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"nasarawa-wamba","name":"Wamba","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"significant","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Arum of Wamba","lga":"nasarawa-wamba","lgaName":"Wamba","state":"Nasarawa","point":[8.694,8.9725],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"nasarawa-wamba","point":[8.694,8.9725]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-alum1246","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Arum (alum1246)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/alum1246","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-wamba","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Wamba, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamba,_Nigeria","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"ndoki","name":"Asa and Ndoki (Oyigbo)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Asa","Ndoki","Obigbo","Oyigbo","Afam"],"language":{"name":"Ndoki and Asa (Igbo dialects)","family":{"name":"Igboid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Igboid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"summary":{"text":"The indigenous Asa and Ndoki of Oyigbo LGA in Rivers State speak Igbo dialects. The Indigenous Igbo Council of Rivers counts them as Igbo; as with other Igbo-speaking Rivers peoples, this is contested.","refs":[2,3,4],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"rivers-oyigbo","name":"Oyigbo","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Ndoki district (Oyigbo)","lga":"rivers-oyigbo","lgaName":"Oyigbo","state":"Rivers","point":[7.3035,4.8315],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Afa Uku"},{"name":"Afam"},{"name":"Afam Nta"},{"name":"Azusogu"},{"name":"Egberu"},{"name":"Mgboji"},{"name":"Mrihu"},{"name":"Obeakpu"},{"name":"Obeta"},{"name":"Obumku"},{"name":"Okoloma"},{"name":"Okponta"},{"name":"Umuagbai"},{"name":"Umuosi"}],"markers":[{"lga":"rivers-oyigbo","point":[7.3035,4.8315]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Ndoki district of Oyigbo LGA; Okoloma hosts the Afam VI power station.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[5],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-igbo","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Igbo (nucl1417)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nucl1417","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-rivers-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Rivers State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"manpower-oyigbo","citation":"Oyigbo Local Government Area","url":"https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/739/oyigbo","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"vanguard-2025-rivers-igbo","citation":"(2025). Group says indigenous Igbos in Rivers part of Ndigbo ethnic nationality (Indigenous Igbo Council, Rivers State). Vanguard","url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/02/group-says-indigenous-igbos-in-rivers-part-of-ndigbo-ethnic-nationality/","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-oyigbo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Oyigbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyigbo","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"atsam","name":"Atsam (Chawai)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Atsam","Chawai","Tsam"],"language":{"name":"Atsam","glottocode":"atsa1241","family":{"name":"Kainji","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Kainji"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Atsam, called Chawai by Hausa, are native to the Tsam (Chawai) chiefdom in south-eastern Kauru LGA, Kaduna State. Their language is Kainji.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"kaduna-kauru","name":"Kauru","state":"Kaduna","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Kauru is home to about 20 languages, among them Kurama, Ruruma, Kinuku, Dungi, Bina and Rigwe."}],"communities":[{"name":"Damakasuwa and Chawai","lga":"kaduna-kauru","lgaName":"Kauru","state":"Kaduna","point":[8.198,10.4135],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Damakasuwa"},{"name":"Chawai"}],"markers":[{"lga":"kaduna-kauru","point":[8.198,10.4135]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of the Tsam (Chawai) chiefdom, created in 2001, under the Res-Tsam. The Atsam are said to have had a kingdom before about 1350. The British fought them from 1902 to 1905 and brought them under control in 1907, placing them in the Chawai district under Zazzau, though they chose their own Sarkin Chawai.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-atsa1241","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Atsam (atsa1241)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/atsa1241","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-atsam-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Atsam people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atsam_people","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kaduna-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kaduna State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Kauru's other peoples (Kurama of Karku, Ruruma, Kinuku and others) are not yet mapped separately."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"atyap","name":"Atyap","status":"published","searchAliases":["Kataf","Katab","Tyap","Zangon Kataf"],"language":{"name":"Tyap","iso639_3":"kcg","glottocode":"tyap1238","family":{"name":"Plateau","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Benue-Congo Plateau"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Atyap (Kataf) of southern Kaduna live mainly in Zangon Kataf, Kaura and Jema’a. Their language, Tyap, is closely related to Jju.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"kaduna-zangon-kataf","name":"Zangon Kataf","state":"Kaduna","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"kaduna-kaura","name":"Kaura","state":"Kaduna","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kaduna-jema-a","name":"Jema'A","state":"Kaduna","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Zangon Katab and Atyekum","lga":"kaduna-zangon-kataf","lgaName":"Zangon Kataf","state":"Kaduna","point":[8.39,9.77],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Atyekum (Mabatado)"},{"name":"Batadon"},{"name":"Agut Ntswuo"},{"name":"Kamantan"},{"name":"Anchuna"},{"name":"Kamuru"},{"name":"Magata","point":[8.41,9.805]}],"markers":[{"lga":"kaduna-zangon-kataf","point":[8.39,9.77]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Atyap elders met at Mabatado near Atyekum. Around 1650 they let Hausa and Bornu traders settle at Zangon Katab under a protection pact; the town grew into the key market of the region. Kwassau's war of 1897–1902 killed over a thousand Atyap, and Marok Gandu of Magata was impaled.","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2,4,3,5],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Kaura (Watyap)","lga":"kaduna-kaura","lgaName":"Kaura","state":"Kaduna","point":[8.456,9.627],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Takad"},{"name":"Manchok"},{"name":"Kagoro"}],"markers":[{"lga":"kaduna-kaura","point":[8.456,9.627]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Kaura LGA, Watyap in Tyap, with the towns of Takad, Manchok and Kagoro.","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[6],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-atyap","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Tyap (tyap1238)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tyap1238","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-atyap","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Atyap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atyap","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-southern-kaduna","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Southern Kaduna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Kaduna","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-zangon-kataf","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Zangon Kataf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zangon_Kataf","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-kaura","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kaura, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaura,_Nigeria","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"bachama","name":"Bachama","status":"published","searchAliases":["Bwatiye","Bacama","Bata","Numan"],"language":{"name":"Bacama","iso639_3":"bcy","glottocode":"baca1246","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Bwatiye, the Bachama and the closely related Bata, live along the Benue in Adamawa State, around Numan. Their rulers carry the title Hama.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"adamawa-numan","name":"Numan","state":"Adamawa","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"adamawa-demsa","name":"Demsa","state":"Adamawa","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"adamawa-lamurde","name":"Lamurde","state":"Adamawa","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"adamawa-fufore","name":"Fufore","state":"Adamawa","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"adamawa-girei","name":"Girei","state":"Adamawa","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"'A substantial number of Bwatiye also dwell in villages such as Greng and Labondo.'"},{"lga":"adamawa-song","name":"Song","state":"Adamawa","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Bata."}],"communities":[{"name":"Numan","lga":"adamawa-numan","lgaName":"Numan","state":"Adamawa","point":[12.03,9.47],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"adamawa-numan","point":[12.03,9.47]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Nomweh, “hilltop”, a river port where the Gongola meets the Benue; the Bwatiye, remembered as warriors never conquered, are the main people. The Hama Bachama's administrative palace (Voti) is here.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Lamurde","lga":"adamawa-lamurde","lgaName":"Lamurde","state":"Adamawa","point":[11.7185,9.583],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"adamawa-lamurde","point":[11.7185,9.583]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The spiritual and ancestral home of the Bwatiye, with a second palace of the Hama Bachama; inhabited mainly by Bwatiye and Tsobo.","refs":[5,6],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[6,5],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-bachama","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Bacama (baca1246)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/baca1246","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-bwatiye","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bwatiye people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwatiye_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-girei","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Girei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girei","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-bena-mboi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bena–Mboi languages (Yungur, Mboi, Lala-Roba with LGAs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bena%E2%80%93Mboi_languages","checked":false},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-numan","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Numan, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numan,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-lamurde","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Lamurde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamurde","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"bade","name":"Bade","status":"published","searchAliases":["Bade","Gashua"],"language":{"name":"Bade","iso639_3":"bde","glottocode":"bade1248","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Bade live in north-western Yobe State, around Gashua, and speak a West Chadic language. Bade is one of the dominant languages of Yobe.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"yobe-bade","name":"Bade","state":"Yobe","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-jakusko","name":"Jakusko","state":"Yobe","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-bursari","name":"Bursari","state":"Yobe","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-karasuwa","name":"Karasuwa","state":"Yobe","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-yusufari","name":"Yusufari","state":"Yobe","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-machina","name":"Machina","state":"Yobe","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-nguru","name":"Nguru","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Gashua","lga":"yobe-bade","lgaName":"Bade","state":"Yobe","point":[10.6555,12.797],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"yobe-bade","point":[10.6555,12.797]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of the Bade Emirate, under the Mai Bade, on the Yobe river; the Bade fishing festival is held here.","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[3],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-bade","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Bade (bade1248)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bade1248","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"udosen-2018","citation":"Udosen, Escor E. (2018). Linguistic Survey of Nigerian Languages: A Preliminary Report of the Languages of the North East Geopolitical Zone. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Bauchi, Borno, Gombe and Yobe)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/45/40","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-bade-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bade Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bade_Emirate","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"bahumono","name":"Bahumono","status":"published","searchAliases":["Bahumono","Humono","Kohumono","Ediba","Usumutong"],"language":{"name":"Kohumono","glottocode":"kohu1244","family":{"name":"Upper Cross","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Delta Cross","Upper Cross"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Bahumono are the largest people of Abi LGA in Cross River State, in villages such as Ediba, Usumutong, Anong and Ebom.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"cross-river-abi","name":"Abi","state":"Cross River","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"cross-river-obubra","name":"Obubra","state":"Cross River","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Bahumono villages (Abi)","lga":"cross-river-abi","lgaName":"Abi","state":"Cross River","point":[8.032,5.8895],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Ediba"},{"name":"Anong"},{"name":"Usumutong"},{"name":"Abeugo"},{"name":"Afafanyi"},{"name":"Igonigoni"},{"name":"Ebom"},{"name":"Ebijakara"}],"markers":[{"lga":"cross-river-abi","point":[8.032,5.8895]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The eight Bahumono villages trace their origin to Hotumusa, the “old town” in the Ruhura hills between today's Ediba, Usumutong and Ebijakara. Hunters from Hotumusa found the riverside site of Ediba, and Ogbudene led the people to drive its earlier inhabitants across the river.","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[4],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-kohu1244","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Kohumono (Bahumono) (kohu1244)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kohu1244","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-bahumono","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bahumono people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahumono_people","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-cross-river-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Cross River State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-abi-cross-river","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Abi, Cross River State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abi,_Cross_River_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"bajju","name":"Bajju","status":"published","searchAliases":["Kaje","Kaje","Jju","Bajju"],"language":{"name":"Jju","iso639_3":"kaj","glottocode":"jjuu1238","family":{"name":"Plateau","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Benue-Congo Plateau"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Bajju of southern Kaduna speak Jju, a Plateau language close to Tyap, and live chiefly in Kachia, Zangon Kataf, Jema’a and Kaduna South.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"kaduna-kachia","name":"Kachia","state":"Kaduna","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kaduna-zangon-kataf","name":"Zangon Kataf","state":"Kaduna","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kaduna-jema-a","name":"Jema'A","state":"Kaduna","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kaduna-kaduna-south","name":"Kaduna South","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Zonkwa (Azunkwa)","lga":"kaduna-zangon-kataf","lgaName":"Zangon Kataf","state":"Kaduna","point":[8.246,9.876],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kaduna-zangon-kataf","point":[8.246,9.876]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of the Bajju chiefdom and its ruler, the Agwam Bajju, and of Zangon Kataf LGA. Jju is the largest of the five related Tyap languages of the LGA. In 1903 the British advanced from Atyap into Bajju land, where some 45 Bajju men died and their villages were burned.","refs":[3,4,5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[3,4],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-bajju","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Jju (jjuu1238)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jjuu1238","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-bajju","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bajju people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajju_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-bajju-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bajju people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajju_people","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-zangon-kataf","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Zangon Kataf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zangon_Kataf","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-southern-kaduna","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Southern Kaduna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Kaduna","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"bambuka","name":"Bambuka (Kyak)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Bambuka","Kyak","Nyakyak"],"language":{"name":"Kyak","glottocode":"kyak1243","family":{"name":"Adamawa","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","North Volta-Congo","Central Adamawa"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Bambuka speak Kyak and are one of the indigenous peoples of Karim Lamido LGA, Taraba.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"taraba-karim-lamido","name":"Karim Lamido","state":"Taraba","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Bambuka of Karim Lamido","lga":"taraba-karim-lamido","lgaName":"Karim Lamido","state":"Taraba","point":[10.8455,9.202],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"taraba-karim-lamido","point":[10.8455,9.202]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-kyak1243","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Kyak (Bambuka) (kyak1243)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kyak1243","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-karim-lamido","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Karim Lamido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Lamido","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"bariba","name":"Bariba (Baatombu)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Bariba","Baatombu","Baatonu","Baatonum","Baruba","Barba","Bargawa","Borgawa","Okuta","Ilesha Baruba","Yashikira","Kenu"],"language":{"name":"Baatonum","glottocode":"baat1238","family":{"name":"Gur","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","North Volta-Congo","Gur"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Baatombu, also called Bariba, are with the Boko and Busa the traditional rulers and owners of the land in Borgu, the old kingdom that straddles the Nigeria–Benin border. Most live in Benin; in Nigeria they are the main people of Baruten LGA in Kwara State, with larger centres at Okuta and Ilesha and older towns at Yashikira and Kenu. Their language, Baatonum, is a Gur language, unrelated to Yoruba or Hausa.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"kwara-baruten","name":"Baruten","state":"Kwara","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high","note":"Ross Jones: 'The Baatombu are dominant in the Baruten LGA in Kwara State.'"}],"communities":[{"name":"Bariba of Baruten","lga":"kwara-baruten","lgaName":"Baruten","state":"Kwara","point":[3.4165,9.2305],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Okuta","point":[3.199,9.218]},{"name":"Ilesha Baruba"},{"name":"Gwanara"}],"markers":[{"lga":"kwara-baruten","point":[3.4165,9.2305]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"In Nigeria the Baatombu live in Baruten LGA. Their Wasangari rulers came, by tradition, by way of Bussa; the chiefs of Okuta, Ilesha and Gwanara rode with Sero Kpera of Nikki to the Eleduwe war against Ilorin in the 1830s. The Gani festival, with its horsemen, is their great feast.","refs":[4,5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[4,5,6],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-baatonum","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Baatonum, a Gur language (baat1238)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/baat1238","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"ross-jones-borgu","citation":"Jones, Ross. The ethnic groups of present day Borgu (with population estimates for 1997 from the 1991 census and a 1992 language survey)","url":"https://wasc.org.uk/Nigeria%20history%20docs/Borgu%20ethnic%20groups.pdf","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kwara-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kwara State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwara_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-bariba-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bariba people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariba_people","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-battle-of-ilorin","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Battle of Ilorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleduwe_War","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["About 60,000 in Nigeria in Ross Jones's 1997 estimate; most Baatombu (about 340,000) live in Benin.","Ilorin is said to have Bariba residents (Wikipedia, Ilorin); not mapped as a community."],"kingdoms":[{"id":"borgu","name":"Borgu","peak":1783}]},{"id":"bassa","name":"Bassa","status":"published","searchAliases":["Basa","Bassa-Komo","Bassa Kwomo","Basa-Kwomu","Bassa Komu","Rubassa","Abacha","Abatsa"],"language":{"name":"Basa (Basa-Benue)","iso639_3":"bzw","glottocode":"basa1282","family":{"name":"Kainji","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Kainji"]},"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Bassa of central Nigeria speak Basa, a Kainji language, in several varieties: Basa-Komo (Kwomu) in Kogi and Nasarawa, and Basa-Kwali, Basa-Gurara and Basa-Makurdi elsewhere. They live in the FCT, where Gwagwalada is their traditional headquarters, and in Kogi, Nasarawa and Benue. Bassa speakers often also speak Igala, Ebira or Nupe. They are not the same people as the Bassa-Nge.","refs":[3,2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"kogi-bassa","name":"Bassa","state":"Kogi","presence":"core","refs":[4,5],"confidence":"high","note":"The Bassa-Komo are the largest of Bassa LGA’s three main peoples."},{"lga":"nasarawa-toto","name":"Toto","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"significant","refs":[6,5],"confidence":"high","note":"Shared with the Egbura (Ebira)."},{"lga":"fct-abaji","name":"Abaji","state":"Federal Capital Territory","presence":"significant","refs":[7,5],"confidence":"high","note":"One of Abaji’s indigenous peoples."},{"lga":"fct-gwagwalada","name":"Gwagwalada","state":"Federal Capital Territory","presence":"significant","refs":[3,5],"confidence":"medium","note":"The traditional headquarters of the Bassa."},{"lga":"fct-kwali","name":"Kwali","state":"Federal Capital Territory","presence":"significant","refs":[2,5],"confidence":"medium","note":"Basa-Kwali variety."},{"lga":"fct-kuje","name":"Kuje","state":"Federal Capital Territory","presence":"minority","refs":[3,5],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kogi-ankpa","name":"Ankpa","state":"Kogi","presence":"minority","refs":[2,5],"confidence":"medium","note":"Basa-Komo variety."},{"lga":"kogi-dekina","name":"Dekina","state":"Kogi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kogi-omala","name":"Omala","state":"Kogi","presence":"minority","refs":[8],"confidence":"medium","note":"A few Bassa live in Omala."},{"lga":"nasarawa-nasarawa","name":"Nasarawa","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Basa-Komo variety."},{"lga":"nasarawa-kokona","name":"Kokona","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[5],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"benue-makurdi","name":"Makurdi","state":"Benue","presence":"minority","refs":[2,9],"confidence":"medium","note":"Basa-Makurdi variety."},{"lga":"nasarawa-doma","name":"Doma","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"significant","refs":[10],"confidence":"medium","note":"Found in great numbers in the south of Doma LGA."}],"communities":[{"name":"Gwagwalada (Bassa headquarters)","lga":"fct-gwagwalada","lgaName":"Gwagwalada","state":"Federal Capital Territory","point":[7.028,9.071],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"fct-gwagwalada","point":[7.028,9.071]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The traditional headquarters of the Bassa in the Federal Capital Territory, seat of their ruler, the Aguma.","refs":[11],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[11],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-basa","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Basa (Nigeria) (basa1282)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/basa1282","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-basa-benue","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Basa-Benue language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa-Benue_language","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-bassa-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bassa people (Nigeria)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassa_people_(Nigeria)","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-bassa-kogi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bassa, Kogi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassa,_Kogi_State","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-toto","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Toto, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toto,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-abaji","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Abaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaji","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-omala","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Omala, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omala,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"dailytrust-2026-makurdi","citation":"Abah, Hope. (2026). Wadata: Inside Makurdi’s Oldest Hausa Settlement. Daily Trust","url":"https://dailytrust.com/wadata-inside-makurdis-oldest-hausa-settlement/","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-doma","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Doma, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doma,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"wikipedia-gwagwalada","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gwagwalada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwagwalada","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Wikipedia also places Bassa in Bwari and the Municipal Area Council (FCT), in Kwara, and in Niger State (Shiroro); not yet mapped.","Basa-Gurara (Niger State) is named as a variety but its LGA is not yet sourced.","No paramount ruler is recorded yet."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"bassa-nge","name":"Bassa-Nge","status":"published","searchAliases":["Bassa Nge","Bassa Nupe","Basa Nge","Nupe Tako","Etsu Bassa-Nge"],"language":{"name":"Nupe (Tako dialect)","iso639_3":"nup","glottocode":"nupe1255","family":{"name":"Ebira-Nupoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Ebira-Nupoid"]},"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Bassa-Nge (Bassa Nupe) speak the Tako dialect of Nupe. Tradition places their origin at Gbara, once the capital of the Nupe Kingdom. They live where the Niger meets the Benue, in Bassa LGA and Lokoja, and their ruler, the Etsu Bassa-Nge, sits at Gboloko. Despite the shared name, their language is not related to that of the Bassa-Komo.","refs":[2,4,3],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Etsu Bassa-Nge","seat":"Bassa","refs":[2],"confidence":"high","note":"Seat at Gboloko, in Bassa LGA."},"areas":[{"lga":"kogi-bassa","name":"Bassa","state":"Kogi","presence":"significant","refs":[5,3],"confidence":"high","note":"The second of Bassa LGA’s three main peoples."},{"lga":"kogi-lokoja","name":"Lokoja","state":"Kogi","presence":"significant","refs":[6,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Among the indigenous peoples of Lokoja."},{"lga":"kogi-dekina","name":"Dekina","state":"Kogi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"niger-bida","name":"Bida","state":"Niger","presence":"minority","refs":[7],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"niger-edati","name":"Edati","state":"Niger","presence":"minority","refs":[7],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Gboloko","lga":"kogi-bassa","lgaName":"Bassa","state":"Kogi","point":[6.893,7.73],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kogi-bassa","point":[6.893,7.73]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Seat of the Etsu Bassa-Nge. The Bassa-Nge trace their origin to Gbara, the old Nupe capital.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[2,8],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-nupe-tako","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Nupe Tako (nupe1255)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nupe1255","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-bassa-nge","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bassa Nge people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassa_Nge_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-basa-benue","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Basa-Benue language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa-Benue_language","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-bassa-kogi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bassa, Kogi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassa,_Kogi_State","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-lokoja","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Lokoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokoja","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"soluap-2025-niger","citation":"(2025). List of ethnic groups and languages in Niger State by Local Government Area. Soluap","url":"https://soluap.com/list-of-ethnic-groups-and-languages-in-niger-state-by-local-government-area/","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The Bassa-Nge page says they are the majority in Lokoja; this conflicts with other accounts of Lokoja and is not used."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"bekwarra","name":"Bekwarra","status":"published","searchAliases":["Bekwarra","Yakoro"],"language":{"name":"Bekwarra","glottocode":"bekw1241","family":{"name":"Bendi","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Bantoid","Southern Bantoid","Bendi"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Bekwarra are the people of Bekwarra LGA in northern Cross River State. Bekwarra is a Bendi language.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"cross-river-bekwarra","name":"Bekwarra","state":"Cross River","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Abuochiche","lga":"cross-river-bekwarra","lgaName":"Bekwarra","state":"Cross River","point":[8.9102,6.701],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Abuagbor-Iye"},{"name":"Nyanya-Ulim"},{"name":"Nyanya-Idigwe"},{"name":"Gakem"},{"name":"Itekpa"},{"name":"Ugboro"},{"name":"Ibiragidi"},{"name":"Utukwe"},{"name":"Afrike"},{"name":"Ukpah"},{"name":"Beten"},{"name":"Anyikang"},{"name":"Ebegang"},{"name":"Utukpuru"},{"name":"Ebewo"}],"markers":[{"lga":"cross-river-bekwarra","point":[8.9102,6.701]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of Bekwarra LGA on the A4 highway, a few miles east of Ogoja.","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Farming, above all groundnuts, with rice, maize, yam and cassava; trading, hunting and palm-wine tapping.","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[3,4],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-bekw1241","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Bekwarra (bekw1241)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bekw1241","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-cross-river-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Cross River State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-bekwarra","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bekwarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekwarra","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"berom","name":"Berom","status":"published","searchAliases":["Birom","Berom"],"language":{"name":"Berom","iso639_3":"bom","glottocode":"bero1242","family":{"name":"Plateau","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Benue-Congo Plateau"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Berom live on the Jos Plateau, in Riyom and Barkin Ladi.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"plateau-riyom","name":"Riyom","state":"Plateau","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"plateau-barkin-ladi","name":"Barkin Ladi","state":"Plateau","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"plateau-jos-south","name":"Jos South","state":"Plateau","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"plateau-jos-north","name":"Jos North","state":"Plateau","presence":"core","refs":[4,3],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Riyom","lga":"plateau-riyom","lgaName":"Riyom","state":"Plateau","point":[8.6667,9.5667],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"plateau-riyom","point":[8.6667,9.5667]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Called the birthplace of all Berom; predominantly Berom, with Aten and Takad. Cut from Barkin Ladi in 1996.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[5,6],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Gwol (Barkin Ladi)","lga":"plateau-barkin-ladi","lgaName":"Barkin Ladi","state":"Plateau","point":[8.9167,9.5667],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"plateau-barkin-ladi","point":[8.9167,9.5667]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"One of the four Berom LGAs, with Riyom, Jos North and Jos South. The Berom celebrate Nzem Berom each March or April.","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[6,7],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Berom of Jos","lga":"plateau-jos-south","lgaName":"Jos South","state":"Plateau","point":[8.837,9.7565],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Za'ang"}],"markers":[{"lga":"plateau-jos-south","point":[8.837,9.7565]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"plateau-jos-north","name":"Jos North","state":"Plateau"}],"history":{"text":"The Berom are one of the peoples recognised as indigenes of Jos. Za'ang is a Berom district on the plateau.","refs":[6,4],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[6,4],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Fadan Karshe","lga":"kaduna-sanga","lgaName":"Sanga","state":"Kaduna","point":[8.4945,9.261],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kaduna-sanga","point":[8.4945,9.261]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Berom settlers from Za'ang who moved here under British rule.","refs":[6],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[6,8],"confidence":"medium","note":"The source does not name the LGA. GRID3 has a Karshi ward in Sanga LGA, so it is placed there; check."}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-berom","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Berom (bero1242)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bero1242","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-plateau-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Plateau State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"hrw-2006-indigenes","citation":"Human Rights Watch. (2006). \"They Do Not Own This Place\": Government Discrimination Against \"Non-Indigenes\" in Nigeria","url":"https://www.hrw.org/report/2006/04/25/they-do-not-own-place/government-discrimination-against-non-indigenes-nigeria","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-riyom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Riyom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyom","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-berom-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Berom people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berom_people","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-barkin-ladi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Barkin Ladi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkin_Ladi","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The Berom are widely described as indigenous to Jos North and Jos South too; find an LGA level source."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"bette","name":"Bette (Bendi)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Bette","Bendi","Bette-Bendi","Obudu"],"language":{"name":"Bete-Bendi","glottocode":"bete1262","family":{"name":"Bendi","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Bantoid","Southern Bantoid","Bendi"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Bette are the main people of Obudu LGA in northern Cross River State. Utugwang, Ubang and Alege communities also live there.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"cross-river-obudu","name":"Obudu","state":"Cross River","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"cross-river-obanliku","name":"Obanliku","state":"Cross River","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Bette clan (Obudu)","lga":"cross-river-obudu","lgaName":"Obudu","state":"Cross River","point":[9.164,6.668],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"cross-river-obudu","point":[9.164,6.668]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Obudu's headquarters lies in the Bette clan, with the Bette-Bendi in the centre and the Ukpe-Alege in the south. The Obudu area holds six clans, Bette, Obanliku, Bendi, Utuwang, Ukpe-Alege and Utanga-Becheve, each of independent villages bound by kinship; their origin is unknown, but they probably came from the east and were settled here by the 18th century.","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[3,4],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-bete1262","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Bete-Bendi (bete1262)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bete1262","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-cross-river-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Cross River State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-obudu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Obudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obudu","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"boghom","name":"Boghom","status":"published","searchAliases":["Boghom","Bogghom","Burrum","Kanam"],"language":{"name":"Boghom","glottocode":"bogh1241","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Boghom are, with the Jhar, the predominant people of Kanam LGA in Plateau State, mostly farmers. Boghom is a West Chadic language.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"plateau-kanam","name":"Kanam","state":"Plateau","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Kanam (Dengi)","lga":"plateau-kanam","lgaName":"Kanam","state":"Plateau","point":[9.98,9.469],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"plateau-kanam","point":[9.98,9.469]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Boghom and Jarawa are the languages of Kanam LGA, whose headquarters is Dengi.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-bogh1241","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Boghom (bogh1241)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bogh1241","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kanam","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kanam, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanam,_Nigeria","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-plateau-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Plateau State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"boko","name":"Boko","status":"published","searchAliases":["Boko","Boo","Busa","Bussawa","Babana"],"language":{"name":"Boko","glottocode":"boko1266","family":{"name":"Mande","lineage":["Mande","Eastern Mande"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Boko (who call themselves Boo) were co-rulers of old Borgu with the Baatombu. About 35,000 live in Nigeria between the Niger and the Benin border, around their main centre at Babana in Borgu LGA, Niger State, with more in Benin. Their language, Boko, belongs to the Boko-Busa cluster of Eastern Mande. In Nigeria they are under the Emir of Borgu.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"niger-borgu","name":"Borgu","state":"Niger","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high","note":"The largest group in Borgu LGA in 1991 (about 30,000 of 110,000), around Babana."},{"lga":"kebbi-bagudu","name":"Bagudu","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium","note":"The villages of Samia, Maje and Bakinrua, north of Borgu."},{"lga":"kwara-kaiama","name":"Kaiama","state":"Kwara","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium","note":"About 2,000 in 1991."},{"lga":"kwara-baruten","name":"Baruten","state":"Kwara","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium","note":"'Several thousand Boko live among the Bokobaru in Kwara State.'"}],"communities":[{"name":"Babana","lga":"niger-borgu","lgaName":"Borgu","state":"Niger","point":[4.161,10.29],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"niger-borgu","point":[4.161,10.29]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The main centre of the Boko (Boo), co-rulers of old Borgu with the Baatombu; in Nigeria they come under the Emir of Borgu.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-boko","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Boko, Boko-Busa cluster of Eastern Mande (boko1266)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/boko1266","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"ross-jones-borgu","citation":"Jones, Ross. The ethnic groups of present day Borgu (with population estimates for 1997 from the 1991 census and a 1992 language survey)","url":"https://wasc.org.uk/Nigeria%20history%20docs/Borgu%20ethnic%20groups.pdf","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Samia, Maje and Bakinrua (Kebbi) are not yet located in GRID3."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"bokobaru","name":"Bokobaru","status":"published","searchAliases":["Bokobaru","Zogben","Busa","Bussawa","Kaiama","Woro"],"language":{"name":"Bokobaru (Zogben yan)","glottocode":"boko1267","family":{"name":"Mande","lineage":["Mande","Eastern Mande"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Bokobaru live around Kaiama in Kwara State, in about 30 villages between Kaozi in the north, Mose in the south, Gbete in the west and Woro in the east. They speak Bokobaru, one of the Boko-Busa languages of the Eastern Mande family; the Hausa group them all as Busa (Bussawa). Kaiama was founded in the late 18th century as a royal capital by Boko nobles from Nikki, among Bokobaru people already living there. About 30,000 in 1997.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"kwara-kaiama","name":"Kaiama","state":"Kwara","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high","note":"About 19,000 of Kaiama LGA's 45,900 people in 1991, with about 16,000 Fulbe and 8,000 Yoruba. LGA officials are mainly Bokobaru."},{"lga":"kwara-baruten","name":"Baruten","state":"Kwara","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium","note":"About 6,000 Bokobaru."}],"communities":[{"name":"Kaiama","lga":"kwara-kaiama","lgaName":"Kaiama","state":"Kwara","point":[4.12,9.4125],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Kaozi"},{"name":"Mose"},{"name":"Gbete"},{"name":"Woro"}],"markers":[{"lga":"kwara-kaiama","point":[4.12,9.4125]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded in the late 18th century as a royal capital by Boko nobles from Nikki among Bokobaru already living there; about 30 Bokobaru villages lie around it, between Kaozi, Mose, Gbete and Woro. Kaiama's leader died with Borgu's army at Ilorin in the 1830s.","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-bokobaru","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Bokobaru, Boko-Busa cluster of Eastern Mande (boko1267)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/boko1267","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"ross-jones-borgu","citation":"Jones, Ross. The ethnic groups of present day Borgu (with population estimates for 1997 from the 1991 census and a 1992 language survey)","url":"https://wasc.org.uk/Nigeria%20history%20docs/Borgu%20ethnic%20groups.pdf","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-battle-of-ilorin","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Battle of Ilorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleduwe_War","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"bokyi","name":"Bokyi (Boki)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Bokyi","Boki","Nki"],"language":{"name":"Bokyi","glottocode":"boky1238","family":{"name":"Bendi","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Bantoid","Southern Bantoid","Bendi"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Bokyi (Boki) are the people of Boki LGA in Cross River State and also live in Ikom and Etung. Bokyi is a Bendi language.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"cross-river-boki","name":"Boki","state":"Cross River","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"cross-river-ikom","name":"Ikom","state":"Cross River","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"cross-river-etung","name":"Etung","state":"Cross River","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Boje and the Boki communities","lga":"cross-river-boki","lgaName":"Boki","state":"Cross River","point":[9.007,6.224],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Boje"},{"name":"Bamba"}],"markers":[{"lga":"cross-river-boki","point":[9.007,6.224]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Boki LGA takes its name from the Bokyi, also called Nki. In 2001 six autonomous communities protested the refusal of a separate Boki North council and threatened to join Cameroon.","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-boky1238","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Bokyi (boky1238)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/boky1238","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-cross-river-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Cross River State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-boki-lga","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Boki, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boki,_Nigeria","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"bolewa","name":"Bolewa","status":"published","searchAliases":["Bole","Bolanci","Fika"],"language":{"name":"Bole","iso639_3":"bol","glottocode":"nucl1695","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Bolewa live in northern Gombe and southern Yobe, historically along the Gongola River. Their kings were called Mai; Fika in Yobe is a Bolewa centre.","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"gombe-kwami","name":"Kwami","state":"Gombe","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"gombe-nafada","name":"Nafada","state":"Gombe","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"gombe-funakaye","name":"Funakaye","state":"Gombe","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"gombe-dukku","name":"Dukku","state":"Gombe","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-fika","name":"Fika","state":"Yobe","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-potiskum","name":"Potiskum","state":"Yobe","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-nangere","name":"Nangere","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-gulani","name":"Gulani","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Potiskum (Fika Emirate)","lga":"yobe-potiskum","lgaName":"Potiskum","state":"Yobe","point":[11.067,11.717],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"yobe-potiskum","point":[11.067,11.717]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Seat of the Fika Emirate, whose Emir, the Moi, is head of the Bole (Bolewa) people.","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[4,5],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-bolewa","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Bole (nucl1695)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nucl1695","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-bolewa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bolewa people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolewa_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"udosen-2018","citation":"Udosen, Escor E. (2018). Linguistic Survey of Nigerian Languages: A Preliminary Report of the Languages of the North East Geopolitical Zone. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Bauchi, Borno, Gombe and Yobe)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/45/40","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-fika-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Fika Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fika_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-potiskum","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Potiskum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potiskum","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"bura-pabir","name":"Bura-Pabir","status":"published","searchAliases":["Bura","Babur","Pabir","Babur-Bura","Biu"],"language":{"name":"Bura-Pabir","iso639_3":"bwr","glottocode":"bura1292","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Bura and the Pabir (Babur) of southern Borno speak one Chadic language in two dialects, though they see themselves as distinct peoples; most Pabir are Muslim and most Bura Christian. They are the main people of Biu and Shani, and also speak Hausa, Kibaku and Marghi.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"borno-biu","name":"Biu","state":"Borno","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-shani","name":"Shani","state":"Borno","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-hawul","name":"Hawul","state":"Borno","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-kwaya-kusar","name":"Kwaya Kusar","state":"Borno","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-bayo","name":"Bayo","state":"Borno","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-askira-uba","name":"Askira Uba","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-chibok","name":"Chibok","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-maiduguri","name":"Maiduguri","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-bade","name":"Bade","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-jakusko","name":"Jakusko","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-gujba","name":"Gujba","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-gulani","name":"Gulani","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Biu","lga":"borno-biu","lgaName":"Biu","state":"Borno","point":[12.19,10.61],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Kogu"},{"name":"Mandaragirau"},{"name":"Dlimbur"}],"markers":[{"lga":"borno-biu","point":[12.19,10.61]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Seat of the Mai Biu since Mari Biya moved there in 1878; the kingdom counts its rulers from Yamta-ra-Wala about 1535, whose first capital at Dlimbur is now an archaeological site, and whose heirs split between Kogu and Mandaragirau.","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Shani","lga":"borno-shani","lgaName":"Shani","state":"Borno","point":[11.937,10.1795],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"borno-shani","point":[11.937,10.1795]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Part of Biu Division from 1918 and of the Biu federation from 1957.","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[4],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-bura","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Bura-Pabir (bura1292)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bura1292","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"udosen-2018","citation":"Udosen, Escor E. (2018). Linguistic Survey of Nigerian Languages: A Preliminary Report of the Languages of the North East Geopolitical Zone. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Bauchi, Borno, Gombe and Yobe)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/45/40","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-biu-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Biu Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biu_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-shani","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Shani, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shani,_Nigeria","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"busa","name":"Busa (Bisã)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Busa","Bisa","Bisã","Bussawa","Busanchi","New Bussa","Wawa","Illo"],"language":{"name":"Busa","glottocode":"busa1253","family":{"name":"Mande","lineage":["Mande","Eastern Mande"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Busa call themselves Bisã; only people of Bussa town are strictly Busa. They live along the west bank of the Niger around New Bussa (moved when the Kainji dam flooded old Bussa in 1968) and Wawa, with about 30 villages, and a smaller group south of Illo in Kebbi State who say they came from Bussa. Busa is a Boko-Busa language of the Eastern Mande family, and many Kambari, Laru and Lopa neighbours speak it as a second language. The Emir of Borgu at New Bussa rules the Busa and Boko of Borgu LGA.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"niger-borgu","name":"Borgu","state":"Niger","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high","note":"About 15,000 Busa in 1991, and 15,000 more who speak Busa as a second language. Predominant in New Bussa, Wawa, Dogongari and Karabonde."},{"lga":"kebbi-bagudu","name":"Bagudu","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium","note":"About 6,000 Busa in villages south of Illo (Kali, Bani, Gilanzana, Sangba, Sambe, Wagaga, Anaswa, Gbegbe). In Illo itself only older people still speak Busa."}],"communities":[{"name":"New Bussa","lga":"niger-borgu","lgaName":"Borgu","state":"Niger","point":[4.513,9.883],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"niger-borgu","point":[4.513,9.883]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The new site of Bussa, Borgu's senior and sacred seat, whose old town was drowned when the Kainji dam was finished in 1968; about a quarter of the dam's cost went to resettling the people. New Bussa is the headquarters of the Borgu Emirate and Borgu LGA.","refs":[3,4],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[3,4,5],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-busa","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Busa, Boko-Busa cluster of Eastern Mande (busa1253)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/busa1253","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"ross-jones-borgu","citation":"Jones, Ross. The ethnic groups of present day Borgu (with population estimates for 1997 from the 1991 census and a 1992 language survey)","url":"https://wasc.org.uk/Nigeria%20history%20docs/Borgu%20ethnic%20groups.pdf","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-new-bussa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. New Bussa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Bussa","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-kainji-lake","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kainji Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainji_Lake","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The Illo villages are not yet located in GRID3."],"kingdoms":[{"id":"borgu","name":"Borgu","peak":1783}]},{"id":"butawa","name":"Butawa","status":"published","searchAliases":["Butawa","Butu","Butanci","Ningawa","Gamo"],"language":{"name":"Gamo-Ningi (Butanci)","glottocode":"gamo1241","family":{"name":"Kainji","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Kainji"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Butawa are a small people of the Ningi plateau in Bauchi State, with some in Kano State. Their language, Butanci, is a Kainji language now spoken by very few; most Butawa speak Hausa.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"bauchi-ningi","name":"Ningi","state":"Bauchi","presence":"minority","refs":[4,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kano-sumaila","name":"Sumaila","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high","note":"Amfani: Butanci 'is spoken only in Sumaila' in Kano State, 'by very few people and is near extinction'."}],"communities":[{"name":"Butawa of the Ningi plateau","lga":"bauchi-ningi","lgaName":"Ningi","state":"Bauchi","point":[9.231,11.03],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"bauchi-ningi","point":[9.231,11.03]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-gamo1241","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Gamo-Ningi (Butawa) (gamo1241)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gamo1241","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-gamo-ningi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gamo-Ningi language (Butawa)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamo-Ningi_language","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"amfani-2018","citation":"Amfani, Ahmed. (2018). Revisiting the Linguistic Situation in the North West Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (languages of each state by LGA)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/47/42","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-bauchi-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bauchi State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauchi_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"chamba","name":"Chamba (Sama)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Chamba","Sama","Samba","Daka","Leko","Chamba Daka","Chamba Leko","Ganye","Gara Donga"],"language":{"name":"Chamba Daka and Chamba Leko","glottocode":"dako1256","family":{"name":"Dakoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Bantoid","Northern Bantoid","Dakoid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high","note":"Chamba Daka is Dakoid (Benue-Congo); Chamba Leko is an Adamawa language. Glottolog's code here is the Dakoid family."},"summary":{"text":"The Chamba, who call themselves Sama, live along the Nigeria–Cameroon border in southern Adamawa and in Taraba. Ganye is called the headquarters of the Sama people, and Ganye, Jada and Toungo LGAs are Chamba land; the Chamba also founded the chiefdom of Donga in Taraba, whose ruler is the Gara Donga. Unusually, the Chamba speak two unrelated languages: Chamba Daka (Dakoid, the larger) and Chamba Leko (Adamawa).","refs":[2,3,4,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"adamawa-ganye","name":"Ganye","state":"Adamawa","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high","note":"'The major and ruling tribe of Ganye.' Chamba 54% of homes surveyed. Share from a 2022-23 survey of displaced people quoted by Wikipedia, not a census."},{"lga":"adamawa-jada","name":"Jada","state":"Adamawa","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Wikipedia: Ganye, Jada, Toungo and part of Mayo-Belwa 'are occupied by Chamba people'."},{"lga":"adamawa-toungo","name":"Toungo","state":"Adamawa","presence":"core","refs":[5,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"'Majorly Fulfulde and Chamba speaking'. Share from a 2022-23 survey of displaced people quoted by Wikipedia, not a census."},{"lga":"adamawa-mayo-belwa","name":"Mayo-Belwa","state":"Adamawa","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Part of Mayo-Belwa is Chamba land."},{"lga":"adamawa-fufore","name":"Fufore","state":"Adamawa","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"medium","note":"About 10% of homes surveyed. Share from a 2022-23 survey of displaced people quoted by Wikipedia, not a census."},{"lga":"taraba-donga","name":"Donga","state":"Taraba","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high","note":"'The primary ethnic group of Donga'; the Gara Donga is the paramount ruler."}],"communities":[{"name":"Donga","lga":"taraba-donga","lgaName":"Donga","state":"Taraba","point":[10.045,7.722],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"taraba-donga","point":[10.045,7.722]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded around 1830 by the Chamba Leko leader Nubunga Dozinga, whose people had been driven west from today's Cameroon by Fulani attacks; he chose the fertile plain by the Donga river, defended by the river and hills, as the old Kwararafa fragmented. Donga became a centralized Chamba kingdom.","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[4,7],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-dako1256","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Dakoid family (Chamba Daka) (dako1256)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dako1256","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ganye","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ganye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganye","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-jada","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jada, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jada,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-donga","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Donga, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donga,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-toungo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Toungo, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toungo,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-fufore","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Fufore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fufore","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"dakarkari","name":"Dakarkari (Lelna)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Dakarkari","Lelna","Lela","C'lela","Clela","Sindawa","Zuru"],"language":{"name":"C'lela","glottocode":"clel1239","family":{"name":"Kainji","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Kainji"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Lelna, known in Hausa as Dakarkari, are the main people of the Zuru Emirate in southern Kebbi State, in Zuru, Sakaba and Wasagu/Danko LGAs, with more in Rijau LGA of Niger State and across the border in Zamfara. They speak C'lela, a Kainji language related to Duka and Kambari.","refs":[2,3,1,4],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"kebbi-zuru","name":"Zuru","state":"Kebbi","presence":"core","refs":[2,4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"kebbi-sakaba","name":"Sakaba","state":"Kebbi","presence":"core","refs":[2,4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"kebbi-wasagu-danko","name":"Wasagu-Danko","state":"Kebbi","presence":"core","refs":[2,4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"niger-rijau","name":"Rijau","state":"Niger","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"zamfara-bukkuyum","name":"Bukkuyum","state":"Zamfara","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high","note":"Amfani: boundary changes left C'lela speakers in Zamfara."},{"lga":"zamfara-maru","name":"Maru","state":"Zamfara","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Zuru Emirate towns","lga":"kebbi-zuru","lgaName":"Zuru","state":"Kebbi","point":[5.262,11.4345],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Zuru"},{"name":"Kebu"},{"name":"Roma"},{"name":"Dogo"},{"name":"Isgogo"},{"name":"Dabai"},{"name":"Rikoto"},{"name":"Peni"},{"name":"Manga"},{"name":"Senchi"},{"name":"Ushe"},{"name":"Tadurga"},{"name":"Diri"},{"name":"Ribah"},{"name":"Conoko"},{"name":"Rade"}],"markers":[{"lga":"kebbi-zuru","point":[5.262,11.4345]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"kebbi-sakaba","name":"Sakaba","state":"Kebbi"},{"lga":"kebbi-wasagu-danko","name":"Wasagu-Danko","state":"Kebbi"}],"history":{"text":"The Lelna (Dakarkari) are divided into the Bangawa, Kafawa, Kelawa and Lilawa. Zuru is the headquarters of the Zuru Emirate of Zuru, Sakaba, Wasagu/Danko and Fakai LGAs.","refs":[5,6],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[5,6],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-clela","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Clela-Damakawa, Northwestern Kainji (clel1239)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/clel1239","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kainji-languages","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kainji languages (languages with LGAs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainji_languages","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"amfani-2018","citation":"Amfani, Ahmed. (2018). Revisiting the Linguistic Situation in the North West Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (languages of each state by LGA)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/47/42","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-kebbi-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kebbi State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebbi_State","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-dakarkari-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Dakarkari people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakarkari_people","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-zuru","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Zuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuru","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Sokoto State's government lists the Dakarkari among the state's minorities without naming an LGA."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"dendi","name":"Dendi","status":"published","searchAliases":["Dendi","Dandawa"],"language":{"name":"Dendi","glottocode":"dend1243","family":{"name":"Songhay","lineage":["Songhay","Eastern Songhay"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Dendi are a Songhay-speaking people of the Niger valley where Nigeria, Niger and Benin meet; most live in northern Benin. In Nigeria Dendi is spoken in Bagudo and Argungu LGAs of Kebbi State.","refs":[2,3,4,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"kebbi-bagudu","name":"Bagudu","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kebbi-argungu","name":"Argungu","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Dendi of Bagudo","lga":"kebbi-bagudu","lgaName":"Bagudu","state":"Kebbi","point":[3.9125,11.2895],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kebbi-bagudu","point":[3.9125,11.2895]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"kebbi-argungu","name":"Argungu","state":"Kebbi"}],"refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-dendi","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Dendi, Eastern Songhay (dend1243)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dend1243","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kebbi-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kebbi State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebbi_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"ross-jones-borgu","citation":"Jones, Ross. The ethnic groups of present day Borgu (with population estimates for 1997 from the 1991 census and a 1992 language survey)","url":"https://wasc.org.uk/Nigeria%20history%20docs/Borgu%20ethnic%20groups.pdf","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"amfani-2018","citation":"Amfani, Ahmed. (2018). Revisiting the Linguistic Situation in the North West Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (languages of each state by LGA)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/47/42","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"dera","name":"Dera (Kanakuru)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Dera","Kanakuru","Shelleng"],"language":{"name":"Dera","glottocode":"dera1248","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Dera, called Kanakuru by others, are the main indigenous people of Shelleng LGA in Adamawa State. Dera is a West Chadic language.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"adamawa-shelleng","name":"Shelleng","state":"Adamawa","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high","note":"Kanakuru 31% and Hausa 35% of homes surveyed. Share from a 2022-23 survey of displaced people quoted by Wikipedia, not a census."},{"lga":"adamawa-guyuk","name":"Guyuk","state":"Adamawa","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"About 5% of homes surveyed. Share from a 2022-23 survey of displaced people quoted by Wikipedia, not a census."}],"communities":[{"name":"Shelleng","lga":"adamawa-shelleng","lgaName":"Shelleng","state":"Adamawa","point":[12.0089,9.8847],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Kiri"},{"name":"Bodwai"},{"name":"Gundo"},{"name":"Jumbul"},{"name":"Bakta"},{"name":"Ketembere"},{"name":"Dumne"},{"name":"Talum"}],"markers":[{"lga":"adamawa-shelleng","point":[12.0089,9.8847]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Shelleng's peoples are the Kanakuru (Dera), Fulani, Lala, Kiri and Bura; Dera is spoken in about a third of homes.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-dera1248","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Dera (Kanakuru) (dera1248)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dera1248","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-shelleng","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Shelleng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelleng","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-adamawa-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Adamawa State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-guyuk","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Guyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyuk","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"dghwede","name":"Dghwede","status":"published","searchAliases":["Dghwede","Dughwede","Johode","Zaghvana"],"language":{"name":"Dghwede","glottocode":"dghw1239","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Dghwede occupy the central part of the southern Gwoza hills (Gwoza Central District) in Borno State.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"borno-gwoza","name":"Gwoza","state":"Borno","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Gwoza Central hills","lga":"borno-gwoza","lgaName":"Gwoza","state":"Borno","point":[13.532,11.132],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"borno-gwoza","point":[13.532,11.132]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Dghwede occupy the central part of the southern Gwoza hills, Gwoza Central District.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-dghw1239","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Dghwede (dghw1239)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dghw1239","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"mandaras-dghwede","citation":"Dghwede (Mandara Mountains peoples)","url":"https://mandaras.info/Dghwede.html","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-borno-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Borno State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borno_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"dukawa","name":"Dukawa (Hun-Saare)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Dukawa","Duka","Hunne","Hun-Saare","Dukanchi","Dukku","Rijau"],"language":{"name":"Hun-Saare (Duka)","glottocode":"huns1239","family":{"name":"Kainji","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Kainji"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Duka call themselves Hunne and their language tHun or sSaare; the Hausa call them Dukawa after their town of Dukku. There are two dialects, centred on Dukku and Rijau. About 73,000 people (1985), mostly in Rijau LGA of Niger State and Sakaba LGA of Kebbi State. Their language is closest to C'lela (Dakarkari); their culture is close to the Kambari.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"niger-rijau","name":"Rijau","state":"Niger","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"kebbi-sakaba","name":"Sakaba","state":"Kebbi","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"kebbi-wasagu-danko","name":"Wasagu-Danko","state":"Kebbi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Wikipedia lists us-Saare for Wasagu-Danko."},{"lga":"kebbi-yauri","name":"Yauri","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kebbi-shanga","name":"Shanga","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Ross Jones: Duka fan out from the Shanga district, where they have assimilated towards the Shangawa."},{"lga":"niger-borgu","name":"Borgu","state":"Niger","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Several thousand."}],"communities":[{"name":"Dukku and Rijau","lga":"niger-rijau","lgaName":"Rijau","state":"Niger","point":[5.1985,11.0735],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Dukku"},{"name":"Rijau"}],"markers":[{"lga":"niger-rijau","point":[5.1985,11.0735]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Hausa call the Hunne “Dukawa” after their town of Dukku; their two dialects are centred on Dukku and Rijau.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-hun-saare","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Hun-Saare (Duka), Northwestern Kainji (huns1239)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/huns1239","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"ross-jones-borgu","citation":"Jones, Ross. The ethnic groups of present day Borgu (with population estimates for 1997 from the 1991 census and a 1992 language survey)","url":"https://wasc.org.uk/Nigeria%20history%20docs/Borgu%20ethnic%20groups.pdf","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kainji-languages","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kainji languages (languages with LGAs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainji_languages","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-kebbi-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kebbi State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebbi_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"ebira","name":"Ebira","status":"published","searchAliases":["Igbirra","Igbira","Egbira","Egbura","Ebira Tao","Ebira Koto","Ebira Toto","Etuno","Anebira"],"language":{"name":"Ebira","iso639_3":"igb","glottocode":"ebir1243","family":{"name":"Ebira-Nupoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Ebira-Nupoid"]},"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Ebira live south-west of the Niger and Benue confluence, mainly in central Kogi State, where Okene has long been their centre. Ebira is spoken by about 2 million people. The Ebira Tao live around Okene; the Ebira Koto (Egbura) at Koton Karfe, Abaji and Toto; and a related people, the Etuno, at Igarra in Edo State.","refs":[3,2],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Ohinoyi of Ebiraland","seat":"Okene","refs":[4,5],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"kogi-okene","name":"Okene","state":"Kogi","presence":"core","refs":[5,3,6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"kogi-okehi","name":"Okehi","state":"Kogi","presence":"core","refs":[3,6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"kogi-adavi","name":"Adavi","state":"Kogi","presence":"core","refs":[3,6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"kogi-kogi","name":"Kogi","state":"Kogi","presence":"core","refs":[7,3,6],"confidence":"medium","note":"Koton Karfe, the headquarters, is \"predominantly inhabited by the Egbura Kotos\". Other peoples live in the LGA too."},{"lga":"kogi-ajaokuta","name":"Ajaokuta","state":"Kogi","presence":"core","refs":[3,8,6,9],"confidence":"high","note":"Ebira land: the Ebira Opete and the Eganyi, with Ebira towns from Adogo to Ebiya. Igala live in the riverside communities along the Niger, and there are Bassa communities too."},{"lga":"nasarawa-toto","name":"Toto","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"significant","refs":[10,2,6],"confidence":"high","note":"Toto is mainly Bassa and Egbura (Ebira)."},{"lga":"fct-abaji","name":"Abaji","state":"Federal Capital Territory","presence":"significant","refs":[11,2,6],"confidence":"high","note":"The Egbura are among the indigenous peoples of Abaji, with the Bassa, Gbagyi and Ganagana."},{"lga":"kogi-bassa","name":"Bassa","state":"Kogi","presence":"minority","refs":[12,3],"confidence":"high","note":"The Ebira Koto are the third of Bassa LGA’s three main peoples."},{"lga":"kogi-lokoja","name":"Lokoja","state":"Kogi","presence":"minority","refs":[13,3,6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"nasarawa-nasarawa","name":"Nasarawa","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Igarra (Etuno)","lga":"edo-akoko-edo","lgaName":"Akoko-Edo","state":"Edo","point":[6.1007,7.3027],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"edo-akoko-edo","point":[6.1007,7.3027]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded by Ariwo Ovejijo, a prince of Idah who left with his followers after he felt cheated of the throne of the Attah of Igala; he ruled as the first Otaru. Igarra’s new yam festival is Upe Enu.","refs":[14],"confidence":"medium"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Farming on fertile soil (yam, cassava, palm produce); historically, a bead trade.","refs":[14],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[14,2,1,15],"confidence":"high","note":"The people of Igarra speak Etuno, which Glottolog counts as the Igara dialect of Ebira."},{"name":"Okene","lga":"kogi-okene","lgaName":"Okene","state":"Kogi","point":[6.23,7.55],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Okengwe","point":[6.192,7.549]}],"markers":[{"lga":"kogi-okene","point":[6.23,7.55]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The centre of the Ebira Tao and seat of the Ohinoyi of Ebiraland. The Opete stool, which tradition says the Ebira brought from Kwararafa, is now the emblem of Okene's ruler. Okengwe, Ubororo and Okehi were founded by groups moving south from Ebira Opete.","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Adavi clans","lga":"kogi-adavi","lgaName":"Adavi","state":"Kogi","point":[6.178,7.566],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Adavi-Eba","point":[6.178,7.566]},{"name":"Ogaminana","point":[6.221,7.587]},{"name":"Kuroko","point":[6.245,7.573]}],"markers":[{"lga":"kogi-adavi","point":[6.178,7.566]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Ohizi (Adaviruku), eldest son of Itaazi, had five children whose descendants are the five traditional Adavi clans of the Ebira Tao.","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[3,15],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Eika","lga":"kogi-okehi","lgaName":"Okehi","state":"Kogi","point":[6.261,7.609],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kogi-okehi","point":[6.261,7.609]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Ouda Adidi of Eika was the first head the British set over the Ebira villages after 1903.","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[3,15],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ebira Opete (Ajaokuta)","lga":"kogi-ajaokuta","lgaName":"Ajaokuta","state":"Kogi","point":[6.567,7.507],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kogi-ajaokuta","point":[6.567,7.507]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"After leaving Idah the Ebira Tao crossed the Niger to the land around Ajaokuta, which they call Ebira Opete after the stool they kept there; the Eganyi also live in Ajaokuta.","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ebira Koto at Koton Karfe","lga":"kogi-kogi","lgaName":"Kogi","state":"Kogi","point":[6.798,8.089],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kogi-kogi","point":[6.798,8.089]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Ebira Koto (Egbura) branch settled at Igu, which the Hausa called Koton Karfe, “strong land”, because, the Ebira say, the jihadists fought to take it and never succeeded.","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[3,15],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ebira Toto (Panda)","lga":"nasarawa-toto","lgaName":"Toto","state":"Nasarawa","point":[7.188,8.007],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Umaisha","point":[7.188,8.007]}],"markers":[{"lga":"nasarawa-toto","point":[7.188,8.007]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Panda branch left Idah with the other Ebira and settled north of the Benue; they are the Ebira of Toto LGA in Nasarawa State.","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[3,15],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ebira of Abaji","lga":"fct-abaji","lgaName":"Abaji","state":"Federal Capital Territory","point":[6.84,8.9325],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"fct-abaji","point":[6.84,8.9325]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Ebira Koto live in Abaji Area Council of the Federal Capital Territory.","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ebira Mozum","lga":"kogi-bassa","lgaName":"Bassa","state":"Kogi","point":[6.942,7.857],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kogi-bassa","point":[6.942,7.857]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Agatu branch, father of the Ebira Mozum, chose to settle among the Bassa.","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[3,15],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-ebira","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Ebira (ebir1243)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ebir1243","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ebira-language","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ebira language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebira_language","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-ebira-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ebira people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebira_people","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-ohinoyi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ohinoyi of Ebiraland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohinoyi_of_Ebiraland","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-okene","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Okene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okene","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-koton-karfe","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Koton Karfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koton_Karfe","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"facts-ng-ajaokuta","citation":"Ajaokuta LGA, Kogi State. facts.ng","url":"https://facts.ng/nigerian-states/kogi/lgas/ajaokuta","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"owner-2026-10-11-ajaokuta","citation":"Direction from the HistoNaija owner: Ajaokuta is Ebira land; the Igala live in the riverside communities along the Niger, as they still do","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-toto","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Toto, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toto,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"wikipedia-abaji","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Abaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaji","checked":true},{"n":12,"id":"wikipedia-bassa-kogi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bassa, Kogi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassa,_Kogi_State","checked":true},{"n":13,"id":"wikipedia-lokoja","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Lokoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokoja","checked":true},{"n":14,"id":"wikipedia-igarra","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igarra","checked":true},{"n":15,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Ogori/Magongo removed: Omachonu and Dalhatu (2018) list Ò̩kó̩ as its language, not Ebira, although Wikipedia counts it among the Ebira Tao LGAs.","The Ebira Mozum of Bassa LGA and the Ebira in Abuja (FCT) beyond Abaji are not yet placed as communities."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"edo","name":"Edo","status":"published","searchAliases":["Bini","Benin","Edo","Oba of Benin"],"language":{"name":"Edo (Bini)","iso639_3":"bin","glottocode":"bini1246","family":{"name":"Edoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Edoid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Edo (Bini) are the people of the Benin Kingdom, founded by the Ogiso and later ruled by the Obas. They are native to the seven LGAs of Edo South; many Edoid peoples trace their origins to Benin.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Oba of Benin","seat":"Oredo","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Benin City is in Oredo LGA."},"areas":[{"lga":"edo-oredo","name":"Oredo","state":"Edo","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Edo South senatorial district."},{"lga":"edo-egor","name":"Egor","state":"Edo","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Edo South senatorial district."},{"lga":"edo-ikpoba-okha","name":"Ikpoba-Okha","state":"Edo","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Edo South senatorial district."},{"lga":"edo-orhionmwon","name":"Orhionmwon","state":"Edo","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Edo South senatorial district."},{"lga":"edo-ovia-north-east","name":"Ovia North-East","state":"Edo","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Edo South senatorial district."},{"lga":"edo-ovia-south-west","name":"Ovia South-West","state":"Edo","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Edo South senatorial district."},{"lga":"edo-uhunmwonde","name":"Uhunmwonde","state":"Edo","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Edo South senatorial district."}],"communities":[{"name":"Uselu and Egor","lga":"edo-egor","lgaName":"Egor","state":"Edo","point":[5.617,6.368],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Okhoro"},{"name":"Use"},{"name":"Uwelu"},{"name":"Iguikpe"},{"name":"Ugbighoko"},{"name":"Iguediaye"},{"name":"Evbougide"}],"markers":[{"lga":"edo-egor","point":[5.617,6.368]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[3,4],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ikpoba Okha villages","lga":"edo-ikpoba-okha","lgaName":"Ikpoba-Okha","state":"Edo","point":[5.715,6.266],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Idogbo","point":[5.715,6.266]},{"name":"Evbuomodu"},{"name":"Obazagbon"},{"name":"Agedo"},{"name":"Okha"},{"name":"Ekae"},{"name":"Utezi"},{"name":"Ogheghe"},{"name":"Obagie"}],"markers":[{"lga":"edo-ikpoba-okha","point":[5.715,6.266]}],"alsoIn":[],"livelihoods":{"text":"Mostly rural farming and fishing communities.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[5,4],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Iguobazuwa and the Ovia country","lga":"edo-ovia-south-west","lgaName":"Ovia South-West","state":"Edo","point":[5.359,6.563],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Aghobahi"},{"name":"Igueze"},{"name":"Usen"},{"name":"Ugbogui"},{"name":"Ora"},{"name":"Udo"}],"markers":[{"lga":"edo-ovia-south-west","point":[5.359,6.563]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Edo-speaking country on the Ovia river, historically part of the Benin kingdom; the Ovia cult is traced to a woman from Uhen.","refs":[6],"confidence":"medium"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Timber and farming.","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[6,4],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-edo","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Bini (bini1246)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bini1246","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-edo-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Edo people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-egor","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Egor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egor","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-ikpoba-okha","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ikpoba Okha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikpoba_Okha","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-ovia-south-west","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ovia South-West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovia_South-West","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[{"id":"benin","name":"Kingdom of Benin","peak":1600}]},{"id":"efik","name":"Efik","status":"published","searchAliases":["Efik","Calabar","Obong","Akwa Akpa"],"language":{"name":"Efik","iso639_3":"efi","glottocode":"efik1245","family":{"name":"Lower Cross","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Delta Cross","Lower Cross"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Efik built the trading kingdom of Old Calabar (Akwa Akpa). They are centred in Calabar under the Obong of Calabar, and Efik became the written language of much of the region.","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Obong of Calabar","seat":"Calabar Municipal","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"cross-river-calabar-municipal","name":"Calabar Municipal","state":"Cross River","presence":"core","refs":[3,2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"cross-river-calabar-south","name":"Calabar South","state":"Cross River","presence":"core","refs":[3,2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"cross-river-akpabuyo","name":"Akpabuyo","state":"Cross River","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"cross-river-bakassi","name":"Bakassi","state":"Cross River","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"cross-river-odukpani","name":"Odukpani","state":"Cross River","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-itu","name":"Itu","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-oron","name":"Oron","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-uruan","name":"Uruan","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"cross-river-biase","name":"Biase","state":"Cross River","presence":"minority","refs":[5],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Calabar (Akwa Akpa)","lga":"cross-river-calabar-municipal","lgaName":"Calabar Municipal","state":"Cross River","point":[8.32,4.95],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Duke Town (Atakpa)","point":[8.32,4.95]},{"name":"Old Town (Obutong)","point":[8.305,4.965]}],"markers":[{"lga":"cross-river-calabar-municipal","point":[8.32,4.95]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"cross-river-calabar-south","name":"Calabar South","state":"Cross River"}],"history":{"text":"Akwa Akpa, the Efik city-state on the Calabar river, founded about 1650 by families from Creek Town. Seat of the Obong of Calabar, crowned first at the sacred Efe Asabo lodge and then in Duke Town Presbyterian church; the Ekpe society is the stool on which the Obong sits. The Qua (Ejagham) and Efut kingdoms share the city.","refs":[3,6,7],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[3,7,6],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Creek Town (Ikot Itunko)","lga":"cross-river-odukpani","lgaName":"Odukpani","state":"Cross River","point":[8.25,5.04],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Akpap Okoyong"},{"name":"Eki"},{"name":"Eniong Abatim"},{"name":"Ito"},{"name":"Idere"},{"name":"Ukwa Ibom"},{"name":"Inuakpa Okoyong"},{"name":"Okurikang"}],"markers":[{"lga":"cross-river-odukpani","point":[8.25,5.04]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The older Efik town up the Calabar river, from which Duke Town's founders came. Odukpani, around it, is largely Efik.","refs":[7,8],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[8,7],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-efik","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Efik (efik1245)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/efik1245","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-obong","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Obong of Calabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obong_of_Calabar","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-calabar","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Calabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabar","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-akwa-ibom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Akwa Ibom State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-cross-river-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Cross River State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_State","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-obong-of-calabar","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Obong of Calabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obong_of_Calabar","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-duke-town","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Duke Town (Akwa Akpa)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwa_Akpa","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-odukpani","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Odukpani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odukpani","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[{"id":"old-calabar","name":"Old Calabar","peak":1780}]},{"id":"egbema","name":"Egbema","status":"published","searchAliases":["Egbema","Egbema Kingdom","Mmahu","Mgbede","Okwuzi","Ebocha"],"language":{"name":"Egbema","glottocode":"egbe1246","family":{"name":"Igboid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Igboid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high","note":"Glottolog lists Egbema as a dialect within Igbo."},"summary":{"text":"The Egbema are one people whose kingdom was split by the state boundary: most of their towns lie in Ohaji/Egbema LGA of Imo State, around the LGA headquarters at Mmahu, and the rest in Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni LGA of Rivers State, around Mgbede, Okwuzi and Ebocha. Local histories describe the kingdom as “balkanized politically but traditionally one”, and trace its origin to a migration from old Benin. They speak Egbema, which Glottolog counts within Igbo. Their land holds major oil and gas facilities.","refs":[2,3,4,1,5],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"imo-ohaji-egbema","name":"Ohaji/Egbema","state":"Imo","presence":"core","refs":[4,6,5],"confidence":"high","note":"Five of the LGA’s eleven wards are Egbema A to E; the rest are Ohaji."},{"lga":"rivers-ogba-egbema-ndoni","name":"Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[3,2,5],"confidence":"high","note":"One of the LGA’s three founding peoples, with the Ogba and the Ndoni."}],"communities":[{"name":"Mmahu","lga":"imo-ohaji-egbema","lgaName":"Ohaji/Egbema","state":"Imo","point":[6.7402,5.5626],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"imo-ohaji-egbema","point":[6.7402,5.5626]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[4,6],"confidence":"high","note":"Headquarters of Ohaji/Egbema LGA. GRID3 places Umueshi Mmahu and Aruru Mmahu in the Egbema A and B wards; point at Umueshi Mmahu."},{"name":"Etekwuru","lga":"imo-ohaji-egbema","lgaName":"Ohaji/Egbema","state":"Imo","point":[6.7883,5.4592],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"imo-ohaji-egbema","point":[6.7883,5.4592]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[7,6],"confidence":"high","note":"Egbema D ward in GRID3. Neighbours the Rivers Egbema towns across the state line."},{"name":"Mgbede","lga":"rivers-ogba-egbema-ndoni","lgaName":"Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni","state":"Rivers","point":[6.7219,5.4739],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"rivers-ogba-egbema-ndoni","point":[6.7219,5.4739]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[2,7,6],"confidence":"high","note":"GRID3 files Mgbede under the Ndoni C2 ward."},{"name":"Okwuzi","lga":"rivers-ogba-egbema-ndoni","lgaName":"Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni","state":"Rivers","point":[6.7184,5.4802],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"rivers-ogba-egbema-ndoni","point":[6.7184,5.4802]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[2,7,6],"confidence":"high","note":"GRID3 files Okwuzi under the Ndoni C2 ward."},{"name":"Ebocha","lga":"rivers-ogba-egbema-ndoni","lgaName":"Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni","state":"Rivers","point":[6.6962,5.4525],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"rivers-ogba-egbema-ndoni","point":[6.6962,5.4525]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[2,6],"confidence":"medium","note":"Site of the Agip (NAOC) Ebocha oil centre. GRID3 files it under the Ndoni C2 ward."}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-egbema","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Egbema, a dialect within Igbo (egbe1246)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/egbe1246","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"okwuzi-history","citation":"Ezihe, Evidence. History of Okwuzi (Egbema, Rivers State)","url":"http://alikcarnival.blogspot.com/p/history-of-okwuzi.html","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-oen","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogba%E2%80%93Egbema%E2%80%93Ndoni","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-ohaji-egbema","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ohaji/Egbema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohaji/Egbema","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"owner-2026-10-06-egbema","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: the Egbema of Rivers and of Imo are the same people","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"tide-2015-ebocha","citation":"Ukwe, Goodluck. (2015). Ebocha Explosions: Agonies Of Host Communities. The Tide","url":"https://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2015/07/ebocha-explosions-agonies-of-host-communities/","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Not the Egbema of Delta State (Warri North and Warri South-West), who are an Ijaw (Izon) clan with a separate history.","Other Rivers Egbema towns named locally (Aggah, Ukpazi, Ekpe Aggah, Ekpe Mgbede, Ugada) are not yet located in GRID3. In Imo, Abacheke and Abaezi are named as Egbema but not yet located.","In Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni the Egbema hold about 2 of 17 wards (Wikipedia), so the stripes show a shared homeland, not equal shares."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"eggon","name":"Eggon","status":"published","searchAliases":["Egon","Ero","Mo Egon","Madan Dutse","Hill Mada"],"language":{"name":"Eggon","iso639_3":"ego","glottocode":"eggo1239","family":{"name":"Plateau","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Benue-Congo Plateau"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Eggon live in Nasarawa State, south-west of the Jos Plateau, next to the Mada and Rindre. Most still speak Eggon, alongside Hausa and English. Their homeland is Nasarawa Eggon LGA.","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"nasarawa-nasarawa-egon","name":"Nasarawa Egon","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"core","refs":[3,4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"nasarawa-akwanga","name":"Akwanga","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Mostly Mada."},{"lga":"nasarawa-lafia","name":"Lafia","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-awe","name":"Awe","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-doma","name":"Doma","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-keffi","name":"Keffi","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-kokona","name":"Kokona","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Nasarawa Eggon","lga":"nasarawa-nasarawa-egon","lgaName":"Nasarawa Egon","state":"Nasarawa","point":[8.394,8.726],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Anzo"},{"name":"Eholo"},{"name":"Anro"}],"markers":[{"lga":"nasarawa-nasarawa-egon","point":[8.394,8.726]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Eggon homeland. The three great Eggon clans are Anzo, Eholo and Anro.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-eggon","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Eggon (eggo1239)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/eggo1239","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-eggon-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Eggon people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggon_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-nasarawa-eggon","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nasarawa Eggon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggon,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Wikipedia places Eggon people in Plateau State too; the LGA is not yet sourced.","The Eggon share in each LGA beyond Nasarawa Eggon is unknown.","No paramount ruler is recorded yet."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"ejagham","name":"Ejagham","status":"published","searchAliases":["Ekoi","Ejagham","Qua","Bakor"],"language":{"name":"Ejagham","iso639_3":"etu","glottocode":"ejag1239","family":{"name":"Ekoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Bantoid","Ekoid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Ejagham (Ekoi) live across the Nigeria–Cameroon border, from the Qua of Calabar to Etung and Ikom. Their Ekpe (leopard) society spread through the Cross River region.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"cross-river-etung","name":"Etung","state":"Cross River","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"cross-river-akamkpa","name":"Akamkpa","state":"Cross River","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"cross-river-ikom","name":"Ikom","state":"Cross River","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"cross-river-odukpani","name":"Odukpani","state":"Cross River","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"cross-river-calabar-municipal","name":"Calabar Municipal","state":"Cross River","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"cross-river-bakassi","name":"Bakassi","state":"Cross River","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"cross-river-ogoja","name":"Ogoja","state":"Cross River","presence":"core","refs":[3,4],"confidence":"medium","note":"The Bakor clans Ekajuk, Nkum and Nkim, among the major peoples of Ogoja."}],"communities":[{"name":"Etung (Effraya)","lga":"cross-river-etung","lgaName":"Etung","state":"Cross River","point":[8.757,5.854],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"cross-river-etung","point":[8.757,5.854]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of Etung LGA, in the Ejagham heartland.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[5,6],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ikom and the monolith country","lga":"cross-river-ikom","lgaName":"Ikom","state":"Cross River","point":[8.73,5.962],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Nta-Nselle (Abininkomo)","point":[8.558,6.196]}],"markers":[{"lga":"cross-river-ikom","point":[8.73,5.962]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Ikom's languages include Ofutop Bakor, Yala, Mbembe and Ejagham. The Nta and Nselle call the carved Ikom monoliths akwanshi, “dead person on the ground”, and hold a festival in their groves at the end of each dry season.","refs":[7],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Farming, trading and lumbering.","refs":[7],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[7,6],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Qua (Calabar)","lga":"cross-river-calabar-municipal","lgaName":"Calabar Municipal","state":"Cross River","point":[8.328,5.004],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"cross-river-calabar-municipal","point":[8.328,5.004]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Qua Kingdom of Ejagham origin shares Calabar with the Efik and Efut; its Ndidem is the paramount ruler of Calabar Municipality and grand patriarch of the Ejagham nation.","refs":[8],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[8,2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-ejagham","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Ejagham (ejag1239)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ejag1239","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ekoi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ekoi (Ejagham) people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoi_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"crossriverhub-ogoja","citation":"About Ogoja Local Government (Mbube, Ishibori, Ekajuk)","url":"https://www.crossriverhub.com/about-ogoja-local-government/","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-cross-river-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Cross River State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_State","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-etung","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Etung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etung","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-ikom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ikom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikom","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-calabar","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Calabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabar","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"ekid","name":"Ekid (Eket)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Ekid","Eket","Ekit","Etebi","Esit Eket"],"language":{"name":"Ekit","glottocode":"ekit1246","family":{"name":"Lower Cross","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Delta Cross","Lower Cross"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Ekid (Eket) are the people of Eket and Esit Eket LGAs on the Akwa Ibom coast; Esit Eket also has the related Etebi.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"akwa-ibom-eket","name":"Eket","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-esit-eket","name":"Esit Eket","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Uquo and Esit Eket","lga":"akwa-ibom-esit-eket","lgaName":"Esit Eket","state":"Akwa Ibom","point":[8.078,4.6435],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Uquo"},{"name":"Etebi"},{"name":"Akoiyak"},{"name":"Atia"},{"name":"Ekpene Obo"},{"name":"Ikpa"},{"name":"Edo"},{"name":"Ntak Iyang"},{"name":"Ebe Ekpi"}],"markers":[{"lga":"akwa-ibom-esit-eket","point":[8.078,4.6435]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-ekit1246","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Ekit (Eket) (ekit1246)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ekit1246","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-akwa-ibom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Akwa Ibom State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-esit-eket","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Esit Eket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esit_Eket","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"ekpeye","name":"Ekpeye","status":"published","searchAliases":["Ekpeye","Ahoada","Ekpeya"],"language":{"name":"Ekpeye","glottocode":"ekpe1253","family":{"name":"Igboid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Igboid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Ekpeye live in Ahoada East and Ahoada West LGAs of Rivers State and speak Ekpeye, an Igboid language.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"rivers-ahoada-east","name":"Ahoada East","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"rivers-ahoada-west","name":"Ahoada West","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Ahoada (Ekpeye)","lga":"rivers-ahoada-east","lgaName":"Ahoada East","state":"Rivers","point":[6.655,5.074],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Odiabidi"},{"name":"Edeoha"},{"name":"Idoke"},{"name":"Ogbo"},{"name":"Abarikpo"},{"name":"Ihugbogo"}],"markers":[{"lga":"rivers-ahoada-east","point":[6.655,5.074]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[3,4],"confidence":"medium"},{"name":"Ubie and Ibuduya clans","lga":"rivers-ahoada-west","lgaName":"Ahoada West","state":"Rivers","point":[6.507,5.022],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Akinima"}],"markers":[{"lga":"rivers-ahoada-west","point":[6.507,5.022]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Ahoada West, seated at Akinima, holds Ekpeye-speaking communities, mostly of the Ubie and Ibuduya clans.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Farming, fishing and hunting.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[5],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-ekpe1253","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Ekpeye (ekpe1253)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ekpe1253","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-rivers-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Rivers State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-ahoada-east","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ahoada East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahoada_East","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-ahoada-west","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ahoada West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahoada_West","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"engenni","name":"Engenni","status":"published","searchAliases":["Engenni","Egene","Ngene"],"language":{"name":"Egene","glottocode":"enge1239","family":{"name":"Edoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Edoid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Engenni live in Ahoada West LGA of Rivers State and speak an Edoid language, related to Degema.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"rivers-ahoada-west","name":"Ahoada West","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Engenni and Ogbogolo communities","lga":"rivers-ahoada-west","lgaName":"Ahoada West","state":"Rivers","point":[6.507,5.022],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"rivers-ahoada-west","point":[6.507,5.022]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Ahoada West includes Engenni and Ogbogolo communities beside the Ekpeye.","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-enge1239","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Egene (Engenni) (enge1239)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/enge1239","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-rivers-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Rivers State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-ahoada-west","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ahoada West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahoada_West","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"erei","name":"Erei","status":"published","searchAliases":["Erei","Enna","Urugbam"],"language":{"name":"Erei","glottocode":"erei1238","family":{"name":"Upper Cross","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Delta Cross","Upper Cross"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Erei live in Biase LGA, Cross River State, in towns including Abanwan, Afono, Egbor, Ipene and Urugbam, their capital.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"cross-river-biase","name":"Biase","state":"Cross River","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Erei","lga":"cross-river-biase","lgaName":"Biase","state":"Cross River","point":[8.098,5.4985],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"cross-river-biase","point":[8.098,5.4985]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Erei is counted as a dialect of the Gwune (Agwagune) cluster of Biase.","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-erei1238","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Erei (erei1238)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/erei1238","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"opencommons-biase","citation":"Biase, Nigeria (clans: Umon, Egup Ipa, Erei, Ehom, Ubaghara)","url":"https://opencommons.org/Biase_Nigeria","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-gwune-language","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gwune language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwune_language","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"esan","name":"Esan","status":"published","searchAliases":["Ishan","Esan"],"language":{"name":"Esan","iso639_3":"ish","glottocode":"esan1238","family":{"name":"Edoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Edoid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Esan of central Edo State were a loose confederation of about 35 kingdoms, each under its own Onojie, rather than a single state.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"edo-esan-north-east","name":"Esan North-East","state":"Edo","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"edo-esan-central","name":"Esan Central","state":"Edo","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"edo-esan-west","name":"Esan West","state":"Edo","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"edo-esan-south-east","name":"Esan South-East","state":"Edo","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"edo-iguegben","name":"Iguegben","state":"Edo","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Uromi","lga":"edo-esan-north-east","lgaName":"Esan North-East","state":"Edo","point":[6.327,6.717],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Obeidu"},{"name":"Ivue"},{"name":"Uzea"},{"name":"Ewoyi"},{"name":"Eguare"},{"name":"Atani"},{"name":"Amendokhian"},{"name":"Arue"},{"name":"Ebue"}],"markers":[{"lga":"edo-esan-north-east","point":[6.327,6.717]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Uromi, headquarters of Esan North-East, is made of villages such as Obeidu, Ivue, Uzea and Ewoyi, which have grown into suburbs; by the Oriire account Uromi joined the Akota alliance against the Nupe in the 1890s.","refs":[3,4],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[3,5],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ekpoma","lga":"edo-esan-west","lgaName":"Esan West","state":"Edo","point":[6.1175,6.734],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Iruekpen"},{"name":"Ujemen"},{"name":"Emaudo"},{"name":"Ukhun"},{"name":"Idoa"},{"name":"Urohi"},{"name":"Ujiogba"},{"name":"Ogwa"}],"markers":[{"lga":"edo-esan-west","point":[6.1175,6.734]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of Esan West. Ukhun has the Ekhuan shrine and the Orosun falls.","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ubiaja","lga":"edo-esan-south-east","lgaName":"Esan South-East","state":"Edo","point":[6.378,6.659],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Ewohimi"},{"name":"Ohordua"},{"name":"Emu"}],"markers":[{"lga":"edo-esan-south-east","point":[6.378,6.659]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of Esan South-East. The Esan are thought to have been savanna people who kept to the higher land between rivers when they settled Esanland.","refs":[7],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[7,5],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Igueben","lga":"edo-iguegben","lgaName":"Iguegben","state":"Edo","point":[6.236,6.603],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"edo-iguegben","point":[6.236,6.603]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded around 1516, by Christopher Okojie's account, around a camp set up during Benin's war with the Attah of Igala in 1515–1516. It is ruled by an Onogie.","refs":[8],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[8,5],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-esan","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Esan (esan1238)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/esan1238","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-esan","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Esan people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esan_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-esan-north-east","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Esan North-East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esan_North-East","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"oriire-2025-esan-nupe","citation":"Osalumhense, Stacey. (2025). The Esan-Nupe War. Oriire","url":"https://oriire.com/article/the-esan-nupe-war","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-esan-west","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Esan West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esan_West","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-esan-south-east","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Esan South-East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esan_South-East","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-igueben","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igueben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igueben","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[{"id":"benin","name":"Kingdom of Benin","peak":1600}]},{"id":"etche","name":"Etche","status":"published","searchAliases":["Etche","Echie","Ndi Echie","Omuma","Okehi"],"language":{"name":"Etche (Eche)","glottocode":"eche1239","family":{"name":"Igboid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Igboid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high","note":"Glottolog lists Eche as a dialect within Igbo."},"summary":{"text":"The Etche (Ndi Echie) of Rivers State live in Etche and Omuma LGAs and speak an Igboid speech that Glottolog counts within Igbo. The Indigenous Igbo Council of Rivers State (2025) claims them as part of the Igbo nation; the Rivers Ijaw People’s Congress disputes that any Rivers people is Igbo. The Etche keep a strong identity of their own.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"rivers-etche","name":"Etche","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"rivers-omumma","name":"Omumma","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Etche and Omuma","lga":"rivers-etche","lgaName":"Etche","state":"Rivers","point":[7.0825,5.092],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"rivers-etche","point":[7.0825,5.092]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"rivers-omumma","name":"Omumma","state":"Rivers"}],"refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-eche","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Eche (Etche), a dialect within Igbo (eche1239)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/eche1239","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-etche","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Etche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etche","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"vanguard-2025-rivers-igbo","citation":"(2025). Group says indigenous Igbos in Rivers part of Ndigbo ethnic nationality (Indigenous Igbo Council, Rivers State). Vanguard","url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/02/group-says-indigenous-igbos-in-rivers-part-of-ndigbo-ethnic-nationality/","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"fakkawa","name":"Fakkawa","status":"published","searchAliases":["Fakkawa","Fakai","Fakkanci","Kag","Ut-Ma'in","Ma'in","Kag-Fer-Jiir-Koor-Ror-Us-Zuksun"],"language":{"name":"Ut-Ma'in (Kag, Fakkanci)","glottocode":"kagf1238","family":{"name":"Kainji","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Kainji"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Fakkawa are the people of Fakai in southern Kebbi State. Their speech, called Fakkanci in Hausa and Kag in Amfani's survey, is the Kainji language Glottolog lists as Ut-Ma'in (Kag-Fer-Jiir-Koor-Ror-Us-Zuksun, after its dialects). It is also spoken in Zuru and Sakaba, in Kebbe LGA of Sokoto, and in Anka LGA of Zamfara.","refs":[2,3,4,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"kebbi-fakai","name":"Fakai","state":"Kebbi","presence":"core","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fakai LGA is named after them."},{"lga":"kebbi-zuru","name":"Zuru","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kebbi-sakaba","name":"Sakaba","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"sokoto-kebbe","name":"Kebbe","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"zamfara-anka","name":"Anka","state":"Zamfara","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Fakai","lga":"kebbi-fakai","lgaName":"Fakai","state":"Kebbi","point":[5.112,11.508],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kebbi-fakai","point":[5.112,11.508]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[2,5],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-ut-main","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Ut-Ma'in (Kag-Fer-Jiir-Koor-Ror-Us-Zuksun), Northwestern Kainji (kagf1238)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kagf1238","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"amfani-2018","citation":"Amfani, Ahmed. (2018). Revisiting the Linguistic Situation in the North West Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (languages of each state by LGA)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/47/42","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kebbi-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kebbi State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebbi_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-sokoto-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Sokoto State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_State","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"fulani","name":"Fulani","status":"published","searchAliases":["Fula","Fulbe","Peul","Fulfulde","Filani","Bororo"],"language":{"name":"Fulfulde","iso639_3":"fuv","glottocode":"nige1253","family":{"name":"Atlantic (Fula)","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","North-Central Atlantic","Fula"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Fulani (Fulbe) live across West Africa; in Nigeria they founded the Sokoto Caliphate and its emirates, including Adamawa, Gombe and Bauchi. Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West and is the main language of most of Gombe. Many Fulani are settled townspeople and farmers; others are pastoralists who move with their herds.","refs":[2,3,4],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"jigawa-auyo","name":"Auyo","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-babura","name":"Babura","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-biriniwa","name":"Biriniwa","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-birnin-kudu","name":"Birnin Kudu","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-buji","name":"Buji","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-dutse","name":"Dutse","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-gagarawa","name":"Gagarawa","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-garki","name":"Garki","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-gumel","name":"Gumel","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-guri","name":"Guri","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-gwaram","name":"Gwaram","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-gwiwa","name":"Gwiwa","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-hadejia","name":"Hadejia","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-jahun","name":"Jahun","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-kafin-hausa","name":"Kafin Hausa","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-kaugama","name":"Kaugama","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-kazaure","name":"Kazaure","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-kiri-kasama","name":"Kiri Kasama","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-kiyawa","name":"Kiyawa","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-maigatari","name":"Maigatari","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-malam-madori","name":"Malam Madori","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-miga","name":"Miga","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-ringim","name":"Ringim","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-roni","name":"Roni","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-sule-tankarkar","name":"Sule Tankarkar","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-taura","name":"Taura","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"jigawa-yankwashi","name":"Yankwashi","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-ajingi","name":"Ajingi","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-albasu","name":"Albasu","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-bagwai","name":"Bagwai","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-bebeji","name":"Bebeji","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-bichi","name":"Bichi","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-bunkure","name":"Bunkure","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-dala","name":"Dala","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-dambatta","name":"Dambatta","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-dawakin-kudu","name":"Dawakin Kudu","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-dawakin-tofa","name":"Dawakin Tofa","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-doguwa","name":"Doguwa","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-fagge","name":"Fagge","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-gabasawa","name":"Gabasawa","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-garko","name":"Garko","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-garun-malam","name":"Garun Malam","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-gaya","name":"Gaya","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-gezawa","name":"Gezawa","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-gwale","name":"Gwale","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-gwarzo","name":"Gwarzo","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-kabo","name":"Kabo","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-kano-municipal","name":"Kano Municipal","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-karaye","name":"Karaye","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-kibiya","name":"Kibiya","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-kiru","name":"Kiru","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-kumbotso","name":"Kumbotso","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-kunchi","name":"Kunchi","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-kura","name":"Kura","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-madobi","name":"Madobi","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-makoda","name":"Makoda","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-minjibir","name":"Minjibir","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-nassarawa","name":"Nassarawa","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-rano","name":"Rano","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-rimin-gado","name":"Rimin Gado","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-rogo","name":"Rogo","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-shanono","name":"Shanono","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-sumaila","name":"Sumaila","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-takai","name":"Takai","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-tarauni","name":"Tarauni","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-tofa","name":"Tofa","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-tsanyawa","name":"Tsanyawa","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-tudun-wada","name":"Tudun Wada","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-ungogo","name":"Ungogo","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-warawa","name":"Warawa","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kano-wudil","name":"Wudil","state":"Kano","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-bakori","name":"Bakori","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-batagarawa","name":"Batagarawa","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-batsari","name":"Batsari","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-baure","name":"Baure","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-bindawa","name":"Bindawa","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-charanchi","name":"Charanchi","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-dan-musa","name":"Dan Musa","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-dandume","name":"Dandume","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-danja","name":"Danja","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-daura","name":"Daura","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-dutsi","name":"Dutsi","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-dutsin-ma","name":"Dutsin Ma","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-faskari","name":"Faskari","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-funtua","name":"Funtua","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-ingawa","name":"Ingawa","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-jibia","name":"Jibia","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-kafur","name":"Kafur","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-kaita","name":"Kaita","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-kankara","name":"Kankara","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-kankia","name":"Kankia","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-katsina","name":"Katsina","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-kurfi","name":"Kurfi","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-kusada","name":"Kusada","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-mai-adua","name":"Mai'Adua","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-malumfashi","name":"Malumfashi","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-mani","name":"Mani","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-mashi","name":"Mashi","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-matazu","name":"Matazu","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-musawa","name":"Musawa","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-rimi","name":"Rimi","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-sabuwa","name":"Sabuwa","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-safana","name":"Safana","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-sandamu","name":"Sandamu","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"katsina-zango","name":"Zango","state":"Katsina","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kebbi-aleiro","name":"Aleiro","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kebbi-arewa-dandi","name":"Arewa Dandi","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kebbi-argungu","name":"Argungu","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kebbi-augie","name":"Augie","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kebbi-bagudu","name":"Bagudu","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kebbi-birnin-kebbi","name":"Birnin Kebbi","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kebbi-bunza","name":"Bunza","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kebbi-dandi","name":"Dandi","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kebbi-fakai","name":"Fakai","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kebbi-gwandu","name":"Gwandu","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kebbi-jega","name":"Jega","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kebbi-kalgo","name":"Kalgo","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kebbi-koko-besse","name":"Koko-Besse","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kebbi-maiyama","name":"Maiyama","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kebbi-ngaski","name":"Ngaski","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kebbi-sakaba","name":"Sakaba","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kebbi-shanga","name":"Shanga","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kebbi-suru","name":"Suru","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kebbi-wasagu-danko","name":"Wasagu-Danko","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kebbi-yauri","name":"Yauri","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kebbi-zuru","name":"Zuru","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"sokoto-binji","name":"Binji","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"sokoto-bodinga","name":"Bodinga","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"sokoto-dange-shuni","name":"Dange Shuni","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"sokoto-gada","name":"Gada","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"sokoto-goronyo","name":"Goronyo","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"sokoto-gudu","name":"Gudu","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"sokoto-gwadabawa","name":"Gwadabawa","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"sokoto-illela","name":"Illela","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"sokoto-isa","name":"Isa","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"sokoto-kebbe","name":"Kebbe","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"sokoto-kware","name":"Kware","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"sokoto-rabah","name":"Rabah","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"sokoto-sabon-birni","name":"Sabon Birni","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"sokoto-shagari","name":"Shagari","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"sokoto-silame","name":"Silame","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"sokoto-sokoto-north","name":"Sokoto North","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"sokoto-sokoto-south","name":"Sokoto South","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"sokoto-tambuwal","name":"Tambuwal","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"sokoto-tangaza","name":"Tangaza","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"sokoto-tureta","name":"Tureta","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"sokoto-wamakko","name":"Wamakko","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"sokoto-wurno","name":"Wurno","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"sokoto-yabo","name":"Yabo","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"zamfara-anka","name":"Anka","state":"Zamfara","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"zamfara-bakura","name":"Bakura","state":"Zamfara","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"zamfara-birnin-magaji-kiyaw","name":"Birnin Magaji-Kiyaw","state":"Zamfara","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"zamfara-bukkuyum","name":"Bukkuyum","state":"Zamfara","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"zamfara-bungudu","name":"Bungudu","state":"Zamfara","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"zamfara-gummi","name":"Gummi","state":"Zamfara","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"zamfara-gusau","name":"Gusau","state":"Zamfara","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"zamfara-kaura-namoda","name":"Kaura Namoda","state":"Zamfara","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"zamfara-maradun","name":"Maradun","state":"Zamfara","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"zamfara-maru","name":"Maru","state":"Zamfara","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"zamfara-shinkafi","name":"Shinkafi","state":"Zamfara","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"zamfara-talata-mafara","name":"Talata Mafara","state":"Zamfara","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"zamfara-tsafe","name":"Tsafe","state":"Zamfara","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"zamfara-zurmi","name":"Zurmi","state":"Zamfara","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kaduna-birnin-gwari","name":"Birnin Gwari","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kaduna-chikun","name":"Chikun","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kaduna-giwa","name":"Giwa","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kaduna-igabi","name":"Igabi","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kaduna-ikara","name":"Ikara","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kaduna-jaba","name":"Jaba","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kaduna-jema-a","name":"Jema'A","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kaduna-kachia","name":"Kachia","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kaduna-kaduna-north","name":"Kaduna North","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kaduna-kaduna-south","name":"Kaduna South","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kaduna-kagarko","name":"Kagarko","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kaduna-kajuru","name":"Kajuru","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kaduna-kaura","name":"Kaura","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kaduna-kauru","name":"Kauru","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kaduna-kubau","name":"Kubau","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kaduna-kudan","name":"Kudan","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kaduna-lere","name":"Lere","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kaduna-makarfi","name":"Makarfi","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kaduna-sabon-gari","name":"Sabon Gari","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kaduna-sanga","name":"Sanga","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kaduna-soba","name":"Soba","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kaduna-zangon-kataf","name":"Zangon Kataf","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"kaduna-zaria","name":"Zaria","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is spoken in every LGA of the North West; the Hausa are the majority."},{"lga":"gombe-billiri","name":"Billiri","state":"Gombe","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"gombe-nafada","name":"Nafada","state":"Gombe","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"gombe-funakaye","name":"Funakaye","state":"Gombe","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"gombe-dukku","name":"Dukku","state":"Gombe","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"gombe-kaltungo","name":"Kaltungo","state":"Gombe","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"gombe-shomgom","name":"Shomgom","state":"Gombe","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"gombe-kwami","name":"Kwami","state":"Gombe","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"gombe-yamaltu-deba","name":"Yamaltu/Deba","state":"Gombe","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"gombe-akko","name":"Akko","state":"Gombe","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"gombe-balanga","name":"Balanga","state":"Gombe","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"gombe-gombe","name":"Gombe","state":"Gombe","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-alkaleri","name":"Alkaleri","state":"Bauchi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Bauchi is described as predominantly Hausa and Fulani."},{"lga":"bauchi-bauchi","name":"Bauchi","state":"Bauchi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Bauchi is described as predominantly Hausa and Fulani."},{"lga":"bauchi-darazo","name":"Darazo","state":"Bauchi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Bauchi is described as predominantly Hausa and Fulani."},{"lga":"bauchi-dass","name":"Dass","state":"Bauchi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Bauchi is described as predominantly Hausa and Fulani."},{"lga":"bauchi-itas-gadau","name":"Itas/Gadau","state":"Bauchi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Bauchi is described as predominantly Hausa and Fulani."},{"lga":"bauchi-jama-are","name":"Jama'Are","state":"Bauchi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Bauchi is described as predominantly Hausa and Fulani."},{"lga":"bauchi-katagum","name":"Katagum","state":"Bauchi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Bauchi is described as predominantly Hausa and Fulani."},{"lga":"bauchi-ningi","name":"Ningi","state":"Bauchi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Bauchi is described as predominantly Hausa and Fulani."},{"lga":"bauchi-misau","name":"Misau","state":"Bauchi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Bauchi is described as predominantly Hausa and Fulani."},{"lga":"bauchi-shira","name":"Shira","state":"Bauchi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Bauchi is described as predominantly Hausa and Fulani."},{"lga":"bauchi-zaki","name":"Zaki","state":"Bauchi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Bauchi is described as predominantly Hausa and Fulani."},{"lga":"bauchi-dambam","name":"Dambam","state":"Bauchi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Bauchi is described as predominantly Hausa and Fulani."},{"lga":"bauchi-kirfi","name":"Kirfi","state":"Bauchi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Bauchi is described as predominantly Hausa and Fulani."},{"lga":"bauchi-giade","name":"Giade","state":"Bauchi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Bauchi is described as predominantly Hausa and Fulani."},{"lga":"bauchi-ganjuwa","name":"Ganjuwa","state":"Bauchi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Bauchi is described as predominantly Hausa and Fulani."},{"lga":"bauchi-gamawa","name":"Gamawa","state":"Bauchi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Bauchi is described as predominantly Hausa and Fulani."},{"lga":"bauchi-tafawa-balewa","name":"Tafawa-Balewa","state":"Bauchi","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-askira-uba","name":"Askira Uba","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-bama","name":"Bama","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-biu","name":"Biu","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-damboa","name":"Damboa","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-dikwa","name":"Dikwa","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-gubio","name":"Gubio","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-gwoza","name":"Gwoza","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-hawul","name":"Hawul","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-konduga","name":"Konduga","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-kukawa","name":"Kukawa","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-kwaya-kusar","name":"Kwaya Kusar","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-bayo","name":"Bayo","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-maiduguri","name":"Maiduguri","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-jere","name":"Jere","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-marte","name":"Marte","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-abadam","name":"Abadam","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-monguno","name":"Monguno","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-shani","name":"Shani","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-tarmuwa","name":"Tarmuwa","state":"Yobe","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-fune","name":"Fune","state":"Yobe","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-bade","name":"Bade","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-jakusko","name":"Jakusko","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-damaturu","name":"Damaturu","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-bursari","name":"Bursari","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-fika","name":"Fika","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-geidam","name":"Geidam","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-gujba","name":"Gujba","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-gulani","name":"Gulani","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-karasuwa","name":"Karasuwa","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-yusufari","name":"Yusufari","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-machina","name":"Machina","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-nangere","name":"Nangere","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-potiskum","name":"Potiskum","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-yunusari","name":"Yunusari","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"adamawa-yola-north","name":"Yola North","state":"Adamawa","presence":"significant","refs":[2,5],"confidence":"medium","note":"Yola is the seat of the Lamido of Adamawa, the Fulani emir."},{"lga":"adamawa-yola-south","name":"Yola South","state":"Adamawa","presence":"significant","refs":[2,5],"confidence":"medium","note":"Yola is the seat of the Lamido of Adamawa, the Fulani emir."},{"lga":"nasarawa-lafia","name":"Lafia","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[6,7],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"nasarawa-keffi","name":"Keffi","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[6,7],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"nasarawa-kokona","name":"Kokona","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[6,7],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"nasarawa-nasarawa","name":"Nasarawa","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[6,7],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"nasarawa-toto","name":"Toto","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[6,7],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"plateau-wase","name":"Wase","state":"Plateau","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"taraba-donga","name":"Donga","state":"Taraba","presence":"minority","refs":[8],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"kwara-kaiama","name":"Kaiama","state":"Kwara","presence":"significant","refs":[9],"confidence":"high","note":"About 16,000 Fulbe of 45,900 people in 1991."},{"lga":"kwara-baruten","name":"Baruten","state":"Kwara","presence":"significant","refs":[9],"confidence":"medium","note":"Ross Jones: the Fulbe are over 25% of the Borgu population, settled near Baatombu and Boko villages."},{"lga":"niger-borgu","name":"Borgu","state":"Niger","presence":"minority","refs":[9],"confidence":"high","note":"About 8,000 in 1991."},{"lga":"kwara-ilorin-west","name":"Ilorin West","state":"Kwara","presence":"minority","refs":[10],"confidence":"medium","note":"Ilorin's emirs are of Fulani descent; the city is mainly Yoruba."},{"lga":"kwara-ilorin-east","name":"Ilorin East","state":"Kwara","presence":"minority","refs":[10],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kwara-ilorin-south","name":"Ilorin South","state":"Kwara","presence":"minority","refs":[10],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"adamawa-fufore","name":"Fufore","state":"Adamawa","presence":"core","refs":[11],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde 38% of homes surveyed. Share from a 2022-23 survey of displaced people quoted by Wikipedia, not a census."},{"lga":"adamawa-girei","name":"Girei","state":"Adamawa","presence":"core","refs":[12],"confidence":"high","note":"'The dominant tribe in the area are the Fulɓe or Fulani.'"},{"lga":"adamawa-mayo-belwa","name":"Mayo-Belwa","state":"Adamawa","presence":"core","refs":[13],"confidence":"medium","note":"'Majorly Fulfulde speaking': 55% of homes surveyed. Share from a 2022-23 survey of displaced people quoted by Wikipedia, not a census."},{"lga":"adamawa-ganye","name":"Ganye","state":"Adamawa","presence":"significant","refs":[14],"confidence":"medium","note":"24% of homes surveyed. Share from a 2022-23 survey of displaced people quoted by Wikipedia, not a census."},{"lga":"adamawa-jada","name":"Jada","state":"Adamawa","presence":"significant","refs":[15],"confidence":"medium","note":"37% of homes surveyed. Share from a 2022-23 survey of displaced people quoted by Wikipedia, not a census."},{"lga":"adamawa-toungo","name":"Toungo","state":"Adamawa","presence":"significant","refs":[16],"confidence":"medium","note":"41% of homes surveyed. Share from a 2022-23 survey of displaced people quoted by Wikipedia, not a census."},{"lga":"adamawa-maiha","name":"Maiha","state":"Adamawa","presence":"significant","refs":[17],"confidence":"medium","note":"66% of homes surveyed. Share from a 2022-23 survey of displaced people quoted by Wikipedia, not a census."},{"lga":"adamawa-song","name":"Song","state":"Adamawa","presence":"significant","refs":[18],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"adamawa-shelleng","name":"Shelleng","state":"Adamawa","presence":"minority","refs":[19],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"adamawa-guyuk","name":"Guyuk","state":"Adamawa","presence":"minority","refs":[20],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"taraba-sardauna","name":"Sardauna","state":"Taraba","presence":"significant","refs":[21],"confidence":"medium","note":"One of the two largest minorities on the plateau."},{"lga":"taraba-karim-lamido","name":"Karim Lamido","state":"Taraba","presence":"minority","refs":[22],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"taraba-kurmi","name":"Kurmi","state":"Taraba","presence":"minority","refs":[23],"confidence":"medium","note":"Herders."},{"lga":"bauchi-toro","name":"Toro","state":"Bauchi","presence":"significant","refs":[24],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fulfulde is the main language of Toro town."}],"communities":[{"name":"Sokoto","lga":"sokoto-sokoto-north","lgaName":"Sokoto North","state":"Sokoto","point":[5.229,13.0665],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"sokoto-sokoto-north","point":[5.229,13.0665]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"sokoto-sokoto-south","name":"Sokoto South","state":"Sokoto"}],"history":{"text":"Seat of the Sokoto Caliphate. The Sultan who heads it is the spiritual leader of Nigeria's Muslims.","refs":[25],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[25],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Wurno","lga":"sokoto-wurno","lgaName":"Wurno","state":"Sokoto","point":[5.4275,13.2842],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"sokoto-wurno","point":[5.4275,13.2842]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded in 1830 by Caliph Muhammad Bello as a ribat guarding Sokoto from the north-east, the base for dry-season campaigns against Gobir. Bello is buried here.","refs":[26],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[26],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Gwandu","lga":"kebbi-gwandu","lgaName":"Gwandu","state":"Kebbi","point":[4.6425,12.5022],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kebbi-gwandu","point":[4.6425,12.5022]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Once royal farmland (gandu) of Kanta of Kebbi; its pastures drew Fulani herders. After the Kebbi campaign it became Usman dan Fodio's base, walled by Bello in 1806, and then co-capital of the caliphate for the west.","refs":[27],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[27],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Yola","lga":"adamawa-yola-south","lgaName":"Yola South","state":"Adamawa","point":[12.46,9.23],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"adamawa-yola-south","point":[12.46,9.23]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"adamawa-yola-north","name":"Yola North","state":"Adamawa"}],"history":{"text":"Founded in 1841 as capital of the Adamawa Emirate, seat of the Lamido, until the British took it in 1901.","refs":[28],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[28],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Gombe","lga":"gombe-gombe","lgaName":"Gombe","state":"Gombe","point":[11.1667,10.2833],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"gombe-gombe","point":[11.1667,10.2833]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Wuro Gombe; Fulfulde and Hausa are its main languages.","refs":[29],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[29,30],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Azare (Katagum)","lga":"bauchi-katagum","lgaName":"Katagum","state":"Bauchi","point":[10.1911,11.6742],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"bauchi-katagum","point":[10.1911,11.6742]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded by Mallam Zaki, appointed by Usman dan Fodio; headquarters of Katagum.","refs":[31],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[31],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Misau","lga":"bauchi-misau","lgaName":"Misau","state":"Bauchi","point":[10.485,11.377],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"bauchi-misau","point":[10.485,11.377]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Its people are mostly Fulani and Kanuri.","refs":[32],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[32],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Jama'are","lga":"bauchi-jama-are","lgaName":"Jama'Are","state":"Bauchi","point":[9.904,11.6745],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Dogon Jeji"},{"name":"Hanafari"},{"name":"Galdimari"},{"name":"Jurara"}],"markers":[{"lga":"bauchi-jama-are","point":[9.904,11.6745]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded in 1811 by Muhammadu Wabi I, a jihad leader, by Fulani who came from Dulare in the Lake Chad basin; recognised as an emirate in 1835 for helping Sokoto against the Hausa rebels of Katsina.","refs":[33],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[33],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Jalingo (Muri)","lga":"taraba-jalingo","lgaName":"Jalingo","state":"Taraba","point":[11.3667,8.9],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"taraba-jalingo","point":[11.3667,8.9]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"“Superior place” in Fulfulde, founded in the jihad era and seat of the Muri Emirate; about 60% Fulani, with Mumuye, Kuteb, Kona, Wurkun, Hausa, Jukun and Jenjo.","refs":[34],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[34],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Kontagora","lga":"niger-kontagora","lgaName":"Kontagora","state":"Niger","point":[5.473,10.403],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"niger-kontagora","point":[5.473,10.403]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded in 1864 by Umaru Nagwamatse on land taken from the Kambari. Under his son Ibrahim, from 1880, its slave raids emptied the country; the British took the town in 1901.","refs":[35],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[35],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ilorin (Fulani emirs)","lga":"kwara-ilorin-west","lgaName":"Ilorin West","state":"Kwara","point":[4.5357,8.4783],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kwara-ilorin-west","point":[4.5357,8.4783]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"kwara-ilorin-east","name":"Ilorin East","state":"Kwara"},{"lga":"kwara-ilorin-south","name":"Ilorin South","state":"Kwara"}],"history":{"text":"Shehu Alimi, a Fulani scholar, came to Ilorin with Yoruba Muslims and helped Afonja rebel against Oyo in 1817; his descendants took the town and are its emirs, under Gwandu.","refs":[36],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[36],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-fulani","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Hausa States Fulfulde (nige1253)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nige1253","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-fula-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Fula people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"amfani-2018","citation":"Amfani, Ahmed. (2018). Revisiting the Linguistic Situation in the North West Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (languages of each state by LGA)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/47/42","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"udosen-2018","citation":"Udosen, Escor E. (2018). Linguistic Survey of Nigerian Languages: A Preliminary Report of the Languages of the North East Geopolitical Zone. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Bauchi, Borno, Gombe and Yobe)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/45/40","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-adamawa-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Adamawa State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_State","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-lafia","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Lafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafia","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-donga","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Donga, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donga,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"ross-jones-borgu","citation":"Jones, Ross. The ethnic groups of present day Borgu (with population estimates for 1997 from the 1991 census and a 1992 language survey)","url":"https://wasc.org.uk/Nigeria%20history%20docs/Borgu%20ethnic%20groups.pdf","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-ilorin","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ilorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilorin","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"wikipedia-fufore","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Fufore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fufore","checked":true},{"n":12,"id":"wikipedia-girei","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Girei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girei","checked":true},{"n":13,"id":"wikipedia-mayo-belwa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Mayo-Belwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo-Belwa","checked":true},{"n":14,"id":"wikipedia-ganye","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ganye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganye","checked":true},{"n":15,"id":"wikipedia-jada","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jada, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jada,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":16,"id":"wikipedia-toungo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Toungo, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toungo,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":17,"id":"wikipedia-maiha","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Maiha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiha","checked":true},{"n":18,"id":"wikipedia-bena-mboi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bena–Mboi languages (Yungur, Mboi, Lala-Roba with LGAs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bena%E2%80%93Mboi_languages","checked":false},{"n":19,"id":"wikipedia-shelleng","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Shelleng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelleng","checked":true},{"n":20,"id":"wikipedia-guyuk","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Guyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyuk","checked":true},{"n":21,"id":"wikipedia-mambilla-plateau","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Mambilla Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambilla_Plateau","checked":false},{"n":22,"id":"wikipedia-karim-lamido","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Karim Lamido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Lamido","checked":true},{"n":23,"id":"wikipedia-kurmi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kurmi, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmi,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":24,"id":"wikipedia-toro-bauchi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Toro, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toro,_Nigeria","checked":false},{"n":25,"id":"wikipedia-sokoto-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Sokoto State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_State","checked":true},{"n":26,"id":"wikipedia-wurno","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Wurno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurno","checked":true},{"n":27,"id":"wikipedia-gwandu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gwandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwandu","checked":true},{"n":28,"id":"wikipedia-yola","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Yola, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yola,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":29,"id":"wikipedia-gombe-city","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gombe, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":30,"id":"wikipedia-gombe-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gombe Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":31,"id":"wikipedia-azare","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Azare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azare","checked":true},{"n":32,"id":"wikipedia-misau","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Misau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misau","checked":true},{"n":33,"id":"wikipedia-jamaare","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jama'are","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama%27are","checked":true},{"n":34,"id":"wikipedia-jalingo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jalingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalingo","checked":true},{"n":35,"id":"wikipedia-kontagora","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kontagora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontagora","checked":true},{"n":36,"id":"wikipedia-ilorin-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ilorin Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilorin_Emirate","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Fulani pastoralists live in almost every state; only areas named in sources are mapped.","Adamawa beyond Yola, Taraba and Niger State need LGA level sources.","Several Adamawa LGA shares come from a 2022-23 survey of displaced people, which may over-count groups hit hardest by the insurgency."],"kingdoms":[{"id":"sokoto","name":"Sokoto Caliphate","peak":1850}]},{"id":"gbagyi","name":"Gbagyi","status":"published","searchAliases":["Gbari","Gwari","Agbagyi","Agbari","Gbagyi Nge","Gbagyi Nkwa"],"language":{"name":"Gbagyi (and Gbari)","iso639_3":"gbr","glottocode":"gbag1258","family":{"name":"Ebira-Nupoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Ebira-Nupoid"]},"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high","note":"Glottolog lists Gbagyi and Gbari as two languages; Omachonu and Dalhatu (2018) find they are dialects of one language."},"summary":{"text":"The Gbagyi (Gbari) are one of the largest peoples of the Middle Belt and the original people of the land where Abuja was built. Gbagyi is spoken in all six FCT area councils, across southern Niger State, in Kaduna State around Chikun and Igabi, and in Karu and Toto in Nasarawa.","refs":[4,3],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"fct-bwari","name":"Bwari","state":"Federal Capital Territory","presence":"core","refs":[3,4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"fct-municipal-area-council","name":"Municipal Area Council","state":"Federal Capital Territory","presence":"core","refs":[3,4],"confidence":"medium","note":"The capital city; now home to people from all over Nigeria."},{"lga":"fct-kuje","name":"Kuje","state":"Federal Capital Territory","presence":"core","refs":[3,4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"fct-kwali","name":"Kwali","state":"Federal Capital Territory","presence":"core","refs":[3,4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"fct-gwagwalada","name":"Gwagwalada","state":"Federal Capital Territory","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Shared with the Bassa and others."},{"lga":"fct-abaji","name":"Abaji","state":"Federal Capital Territory","presence":"significant","refs":[5,3],"confidence":"high","note":"One of Abaji’s four indigenous peoples."},{"lga":"niger-shiroro","name":"Shiroro","state":"Niger","presence":"core","refs":[3,6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"niger-tafa","name":"Tafa","state":"Niger","presence":"core","refs":[3,6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"niger-bosso","name":"Bosso","state":"Niger","presence":"core","refs":[3,6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"niger-suleja","name":"Suleja","state":"Niger","presence":"core","refs":[3,6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"niger-paikoro","name":"Paikoro","state":"Niger","presence":"core","refs":[3,6],"confidence":"high","note":"Gwari (Gbari) dialect."},{"lga":"niger-chanchaga","name":"Chanchaga","state":"Niger","presence":"significant","refs":[3,6],"confidence":"high","note":"Minna, the state capital."},{"lga":"niger-gurara","name":"Gurara","state":"Niger","presence":"significant","refs":[3,6],"confidence":"medium","note":"Shared with the Gwandara."},{"lga":"niger-munya","name":"Munya","state":"Niger","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Gwari (Gbari) dialect."},{"lga":"niger-wushishi","name":"Wushishi","state":"Niger","presence":"significant","refs":[6],"confidence":"medium","note":"Shared with the Nupe."},{"lga":"niger-rafi","name":"Rafi","state":"Niger","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"niger-lapai","name":"Lapai","state":"Niger","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kaduna-igabi","name":"Igabi","state":"Kaduna","presence":"core","refs":[7],"confidence":"medium","note":"Wikipedia: \"predominantly inhabited by the Gbagyi people\"."},{"lga":"kaduna-chikun","name":"Chikun","state":"Kaduna","presence":"significant","refs":[8,4],"confidence":"high","note":"Originally Gbagyi land, now a cosmopolitan part of Kaduna."},{"lga":"nasarawa-karu","name":"Karu","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"significant","refs":[9,3],"confidence":"high","note":"Home mainly to the Gbagyi and Bassa; Karu has six indigenous peoples."},{"lga":"nasarawa-toto","name":"Toto","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kaduna-kagarko","name":"Kagarko","state":"Kaduna","presence":"core","refs":[10,11],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kaduna-kajuru","name":"Kajuru","state":"Kaduna","presence":"significant","refs":[11],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-keffi","name":"Keffi","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"significant","refs":[12],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Bwari","lga":"fct-bwari","lgaName":"Bwari","state":"Federal Capital Territory","point":[7.4865,9.242],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Ushafa (Wushapa)"}],"markers":[{"lga":"fct-bwari","point":[7.4865,9.242]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Its original people are Gbagyi, under the Esu (Sa-bwaya). Since 1976 a Koro Sarki appointed under the FCT has also ruled; the rivalry between the two stools led to a Hausa–Gbagyi clash on Christmas Day 2017.","refs":[13],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[13,4],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Gbagyi of Abuja","lga":"fct-municipal-area-council","lgaName":"Municipal Area Council","state":"Federal Capital Territory","point":[7.4195,9.0105],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Kwali"},{"name":"Gawu"},{"name":"Abaji"},{"name":"Gwagwalada"}],"markers":[{"lga":"fct-municipal-area-council","point":[7.4195,9.0105]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"fct-kuje","name":"Kuje","state":"Federal Capital Territory"},{"lga":"fct-kwali","name":"Kwali","state":"Federal Capital Territory"},{"lga":"fct-gwagwalada","name":"Gwagwalada","state":"Federal Capital Territory"},{"lga":"fct-abaji","name":"Abaji","state":"Federal Capital Territory"}],"history":{"text":"The Gbagyi are among the original owners of the land on which Abuja was built. At Abaji they were first settlers with the Bassa and Egbura before the jihad.","refs":[4,5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[4,5],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Minna","lga":"niger-chanchaga","lgaName":"Chanchaga","state":"Niger","point":[6.5569,9.6139],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Maikunkele"},{"name":"Paiko"}],"markers":[{"lga":"niger-chanchaga","point":[6.5569,9.6139]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"niger-bosso","name":"Bosso","state":"Niger"}],"history":{"text":"Its original peoples are the Gbagyi, Nupe and Hausa.","refs":[14],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[14,4],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Kuta and Shiroro","lga":"niger-shiroro","lgaName":"Shiroro","state":"Niger","point":[6.8319,9.9569],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Kuta"},{"name":"Gussoro"},{"name":"Gwada"},{"name":"Galkogo"},{"name":"Manta"},{"name":"Erena"},{"name":"Alawa"}],"markers":[{"lga":"niger-shiroro","point":[6.8319,9.9569]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Gbagyi is the main language of Shiroro, whose headquarters is Kuta.","refs":[15,4],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[15,4],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Chikun (Kujama)","lga":"kaduna-chikun","lgaName":"Chikun","state":"Kaduna","point":[7.1103,10.285],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kaduna-chikun","point":[7.1103,10.285]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Named after the Gbagyi village of Chikun near Kujama; the indigenous people are Gbagyi, now absorbed into greater Kaduna.","refs":[8],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[8],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Karu and Toto","lga":"nasarawa-karu","lgaName":"Karu","state":"Nasarawa","point":[7.749,9.0495],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"nasarawa-karu","point":[7.749,9.0495]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"nasarawa-toto","name":"Toto","state":"Nasarawa"}],"history":{"text":"Karu and Toto are among the significant Gbagyi towns of Nasarawa.","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"name":"Suleja and Diko","lga":"niger-suleja","lgaName":"Suleja","state":"Niger","point":[7.161,9.2205],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Diko"}],"markers":[{"lga":"niger-suleja","point":[7.161,9.2205]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"niger-tafa","name":"Tafa","state":"Niger"},{"lga":"niger-gurara","name":"Gurara","state":"Niger"}],"refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-gbagyi","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Gbagyi (gbag1258)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gbag1258","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"glottolog-gbari","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Gbari (gbar1246)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gbar1246","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-gbagyi-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gbagyi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbagyi_people","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-abaji","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Abaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaji","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"soluap-2025-niger","citation":"(2025). List of ethnic groups and languages in Niger State by Local Government Area. Soluap","url":"https://soluap.com/list-of-ethnic-groups-and-languages-in-niger-state-by-local-government-area/","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-igabi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igabi","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-chikun","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Chikun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikun","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"wikipedia-karu-nasarawa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Karu, Nasarawa State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karu,_Nasarawa_State","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"kagarko-lga","citation":"Kagarko LGA, Kaduna State (official site)","url":"https://kagarkolga.net/","checked":false},{"n":11,"id":"wikipedia-kaduna-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kaduna State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna_State","checked":true},{"n":12,"id":"wikipedia-nasarawa-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nasarawa State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasarawa_State","checked":true},{"n":13,"id":"wikipedia-bwari","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwari","checked":true},{"n":14,"id":"wikipedia-minna","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Minna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minna","checked":true},{"n":15,"id":"wikipedia-shiroro","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Shiroro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiroro","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Wikipedia says the Gbagyi live in about thirty LGAs; the Kaduna LGAs beyond Chikun and Igabi (for example Kajuru, Kachia, Kagarko) are not yet sourced.","No paramount ruler is recorded yet."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"glavda","name":"Glavda","status":"published","searchAliases":["Glavda","Galavda","Glanda"],"language":{"name":"Glavda","glottocode":"glav1244","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Glavda live in the Gwoza hills of Borno State and across the border in Cameroon.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"borno-gwoza","name":"Gwoza","state":"Borno","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Gwoza has over 20 languages and no single dominant people."}],"communities":[{"name":"Glavda of the Gwoza hills","lga":"borno-gwoza","lgaName":"Gwoza","state":"Borno","point":[13.532,11.132],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"borno-gwoza","point":[13.532,11.132]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-glav1244","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Glavda (glav1244)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/glav1244","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"udosen-2018","citation":"Udosen, Escor E. (2018). Linguistic Survey of Nigerian Languages: A Preliminary Report of the Languages of the North East Geopolitical Zone. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Bauchi, Borno, Gombe and Yobe)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/45/40","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-borno-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Borno State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borno_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"goemai","name":"Goemai","status":"published","searchAliases":["Goemai","Ankwe","Shendam"],"language":{"name":"Goemai","glottocode":"goem1240","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Goemai (formerly called Ankwe) are the main people of Shendam LGA in southern Plateau State and one of the two major peoples of Qua'an Pan.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"plateau-shendam","name":"Shendam","state":"Plateau","presence":"core","refs":[2,4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"plateau-qua-an-pan","name":"Qua'An Pan","state":"Plateau","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high","note":"'Two major tribes in Qua'an Pan: the Pan and the Goemai.'"}],"communities":[{"name":"Shendam","lga":"plateau-shendam","lgaName":"Shendam","state":"Plateau","point":[9.533,8.883],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"plateau-shendam","point":[9.533,8.883]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The second most populous town of Plateau State, where Goemai and other West Chadic languages are spoken; the Npol and Nroam lakes and the Jelbang rocks are in the LGA.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-goem1240","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Goemai (goem1240)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/goem1240","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-shendam","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Shendam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shendam","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-qua-an-pan","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Qua'an Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qua%27an_Pan","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-plateau-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Plateau State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"gwandara","name":"Gwandara","status":"published","searchAliases":["Gwandara","Koro Gwandara","Karshi"],"language":{"name":"Gwandara","iso639_3":"gwn","glottocode":"gwan1268","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Gwandara speak a Chadic language close to Hausa. They are one of the indigenous peoples of the FCT and live across Nasarawa State, with communities in Niger, Kaduna and Kogi. New Karshi in Karu LGA is a Gwandara resettlement town.","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"nasarawa-karu","name":"Karu","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"significant","refs":[4,2,3],"confidence":"high","note":"One of Karu’s six indigenous peoples; New Karshi is a Gwandara town."},{"lga":"niger-gurara","name":"Gurara","state":"Niger","presence":"significant","refs":[5],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-lafia","name":"Lafia","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"significant","refs":[6,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Among Lafia’s original inhabitants."},{"lga":"nasarawa-awe","name":"Awe","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-doma","name":"Doma","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-keana","name":"Keana","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-obi","name":"Obi","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"fct-municipal-area-council","name":"Municipal Area Council","state":"Federal Capital Territory","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"fct-kuje","name":"Kuje","state":"Federal Capital Territory","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"fct-gwagwalada","name":"Gwagwalada","state":"Federal Capital Territory","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-kokona","name":"Kokona","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"core","refs":[7],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kaduna-sanga","name":"Sanga","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[8],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"New Karshi","lga":"nasarawa-karu","lgaName":"Karu","state":"Nasarawa","point":[7.749,9.0495],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"nasarawa-karu","point":[7.749,9.0495]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"A resettlement town with a first-class Gwandara emir. Gwandara, Hausa's closest relative, is spoken in Abuja, Niger, Kaduna, Kogi and Nasarawa; the Gwandara are among the indigenous peoples of the FCT. The isolated Nimbia dialect counts in base twelve.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-gwandara","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Gwandara (gwan1268)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gwan1268","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-gwandara-language","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gwandara language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwandara_language","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-karu-nasarawa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Karu, Nasarawa State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karu,_Nasarawa_State","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"soluap-2025-niger","citation":"(2025). List of ethnic groups and languages in Niger State by Local Government Area. Soluap","url":"https://soluap.com/list-of-ethnic-groups-and-languages-in-niger-state-by-local-government-area/","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-lafia","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Lafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafia","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-nasarawa-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nasarawa State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasarawa_State","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-kaduna-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kaduna State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Gwandara communities in Kaduna and Kogi are not yet placed.","No paramount ruler is recorded yet."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"ham","name":"Ham (Hyam)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Ham","Hyam","Jaba","Kwoi","Nok"],"language":{"name":"Hyam","glottocode":"hyam1245","family":{"name":"Plateau","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Benue-Congo Plateau"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Ham, called Jaba by Hausa, are the people of Jaba LGA in southern Kaduna, around Kwoi and Nok, with smaller groups in Keffi.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"kaduna-jaba","name":"Jaba","state":"Kaduna","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"nasarawa-keffi","name":"Keffi","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Kwoi and Nok","lga":"kaduna-jaba","lgaName":"Jaba","state":"Kaduna","point":[8.015,9.4825],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Kwoi"},{"name":"Nok"}],"markers":[{"lga":"kaduna-jaba","point":[8.015,9.4825]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Jaba LGA, with its capital at Kwoi, is predominantly Ham; its rulers, the Kpop Ham, have been recognised since 1910. The Nok terracottas were first found in the Ham village of Nok, but the Ham only arrived from Kano in the 17th–18th century, long after the Nok culture.","refs":[4,5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[4,5],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-hyam1245","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Hyam (Ham) (hyam1245)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hyam1245","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kaduna-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kaduna State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-ham-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ham people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham_people","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-jaba","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jaba, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaba,_Nigeria","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"hausa","name":"Hausa","status":"published","searchAliases":["Hausawa","Hausa-Fulani","Habe","Hausa Bakwai"],"language":{"name":"Hausa","iso639_3":"hau","glottocode":"haus1257","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Hausa are Nigeria’s largest people, numbering around 86 million across West Africa, based in the savanna of northern Nigeria and southern Niger. Their historic city-states, among them Kano, Katsina, Zazzau (Zaria), Daura and Gobir, became emirates of the Sokoto Caliphate. Hausa is the main language of the north and a language of trade far beyond it.","refs":[2,3,4],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"jigawa-auyo","name":"Auyo","state":"Jigawa","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"jigawa-babura","name":"Babura","state":"Jigawa","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"jigawa-biriniwa","name":"Biriniwa","state":"Jigawa","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"jigawa-birnin-kudu","name":"Birnin 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Birni","state":"Sokoto","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"sokoto-shagari","name":"Shagari","state":"Sokoto","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"sokoto-silame","name":"Silame","state":"Sokoto","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"sokoto-sokoto-north","name":"Sokoto North","state":"Sokoto","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"sokoto-sokoto-south","name":"Sokoto South","state":"Sokoto","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"sokoto-tambuwal","name":"Tambuwal","state":"Sokoto","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"sokoto-tangaza","name":"Tangaza","state":"Sokoto","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"sokoto-tureta","name":"Tureta","state":"Sokoto","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"sokoto-wamakko","name":"Wamakko","state":"Sokoto","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"sokoto-wurno","name":"Wurno","state":"Sokoto","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"sokoto-yabo","name":"Yabo","state":"Sokoto","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"zamfara-anka","name":"Anka","state":"Zamfara","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"zamfara-bakura","name":"Bakura","state":"Zamfara","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"zamfara-birnin-magaji-kiyaw","name":"Birnin Magaji-Kiyaw","state":"Zamfara","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"zamfara-bukkuyum","name":"Bukkuyum","state":"Zamfara","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"zamfara-bungudu","name":"Bungudu","state":"Zamfara","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"zamfara-gummi","name":"Gummi","state":"Zamfara","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"zamfara-gusau","name":"Gusau","state":"Zamfara","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"zamfara-kaura-namoda","name":"Kaura Namoda","state":"Zamfara","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"zamfara-maradun","name":"Maradun","state":"Zamfara","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"zamfara-maru","name":"Maru","state":"Zamfara","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"zamfara-shinkafi","name":"Shinkafi","state":"Zamfara","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"zamfara-talata-mafara","name":"Talata Mafara","state":"Zamfara","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"zamfara-tsafe","name":"Tsafe","state":"Zamfara","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"zamfara-zurmi","name":"Zurmi","state":"Zamfara","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"kebbi-aleiro","name":"Aleiro","state":"Kebbi","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kebbi-arewa-dandi","name":"Arewa Dandi","state":"Kebbi","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kebbi-argungu","name":"Argungu","state":"Kebbi","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kebbi-augie","name":"Augie","state":"Kebbi","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kebbi-bagudu","name":"Bagudu","state":"Kebbi","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kebbi-birnin-kebbi","name":"Birnin Kebbi","state":"Kebbi","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kebbi-bunza","name":"Bunza","state":"Kebbi","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kebbi-dandi","name":"Dandi","state":"Kebbi","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kebbi-fakai","name":"Fakai","state":"Kebbi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Fakai is the homeland of the Fakkawa; Hausa is spoken in every Kebbi LGA."},{"lga":"kebbi-gwandu","name":"Gwandu","state":"Kebbi","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kebbi-jega","name":"Jega","state":"Kebbi","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kebbi-kalgo","name":"Kalgo","state":"Kebbi","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kebbi-koko-besse","name":"Koko-Besse","state":"Kebbi","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kebbi-maiyama","name":"Maiyama","state":"Kebbi","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kebbi-suru","name":"Suru","state":"Kebbi","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kebbi-zuru","name":"Zuru","state":"Kebbi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Shared with smaller peoples such as the C’lela, Kambari and Shanga."},{"lga":"kebbi-sakaba","name":"Sakaba","state":"Kebbi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Shared with smaller peoples such as the C’lela, Kambari and Shanga."},{"lga":"kebbi-wasagu-danko","name":"Wasagu-Danko","state":"Kebbi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Shared with smaller peoples such as the C’lela, Kambari and Shanga."},{"lga":"kebbi-ngaski","name":"Ngaski","state":"Kebbi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Shared with smaller peoples such as the C’lela, Kambari and Shanga."},{"lga":"kebbi-shanga","name":"Shanga","state":"Kebbi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Shared with smaller peoples such as the C’lela, Kambari and Shanga."},{"lga":"kebbi-yauri","name":"Yauri","state":"Kebbi","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Shared with smaller peoples such as the C’lela, Kambari and Shanga."},{"lga":"kaduna-birnin-gwari","name":"Birnin Gwari","state":"Kaduna","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kaduna-giwa","name":"Giwa","state":"Kaduna","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kaduna-ikara","name":"Ikara","state":"Kaduna","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kaduna-kubau","name":"Kubau","state":"Kaduna","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kaduna-kudan","name":"Kudan","state":"Kaduna","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kaduna-makarfi","name":"Makarfi","state":"Kaduna","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kaduna-sabon-gari","name":"Sabon Gari","state":"Kaduna","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kaduna-soba","name":"Soba","state":"Kaduna","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kaduna-zaria","name":"Zaria","state":"Kaduna","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kaduna-kaduna-north","name":"Kaduna North","state":"Kaduna","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kaduna-kaduna-south","name":"Kaduna South","state":"Kaduna","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kaduna-lere","name":"Lere","state":"Kaduna","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kaduna-igabi","name":"Igabi","state":"Kaduna","presence":"significant","refs":[4,5],"confidence":"medium","note":"Shared with the Gbagyi."},{"lga":"kaduna-chikun","name":"Chikun","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Southern Kaduna: Hausa is spoken, but other peoples are indigenous here."},{"lga":"kaduna-kajuru","name":"Kajuru","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Southern Kaduna: Hausa is spoken, but other peoples are indigenous here."},{"lga":"kaduna-kachia","name":"Kachia","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Southern Kaduna: Hausa is spoken, but other peoples are indigenous here."},{"lga":"kaduna-jaba","name":"Jaba","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Southern Kaduna: Hausa is spoken, but other peoples are indigenous here."},{"lga":"kaduna-jema-a","name":"Jema'A","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Southern Kaduna: Hausa is spoken, but other peoples are indigenous here."},{"lga":"kaduna-kaura","name":"Kaura","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Southern Kaduna: Hausa is spoken, but other peoples are indigenous here."},{"lga":"kaduna-kauru","name":"Kauru","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Southern Kaduna: Hausa is spoken, but other peoples are indigenous here."},{"lga":"kaduna-sanga","name":"Sanga","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Southern Kaduna: Hausa is spoken, but other peoples are indigenous here."},{"lga":"kaduna-zangon-kataf","name":"Zangon Kataf","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Southern Kaduna: Hausa is spoken, but other peoples are indigenous here."},{"lga":"bauchi-alkaleri","name":"Alkaleri","state":"Bauchi","presence":"core","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-bauchi","name":"Bauchi","state":"Bauchi","presence":"core","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-darazo","name":"Darazo","state":"Bauchi","presence":"core","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-dass","name":"Dass","state":"Bauchi","presence":"core","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-itas-gadau","name":"Itas/Gadau","state":"Bauchi","presence":"core","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-jama-are","name":"Jama'Are","state":"Bauchi","presence":"core","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-katagum","name":"Katagum","state":"Bauchi","presence":"core","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-ningi","name":"Ningi","state":"Bauchi","presence":"core","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-misau","name":"Misau","state":"Bauchi","presence":"core","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-shira","name":"Shira","state":"Bauchi","presence":"core","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-zaki","name":"Zaki","state":"Bauchi","presence":"core","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-dambam","name":"Dambam","state":"Bauchi","presence":"core","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-kirfi","name":"Kirfi","state":"Bauchi","presence":"core","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-giade","name":"Giade","state":"Bauchi","presence":"core","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-ganjuwa","name":"Ganjuwa","state":"Bauchi","presence":"core","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-gamawa","name":"Gamawa","state":"Bauchi","presence":"significant","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-tafawa-balewa","name":"Tafawa-Balewa","state":"Bauchi","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-warji","name":"Warji","state":"Bauchi","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"gombe-yamaltu-deba","name":"Yamaltu/Deba","state":"Gombe","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high","note":"Hausa is the language of wider communication in Gombe but not a major home language."},{"lga":"gombe-balanga","name":"Balanga","state":"Gombe","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high","note":"Hausa is the language of wider communication in Gombe but not a major home language."},{"lga":"borno-ngala","name":"Ngala","state":"Borno","presence":"significant","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-bama","name":"Bama","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-dikwa","name":"Dikwa","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-gubio","name":"Gubio","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-gwoza","name":"Gwoza","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-kaga","name":"Kaga","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-kukawa","name":"Kukawa","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-jere","name":"Jere","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-marte","name":"Marte","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-mobbar","name":"Mobbar","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-abadam","name":"Abadam","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-monguno","name":"Monguno","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-bade","name":"Bade","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-bursari","name":"Bursari","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-damaturu","name":"Damaturu","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-fika","name":"Fika","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-fune","name":"Fune","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-geidam","name":"Geidam","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-gujba","name":"Gujba","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-gulani","name":"Gulani","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-jakusko","name":"Jakusko","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-karasuwa","name":"Karasuwa","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-machina","name":"Machina","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-nangere","name":"Nangere","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-nguru","name":"Nguru","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-potiskum","name":"Potiskum","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-tarmuwa","name":"Tarmuwa","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-yunusari","name":"Yunusari","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-yusufari","name":"Yusufari","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"niger-kontagora","name":"Kontagora","state":"Niger","presence":"significant","refs":[7],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"niger-mokwa","name":"Mokwa","state":"Niger","presence":"minority","refs":[7],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"niger-bida","name":"Bida","state":"Niger","presence":"minority","refs":[7],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-akwanga","name":"Akwanga","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[8],"confidence":"high","note":"Hausa is spoken in all 13 Nasarawa LGAs."},{"lga":"nasarawa-awe","name":"Awe","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[8],"confidence":"high","note":"Hausa is spoken in all 13 Nasarawa LGAs."},{"lga":"nasarawa-doma","name":"Doma","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[8],"confidence":"high","note":"Hausa is spoken in all 13 Nasarawa LGAs."},{"lga":"nasarawa-karu","name":"Karu","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[8],"confidence":"high","note":"Hausa is spoken in all 13 Nasarawa LGAs."},{"lga":"nasarawa-keana","name":"Keana","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[8],"confidence":"high","note":"Hausa is spoken in all 13 Nasarawa LGAs."},{"lga":"nasarawa-kokona","name":"Kokona","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[8],"confidence":"high","note":"Hausa is spoken in all 13 Nasarawa LGAs."},{"lga":"nasarawa-lafia","name":"Lafia","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"significant","refs":[9,8],"confidence":"high","note":"Lafia has a large Hausa population."},{"lga":"nasarawa-nasarawa","name":"Nasarawa","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[8],"confidence":"high","note":"Hausa is spoken in all 13 Nasarawa LGAs."},{"lga":"nasarawa-nasarawa-egon","name":"Nasarawa Egon","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[8],"confidence":"high","note":"Hausa is spoken in all 13 Nasarawa LGAs."},{"lga":"nasarawa-obi","name":"Obi","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[8],"confidence":"high","note":"Hausa is spoken in all 13 Nasarawa LGAs."},{"lga":"nasarawa-toto","name":"Toto","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[8],"confidence":"high","note":"Hausa is spoken in all 13 Nasarawa LGAs."},{"lga":"nasarawa-wamba","name":"Wamba","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[8],"confidence":"high","note":"Hausa is spoken in all 13 Nasarawa LGAs."},{"lga":"plateau-wase","name":"Wase","state":"Plateau","presence":"minority","refs":[8],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"fct-bwari","name":"Bwari","state":"Federal Capital Territory","presence":"minority","refs":[8],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"fct-municipal-area-council","name":"Municipal Area Council","state":"Federal Capital Territory","presence":"minority","refs":[8],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"fct-gwagwalada","name":"Gwagwalada","state":"Federal Capital Territory","presence":"minority","refs":[8],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"fct-kwali","name":"Kwali","state":"Federal Capital Territory","presence":"minority","refs":[8],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"fct-kuje","name":"Kuje","state":"Federal Capital Territory","presence":"minority","refs":[8],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"niger-borgu","name":"Borgu","state":"Niger","presence":"minority","refs":[10],"confidence":"high","note":"About 10,000 in 1991; Hausa sections in the larger towns and farming and fishing settlements on the Niger."},{"lga":"plateau-jos-north","name":"Jos North","state":"Plateau","presence":"significant","refs":[11],"confidence":"disputed","note":"A large Hausa community claims its ancestors founded Jos; the Afizere, Anaguta and Berom 'bitterly dispute' this, and the state treats the Hausa as non-indigenes."},{"lga":"kaduna-kagarko","name":"Kagarko","state":"Kaduna","presence":"significant","refs":[12],"confidence":"medium","note":"Koro, Hausa/Fulani and Gbagyi are 'the three dominant tribes'."},{"lga":"nasarawa-keffi","name":"Keffi","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"significant","refs":[13],"confidence":"medium","note":"Keffi emirate town; Hausa and Fulani are listed first among its languages."},{"lga":"bauchi-toro","name":"Toro","state":"Bauchi","presence":"minority","refs":[14],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Kano","lga":"kano-kano-municipal","lgaName":"Kano Municipal","state":"Kano","point":[8.5167,12],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Dala Hill"}],"markers":[{"lga":"kano-kano-municipal","point":[8.5167,12]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"kano-dala","name":"Dala","state":"Kano"},{"lga":"kano-fagge","name":"Fagge","state":"Kano"}],"history":{"text":"Dala Hill was home to an iron-working community by the 7th century; the Kano Chronicle names Barbushe, priest of Dala, before the Bagauda dynasty. One of the seven Hausa kingdoms and long the commercial centre of the north, with settled Arab, Tuareg and Kanuri communities before colonial rule.","refs":[15,16],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[15,16],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Rano","lga":"kano-rano","lgaName":"Rano","state":"Kano","point":[8.5833,11.5572],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kano-rano","point":[8.5833,11.5572]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"One of the seven Hausa Bakwai, founded by tradition by Zamna Kogi, a descendant of Bayajidda. Yaji I of Kano conquered it and held it for two years; it never regained its sovereignty.","refs":[17],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[17],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Bebeji","lga":"kano-bebeji","lgaName":"Bebeji","state":"Kano","point":[8.2667,11.6667],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Kofa"},{"name":"Gargai"},{"name":"Baguda"},{"name":"Duramawa"},{"name":"Kuki"},{"name":"Yakun"},{"name":"Yanshere"},{"name":"Damau"}],"markers":[{"lga":"kano-bebeji","point":[8.2667,11.6667]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Mostly Hausa and Fulani, with an old Habe mosque. By the owner's account Igala of the Kwararafa host stayed here after the invasions of Kano; no written source yet confirms it.","refs":[18,19],"confidence":"disputed"},"refs":[18,19],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Katsina","lga":"katsina-katsina","lgaName":"Katsina","state":"Katsina","point":[7.6008,12.9889],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"katsina-katsina","point":[7.6008,12.9889]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded around 1100 within a 21 km wall. Its pre-Islamic Sarki could be put to death if he ruled badly. In the 17th and 18th centuries it was the commercial heart of Hausaland; the Fulani took it in 1807.","refs":[20],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[20],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Daura","lga":"katsina-daura","lgaName":"Daura","state":"Katsina","point":[8.3178,13.0364],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Kusugu Well"}],"markers":[{"lga":"katsina-daura","point":[8.3178,13.0364]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The spiritual home of the Hausa: here, by legend, Bayajidda killed the snake Sarki at the Kusugu well and married Queen Daurama. Taken by the Fulani under Malam Ishaku in 1805; the British restored the old line in 1904.","refs":[21],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[21],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Zaria (Zazzau)","lga":"kaduna-zaria","lgaName":"Zaria","state":"Kaduna","point":[7.7,11.0667],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kaduna-zaria","point":[7.7,11.0667]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"kaduna-sabon-gari","name":"Sabon Gari","state":"Kaduna"}],"history":{"text":"Capital of Zazzau, the southernmost Hausa state, renamed in the late 16th century after Queen Amina's sister. Islam reached it from Kano and Katsina in the 1450s.","refs":[22],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[22],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Suleja (old Abuja)","lga":"niger-suleja","lgaName":"Suleja","state":"Niger","point":[7.1803,9.1758],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Zuba"}],"markers":[{"lga":"niger-suleja","point":[7.1803,9.1758]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"After the Fulani took Zaria about 1804, Muhamman Makau, Sarkin Zazzau, led the Hausa nobility south to the Koro town of Zuba; his brother Abu Ja built the new capital that bore his name, Abuja. Renamed Suleja when the federal capital took the name in 1976.","refs":[23],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[23],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Hadejia (Biram)","lga":"jigawa-hadejia","lgaName":"Hadejia","state":"Jigawa","point":[10.04,12.45],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"jigawa-hadejia","point":[10.04,12.45]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Once called Biram, one of the Hausa Bakwai, ruled by the line of Bayajidda; overcome in the Fulani war by 1810.","refs":[24],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[24],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Kazaure","lga":"jigawa-kazaure","lgaName":"Kazaure","state":"Jigawa","point":[8.4119,12.6528],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"jigawa-kazaure","point":[8.4119,12.6528]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"First settled about 1300 by Habe hunters under Kutumbi, from the smiths' settlement on Dala Hill; the name comes from “kamar zaure”, “like an inner room”, for its sheltered valley.","refs":[25],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[25],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Gumel","lga":"jigawa-gumel","lgaName":"Gumel","state":"Jigawa","point":[9.3897,12.6283],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"jigawa-gumel","point":[9.3897,12.6283]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded about 1750 by Dan Juma and his Mangawa followers; tributary to Bornu, it never fell to the Sokoto jihad. Moved from Tumbi, now in Niger, in 1845, it fought Hadejia until 1872.","refs":[26],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[26],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Birnin Kebbi","lga":"kebbi-birnin-kebbi","lgaName":"Birnin Kebbi","state":"Kebbi","point":[4.2003,12.4536],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kebbi-birnin-kebbi","point":[4.2003,12.4536]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Capital of Kebbi until Abdullahi dan Fodio burned it in 1805; from 1906 headquarters of the Gwandu Emirate.","refs":[27],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[27],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Argungu","lga":"kebbi-argungu","lgaName":"Argungu","state":"Kebbi","point":[4.5167,12.7333],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kebbi-argungu","point":[4.5167,12.7333]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Where the kings of Kebbi fled after the Fulani conquest of 1808; Gwandu could never fully hold it, and by 1900 it was independent again until the British came in 1902. Home of the Argungu fishing festival.","refs":[28],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[28],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-hausa","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Hausa (haus1257)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/haus1257","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-hausa-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Hausa people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-hausa-kingdoms","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Hausa Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"amfani-2018","citation":"Amfani, Ahmed. (2018). Revisiting the Linguistic Situation in the North West Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (languages of each state by LGA)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/47/42","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-igabi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igabi","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"udosen-2018","citation":"Udosen, Escor E. (2018). Linguistic Survey of Nigerian Languages: A Preliminary Report of the Languages of the North East Geopolitical Zone. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Bauchi, Borno, Gombe and Yobe)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/45/40","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"soluap-2025-niger","citation":"(2025). List of ethnic groups and languages in Niger State by Local Government Area. Soluap","url":"https://soluap.com/list-of-ethnic-groups-and-languages-in-niger-state-by-local-government-area/","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"wikipedia-lafia","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Lafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafia","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"ross-jones-borgu","citation":"Jones, Ross. The ethnic groups of present day Borgu (with population estimates for 1997 from the 1991 census and a 1992 language survey)","url":"https://wasc.org.uk/Nigeria%20history%20docs/Borgu%20ethnic%20groups.pdf","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"hrw-2006-indigenes","citation":"Human Rights Watch. (2006). \"They Do Not Own This Place\": Government Discrimination Against \"Non-Indigenes\" in Nigeria","url":"https://www.hrw.org/report/2006/04/25/they-do-not-own-place/government-discrimination-against-non-indigenes-nigeria","checked":true},{"n":12,"id":"kagarko-lga","citation":"Kagarko LGA, Kaduna State (official site)","url":"https://kagarkolga.net/","checked":false},{"n":13,"id":"wikipedia-nasarawa-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nasarawa State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasarawa_State","checked":true},{"n":14,"id":"wikipedia-toro-bauchi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Toro, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toro,_Nigeria","checked":false},{"n":15,"id":"wikipedia-kano-city","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kano (city)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_(city)","checked":true},{"n":16,"id":"palmer-1908-kano-chronicle","citation":"Palmer, H. R. (translator). (1908). The Kano Chronicle. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 38: 58–98","checked":false},{"n":17,"id":"wikipedia-rano","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Rano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rano","checked":true},{"n":18,"id":"wikipedia-bebeji","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bebeji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebeji","checked":true},{"n":19,"id":"owner-2026-10-09-bebeji","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Kwararafa forces invaded Kano, and some of their peoples, such as the Igala and Jukun, settled in Kano quarters like Bebeji","checked":true},{"n":20,"id":"wikipedia-katsina-city","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Katsina (city)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsina_(city)","checked":true},{"n":21,"id":"wikipedia-daura","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Daura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daura","checked":true},{"n":22,"id":"wikipedia-zaria","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Zaria (Zazzau)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazzau","checked":true},{"n":23,"id":"wikipedia-suleja","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Suleja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleja","checked":true},{"n":24,"id":"wikipedia-hadejia","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Hadejia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadejia","checked":true},{"n":25,"id":"wikipedia-kazaure","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kazaure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazaure","checked":true},{"n":26,"id":"wikipedia-gumel","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gumel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumel","checked":true},{"n":27,"id":"wikipedia-birnin-kebbi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Birnin Kebbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birnin_Kebbi","checked":true},{"n":28,"id":"wikipedia-argungu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Argungu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argungu","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Hausa is spoken as a second language almost everywhere in the north; only areas where sources name Hausa as a home language are mapped.","In Kebbi and Kaduna the share is inferred from where other peoples are sourced; check the southern Kaduna and southern Kebbi LGAs.","Adamawa and Taraba were not covered by the North East survey and are not yet mapped for Hausa.","Southern Kebbi (Zuru, Sakaba, Wasagu/Danko, Fakai, Yauri, Ngaski, Shanga) is now mapped for its own peoples; the Hausa share there is still inferred."],"kingdoms":[{"id":"daura","name":"Daura","peak":1000},{"id":"kano","name":"Kano","peak":1470},{"id":"zazzau","name":"Zazzau","peak":1576},{"id":"katsina","name":"Katsina","peak":1700},{"id":"gobir","name":"Gobir","peak":1764},{"id":"zamfara","name":"Zamfara","peak":1715},{"id":"kebbi","name":"Kebbi","peak":1530},{"id":"sokoto","name":"Sokoto Caliphate","peak":1850}]},{"id":"ibeno","name":"Ibeno (Ibuno)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Ibeno","Ibuno","Ibino"],"language":{"name":"Ibino","glottocode":"ibin1241","family":{"name":"Lower Cross","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Delta Cross","Lower Cross"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Ibeno are the coastal people of Ibeno LGA in Akwa Ibom, home of a large oil terminal.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"akwa-ibom-ibeno","name":"Ibeno","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Ibeno","lga":"akwa-ibom-ibeno","lgaName":"Ibeno","state":"Akwa Ibom","point":[8.0545,4.57],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"akwa-ibom-ibeno","point":[8.0545,4.57]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Ibeno are of Oron-Efik and Obolo descent; Andoni settlers coined the Ibono language to trade with the Efik. Ibeno holds the headquarters of the Qua Iboe Church and the tombs of its founder Samuel Bill and his wife Grace.","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"One of the largest fishing settlements on the Nigerian coast; host of the Qua Iboe oil terminal.","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[3],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-ibin1241","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Ibino (Ibeno) (ibin1241)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ibin1241","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-akwa-ibom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Akwa Ibom State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-ibeno","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ibeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibeno","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"ibibio","name":"Ibibio","status":"published","searchAliases":["Ibibio","Ibom","Uyo"],"language":{"name":"Ibibio","iso639_3":"ibb","glottocode":"ibib1240","family":{"name":"Lower Cross","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Delta Cross","Lower Cross"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Ibibio are the largest people of Akwa Ibom State, centred on Uyo. Tradition traces them to the Ibom Kingdom near Arochukwu. Ibibio is mutually intelligible with Annang, Efik, Oron and Ekid.","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"akwa-ibom-etinan","name":"Etinan","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-ikono","name":"Ikono","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-ini","name":"Ini","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-ikot-abasi","name":"Ikot Abasi","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-itu","name":"Itu","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-mkpat-enin","name":"Mkpat Enin","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-nsit-atai","name":"Nsit Atai","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-nsit-ubium","name":"Nsit Ubium","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-onna","name":"Onna","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-uruan","name":"Uruan","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-uyo","name":"Uyo","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-nsit-ibom","name":"Nsit Ibom","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-ibesikpo-asutan","name":"Ibesikpo Asutan","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-ibiono-ibom","name":"Ibiono Ibom","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Ikono (Ntippe Ibibio)","lga":"akwa-ibom-ikono","lgaName":"Ikono","state":"Akwa Ibom","point":[7.8045,5.193],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"akwa-ibom-ikono","point":[7.8045,5.193]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Known as the cradle of the Ibibio people, Ntippe Ibibio; Ibibio tradition says the dispersal after the move south began from Ikono.","refs":[4,2],"confidence":"medium"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Farming, fishing, cottage crafts at Mbiabong Ikon and Mbiabong Ukan, lumbering, and the Fiongaran market.","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Etinan (Iman Ibom)","lga":"akwa-ibom-etinan","lgaName":"Etinan","state":"Akwa Ibom","point":[7.853,4.836],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Mbioto"},{"name":"Ikot Udo Abia"},{"name":"Ekpene Obom"}],"markers":[{"lga":"akwa-ibom-etinan","point":[7.853,4.836]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Home of the Iman Ibom, one of the three Ibom clans; Ikot Udo Abia lay on a route of the slave trade. Etinan LGA was created from Uyo Division in 1976.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Farming and petty trading.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[5,6],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ikot Abasi","lga":"akwa-ibom-ikot-abasi","lgaName":"Ikot Abasi","state":"Akwa Ibom","point":[7.561,4.571],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Essene"},{"name":"Ete"},{"name":"Uta Ewa"},{"name":"Edem Aya"}],"markers":[{"lga":"akwa-ibom-ikot-abasi","point":[7.561,4.571]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"A boatyard and seat of a British consulate, and a centre of the 1929 women's uprising against colonial rule.","refs":[7],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[7,6],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Mkpat-Enin","lga":"akwa-ibom-mkpat-enin","lgaName":"Mkpat Enin","state":"Akwa Ibom","point":[7.754,4.718],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"akwa-ibom-mkpat-enin","point":[7.754,4.718]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Traditionally Ibibio-speaking, with four clans and 87 villages.","refs":[8],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[8],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-ibibio","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Ibibio (ibib1240)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ibib1240","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ibibio","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ibibio people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibibio_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-akwa-ibom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Akwa Ibom State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-ikono","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ikono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikono","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-etinan","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Etinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etinan","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-ikot-abasi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ikot-Abasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikot_Abasi","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-mkpat-enin","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Mkpat-Enin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkpat-Enin","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Ibesikpo Asutan and Ibiono Ibom are not named in the sources found; check them."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"ichen","name":"Ichen","status":"published","searchAliases":["Ichen","Etkywan","Kentu","Donga"],"language":{"name":"Etkywan (Ichen)","glottocode":"etky1238","family":{"name":"Jukunoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Jukunoid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Ichen speak Etkywan, a Jukunoid language. They are counted as the earliest inhabitants of Donga, before the Chamba came, and are one of the three main peoples of Kurmi LGA, on its grasslands.","refs":[2,3,4,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"taraba-donga","name":"Donga","state":"Taraba","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"high","note":"'Often considered the indigenous or aboriginal people of Donga before the Chamba arrived.'"},{"lga":"taraba-kurmi","name":"Kurmi","state":"Taraba","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"high","note":"One of 'three major ethnic groups', on the grassland."},{"lga":"taraba-takum","name":"Takum","state":"Taraba","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"taraba-wukari","name":"Wukari","state":"Taraba","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"taraba-bali","name":"Bali","state":"Taraba","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Ichen of Takum","lga":"taraba-takum","lgaName":"Takum","state":"Taraba","point":[10.029,7.4035],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"taraba-takum","point":[10.029,7.4035]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Ichen are one of the major peoples of Takum LGA.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[5],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-etky1238","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Etkywan (Ichen) (etky1238)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/etky1238","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-donga","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Donga, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donga,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kurmi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kurmi, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmi,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-taraba-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Taraba State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraba_State","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-takum","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Takum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takum","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"idoma","name":"Idoma","status":"published","searchAliases":["Idoma","Agatu","Och’Idoma","Ochidoma","Otukpo"],"language":{"name":"Idoma","iso639_3":"idu","glottocode":"idom1241","family":{"name":"Idomoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Idomoid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Idoma are the second largest people of Benue State, in its lower western part, south of the Benue River. The 2006 census counted about 1.3 million Idoma in Benue. Idoma tradition links them closely to the Igala: it holds that Onoja, founder of the Igala Kingdom, was born of the same ancestor.","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Och’Idoma","seat":"Oturkpo","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"benue-agatu","name":"Agatu","state":"Benue","presence":"core","refs":[3,2,4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-apa","name":"Apa","state":"Benue","presence":"core","refs":[3,2,4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-ohimini","name":"Ohimini","state":"Benue","presence":"core","refs":[3,2,4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-ogbadibo","name":"Ogbadibo","state":"Benue","presence":"core","refs":[3,2,4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-okpokwu","name":"Okpokwu","state":"Benue","presence":"core","refs":[3,2,4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-oturkpo","name":"Oturkpo","state":"Benue","presence":"core","refs":[3,2,4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-ado","name":"Ado","state":"Benue","presence":"significant","refs":[3,5,4],"confidence":"high","note":"Shared with the Igede and some Igbo communities."},{"lga":"kogi-omala","name":"Omala","state":"Kogi","presence":"minority","refs":[6,7],"confidence":"medium","note":"A few Agatu (who speak a dialect of Idoma) live in Omala."},{"lga":"benue-gwer-west","name":"Gwer West","state":"Benue","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-doma","name":"Doma","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Idoma (Agatu) speakers."},{"lga":"nasarawa-nasarawa","name":"Nasarawa","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Idoma (Agatu) speakers."},{"lga":"nasarawa-toto","name":"Toto","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Idoma (Agatu) speakers."},{"lga":"enugu-igbo-eze-north","name":"Igbo-Eze North","state":"Enugu","presence":"core","refs":[8,9,10,11],"confidence":"high","note":"A homeland: Ette, one of the LGA’s two towns, is ruled by an Igala king and is mostly Igala and Idoma, with little Igbo settlement. Enugu-Ezike, the other town, is Igbo, so the LGA is drawn in stripes."}],"communities":[{"name":"Ette (Etteh, Eteh)","lga":"enugu-igbo-eze-north","lgaName":"Igbo-Eze North","state":"Enugu","point":[7.4691,7.0775],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Ebiega Ette","point":[7.4691,7.0775]}],"markers":[{"lga":"enugu-igbo-eze-north","point":[7.4691,7.0775]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Eteh is a border clan of nine villages (Achanya, Ochigide, Aishi, Ebe, Emenebe or Ayinebe, Ijekpe, Ogilliama, Ogodo and Onodaba) on both sides of the Enugu and Kogi line, in Igbo-Eze North and Olamaboro. Its ruler, the Onu-Oda Adogo, is an Igala king. Tradition says Enwenwowo, a descendant of a son of the Attah, went to Idah and received the staff and title of Onu-Oda, and every Onu-Oda since has gone to Idah to be confirmed by the Attah. Most of the people claim Igala origin; Idoma and later Igbo settlers joined them.","refs":[10,11],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[8,9,12,10,11],"confidence":"high","note":"Ette is ruled by an Igala king, the Onu-Oda, who is confirmed by the Attah at Idah. Its people are mostly Igala and Idoma; Igbo settlement there is small. Egenti (2015) finds Idoma their strongest language, followed by Igala and Igbo."},{"name":"Otukpo","lga":"benue-oturkpo","lgaName":"Oturkpo","state":"Benue","point":[8.13,7.19],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-oturkpo","point":[8.13,7.19]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of Idomaland and seat of the Och'Idoma. The railway reached Otukpo in 1923, and in 1924 the British moved the divisional headquarters here from Okpoga; the Idoma Native Authority was formed here.","refs":[13,14],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[13,14],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ugboju","lga":"benue-oturkpo","lgaName":"Oturkpo","state":"Benue","point":[8.053,7.352],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Ombi","point":[7.892,7.374]}],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-oturkpo","point":[8.053,7.352]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"One of the Idoma kingdoms Idoma tradition dates to about 1650. Chief Amanyi led a rebellion against the British in 1910–1912 and was deported to Keffi; after an attack on the Hausa traders' quarter at Ombi in 1914 the British staged a bloody reprisal.","refs":[14,15],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[14,15,16],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Adoka","lga":"benue-oturkpo","lgaName":"Oturkpo","state":"Benue","point":[8.1595,7.1275],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-oturkpo","point":[8.1595,7.1275]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded, by Idoma tradition, around 1650. In 1907, after seven Hausa traders were killed in a fracas at Obena-Adoka, the British destroyed twenty-three Adoka villages.","refs":[14,15],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[14,15],"confidence":"high","note":"Adoka's exact position is not checked; GRID3's Adoka lies in Konshisha and is a different place."},{"name":"Agatu","lga":"benue-agatu","lgaName":"Agatu","state":"Benue","point":[7.911,7.891],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Obagaji","point":[7.911,7.891]},{"name":"Odugbeho","point":[8.034,7.801]}],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-agatu","point":[7.911,7.891]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Idoma groups leaving Apa settled near the Benue here around 1500, by Idoma tradition. The Anglo-Idoma wars began here in 1899, when Major Maclintock's force burned Odugbeho; in 1901 the British set Madakin Amajo over Enugba, Enogaje and Ogbangede. Headquarters at Obagaji.","refs":[14,15,17],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Farming: yams, cassava, rice, beans, sorghum and melon.","refs":[17],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[17,14,15,16],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Edikwu","lga":"benue-apa","lgaName":"Apa","state":"Benue","point":[7.93,7.62],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-apa","point":[7.93,7.62]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Part of Apa, the name Idoma kindreds give to their ancestral home in old Kwararafa.","refs":[18,15],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[18,16],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ugbokpo","lga":"benue-apa","lgaName":"Apa","state":"Benue","point":[7.882,7.669],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-apa","point":[7.882,7.669]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of Apa LGA.","refs":[18],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[18,16],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Onyagede","lga":"benue-ohimini","lgaName":"Ohimini","state":"Benue","point":[7.9355,7.251],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Idekpa","point":[7.941,7.333]},{"name":"Oglewu"},{"name":"Okpikwu"},{"name":"Amoke"}],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-ohimini","point":[7.9355,7.251]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The main district of Ohimini, on the Kogi border, with villages such as Amoke, Enumona, Ogodu, Awume, Ikpoke, Ogoli, Ugofu, Okpikwu, Oglewu and Idekpa. In 1912 Onyagede rebels killed Hausa traders and scribes and the British attacked in reprisal.","refs":[19,14],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[19,14],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Otukpa","lga":"benue-ogbadibo","lgaName":"Ogbadibo","state":"Benue","point":[7.67,6.879],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-ogbadibo","point":[7.67,6.879]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of Ogbadibo. In 1904 the Adoga clan here rose against British tax under Iyalla Atungwu; Trenchard's expedition annexed Otukpa in 1908 and the British made Awudu Elachi its district head.","refs":[14,20],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[20,14,16],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Owukpa","lga":"benue-ogbadibo","lgaName":"Ogbadibo","state":"Benue","point":[7.675,7.0275],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-ogbadibo","point":[7.675,7.0275]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[20],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Orokam","lga":"benue-ogbadibo","lgaName":"Ogbadibo","state":"Benue","point":[7.675,7.0275],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-ogbadibo","point":[7.675,7.0275]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[20],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Edumoga","lga":"benue-okpokwu","lgaName":"Okpokwu","state":"Benue","point":[7.871,6.99],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-okpokwu","point":[7.871,6.99]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Edumoga's people say they came from Gwamaja in Kano country during the Kwararafa wars of 1600–1671, joined the confederacy at Apa, stayed at Abinsi, and lived at Idah until mistreatment by the Igala drove them on through Eguma near Ankpa and Ikobi to Okokolo. The name means “Ede begot Oga”. A chiefdom was created in 1923 with Ikwumonu Okpotu as the first Ede; the stool rotates among six clans, the Eke clan most senior.","refs":[21],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[21],"confidence":"high","note":"Point from Wikipedia's coordinates; GRID3's Edumoga lies in Oju and is a different place."},{"name":"Ichama","lga":"benue-okpokwu","lgaName":"Okpokwu","state":"Benue","point":[7.798,6.897],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-okpokwu","point":[7.798,6.897]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[22,16],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ojigo","lga":"benue-okpokwu","lgaName":"Okpokwu","state":"Benue","point":[7.942,7.053],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-okpokwu","point":[7.942,7.053]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[22,16],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Okpoga","lga":"benue-okpokwu","lgaName":"Okpokwu","state":"Benue","point":[7.862,7.028],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Ugbokolo","point":[7.797,7.161]}],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-okpokwu","point":[7.862,7.028]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of Okpokwu. The British made Okpoga the headquarters of the southern Idoma districts in 1910; Idoma Division was run from here until 1924.","refs":[14,22],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[22,14],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Igumale","lga":"benue-ado","lgaName":"Ado","state":"Benue","point":[7.964,6.778],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-ado","point":[7.964,6.778]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"One of the Idoma kingdoms founded around 1650, by tradition. It had the first missionary school in Idomaland, Methodist High School, Igumale.","refs":[5,15],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[5,15,16],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Agila","lga":"benue-ado","lgaName":"Ado","state":"Benue","point":[7.9905,6.8105],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-ado","point":[7.9905,6.8105]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded around 1650 by Idoma tradition. Under colonial rule Agila was first in Abakaliki Province and was transferred to Okpoga (Idoma) Division in 1922.","refs":[14,15],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[5,14,15],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ulayi","lga":"benue-ado","lgaName":"Ado","state":"Benue","point":[8.038,6.779],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-ado","point":[8.038,6.779]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[16],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ijigban","lga":"benue-ado","lgaName":"Ado","state":"Benue","point":[8.085,6.775],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-ado","point":[8.085,6.775]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[16],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-idoma","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Idoma (idom1241)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/idom1241","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-idoma-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Idoma people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idoma_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"iambenue-idoma","citation":"Idoma People Of Benue State. I am Benue","url":"http://www.iambenue.com/benue-state/ethnic-composition/idoma-people-of-benue-state/","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-ado-benue","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ado, Benue State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ado,_Benue_State","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-omala","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Omala, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omala,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-agatu-language","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Agatu language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatu_language","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"obinaju-anyanwu-2018","citation":"Obinaju, Nwabueze; Anyanwu, Ogbonna. (2018). A Geolinguistic Survey of the South East Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/30/27/25","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"egenti-2015-ette","citation":"Egenti, Martha Chidimma. (2015). Multilingualism and the Ethnic Identity of the Ette People. Mgbakoigba: Journal of African Studies 4 (abstract read)","url":"https://www.ajol.info/index.php/mjas/article/view/118497","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"chukwudi-opone-2024-eteh","citation":"Chukwudi, Usman; Opone, Paul Oshagwu. (2024). Eteh in Pre-Colonial Nigeria: Origin and Social History. Abraka Journal of Humanities, Law & Social Sciences 1 (1): 21-30","url":"https://gagdm.com/index.php/AJHLSSFOADELSU/article/download/20/17","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-ette","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Etteh is ruled by an Igala king, its people are mostly Igala and Idoma, and Igbo settlement there is small","checked":true},{"n":12,"id":"wikipedia-igbo-eze-north","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igbo Eze North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Eze_North","checked":true},{"n":13,"id":"wikipedia-otukpo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Otukpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otukpo","checked":true},{"n":14,"id":"itodo-2021-idoma-timeline","citation":"Sunny Green Itodo (Idoma Voice). (2021). Timeline of important dates and events in Idoma colonial history","url":"https://idomavoice.com/timeline-of-important-dates-and-events-in-idoma-colonial-history/","checked":true},{"n":15,"id":"okopi-idoma-timeline","citation":"Okopi, Jonathan. Timeline of Idoma History (from pre-history to 1960). Opinion Nigeria","url":"https://www.opinionnigeria.com/timeline-of-idoma-history-from-pre-history-to-1960-by-okopi-jonathan/","checked":true},{"n":16,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true},{"n":17,"id":"wikipedia-agatu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Agatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatu","checked":true},{"n":18,"id":"wikipedia-apa-benue","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Apa, Benue State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apa,_Benue","checked":true},{"n":19,"id":"wikipedia-ohimini","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ohimini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohimini","checked":true},{"n":20,"id":"wikipedia-ogbadibo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ogbadibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogbadibo","checked":true},{"n":21,"id":"wikipedia-edumoga","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Edumoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edumoga","checked":true},{"n":22,"id":"wikipedia-okpokwu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Okpokwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okpokwu","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Wikipedia says the Idoma occupy nine LGAs; the Benue source names seven. Obi and Oju (mostly Igede) are not mapped yet.","Idomoid peoples outside Benue (Alago in Doma and Keana, Yala in Cross River) speak related but separate languages and are not counted as Idoma here.","Idoma districts added 2026-10-09 from the Idoma timelines and LGA articles; Owukpa, Orokam, Ichama, Ojigo, Ulayi and Ijigban still need histories. The full list of 22 districts should be checked against an Idoma Traditional Council source.","Utonkon moved to its own people, the Ufia (2026-10-10). They speak K'ufia, a Korring dialect, not Idoma, though they count themselves part of the Idoma nation and their ruler sits among the Idoma chiefs."],"kingdoms":[{"id":"kwararafa","name":"Kwararafa","peak":1650}]},{"id":"igala","name":"Igala","status":"published","searchAliases":["Igara","Igalla","Igalaa","Anẹ Igala","Olumbanasa","Olumbanasaa"],"language":{"name":"Igala","iso639_3":"igl","glottocode":"igal1242","family":{"name":"Yoruboid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Defoid","Yoruboid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Igala live mainly in southern and eastern Kogi State, in the angle where the Niger and Benue rivers meet. Their historic capital is Idah, on the Niger, seat of the Attah Igala, ruler of the Igala Kingdom. Igala is also spoken in riverside communities downstream and across the Niger: Olumbanasa in Anambra West, Igga, Ojjor and Ogurugu in Enugu, Ebu in Delta, and Ilushi and Ifeku in Edo.","refs":[2,3,4,5],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Attah Igala","seat":"Idah","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"kogi-idah","name":"Idah","state":"Kogi","presence":"core","refs":[2,6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"kogi-igalamela-odolu","name":"Igalamela-Odolu","state":"Kogi","presence":"core","refs":[2,6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"kogi-ibaji","name":"Ibaji","state":"Kogi","presence":"core","refs":[2,6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"kogi-ofu","name":"Ofu","state":"Kogi","presence":"core","refs":[2,6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"kogi-dekina","name":"Dekina","state":"Kogi","presence":"core","refs":[2,6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"kogi-ankpa","name":"Ankpa","state":"Kogi","presence":"core","refs":[2,6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"kogi-omala","name":"Omala","state":"Kogi","presence":"core","refs":[2,6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"kogi-olamaboro","name":"Olamaboro","state":"Kogi","presence":"core","refs":[2,6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"kogi-bassa","name":"Bassa","state":"Kogi","presence":"significant","refs":[2,6],"confidence":"medium","note":"A mixed LGA. The Bassa-Nge, Bassa-Komo and Ebira Koto also live here."},{"lga":"kogi-ajaokuta","name":"Ajaokuta","state":"Kogi","presence":"minority","refs":[2,7,6,8],"confidence":"medium","note":"An Ebira land; the Igala live in the riverside communities along the Niger, as they did before. The riverside villages are not yet named in the sources."},{"lga":"kogi-lokoja","name":"Lokoja","state":"Kogi","presence":"significant","refs":[2,9,10,11,12,13,6],"confidence":"medium","note":"Indigenous to the confluence: the Attah of Igala ceded land at Lokoja to the British in 1841, and the owner reports Igala fishermen living there at the time. Today a large Igala population lives alongside many other peoples; no published figures give the share."},{"lga":"anambra-anambra-west","name":"Anambra West","state":"Anambra","presence":"significant","refs":[14,15,16,17],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Two of the LGA's ten wards (Olumbanasa 1 and 2) are the Igala speaking Olumbanasa communities. How large a share the Igala are is disputed: local accounts say most people in these communities are Igala, while Amali and Bieresnu-Nnabugwu (2023) describe a small Igala speaking group in an Igbo majority LGA."},{"lga":"enugu-uzo-uwani","name":"Uzo-Uwani","state":"Enugu","presence":"significant","refs":[18,19,5],"confidence":"medium","note":"Igala speaking communities make up three of the LGA's sixteen wards (Igga/Asaba, Ojjor, Ogurugu), about 20 percent of its people, according to Vanguard (2026)."},{"lga":"edo-esan-south-east","name":"Esan South-East","state":"Edo","presence":"minority","refs":[20,21,15],"confidence":"medium","note":"The riverside Illushi ward (Ilushi, Uloshi land, and part of Ifeku). The rest of the LGA is Esan."},{"lga":"edo-etsako-central","name":"Etsako Central","state":"Edo","presence":"minority","refs":[21,22,23],"confidence":"high","note":"Most of the Ifeku island communities, on the Niger in the north of the LGA."},{"lga":"delta-oshimili-north","name":"Oshimili North","state":"Delta","presence":"minority","refs":[24],"confidence":"high","note":"The Ebu kingdom, one of the LGA's towns. The rest of the LGA is Igbo (Anioma)."},{"lga":"benue-apa","name":"Apa","state":"Benue","presence":"minority","refs":[25,26,27],"confidence":"medium","note":"Wikipedia: the people of Apa are \"predominantly Idoma and a few Igalas\". Apa borders the Igala LGAs of Kogi. The Igala villages here are not yet named."},{"lga":"enugu-igbo-eze-north","name":"Igbo-Eze North","state":"Enugu","presence":"core","refs":[28,29,30,31,32],"confidence":"high","note":"A homeland: Ette, one of the LGA’s two towns, is ruled by an Igala king and is mostly Igala and Idoma, with little Igbo settlement. Enugu-Ezike, the other town, is Igbo, so the LGA is drawn in stripes."},{"lga":"edo-etsako-east","name":"Etsako East","state":"Edo","presence":"minority","refs":[33,15,34,23],"confidence":"medium","note":"Ojuwo, the section of Unuedegor on the Niger opposite Idah that Igala settlers from Idah founded (Wikipedia; the owner says an Igala population still lives there), and Ifeku communities according to the owner, whose Etsako East villages are not yet located. The rest of the LGA is Etsako (Afemai)."}],"communities":[{"name":"Ebu","lga":"delta-oshimili-north","lgaName":"Oshimili North","state":"Delta","point":[6.6061,6.4786],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Aganike"},{"name":"Anamaugelo"},{"name":"Ekpenchor"},{"name":"Iyagoshimi"},{"name":"Ogor"},{"name":"Okwuru"},{"name":"Uchebe"},{"name":"Ugbolo"}],"markers":[{"lga":"delta-oshimili-north","point":[6.6061,6.4786]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded by Igala speaking people who migrated from Idah across the Niger. The masquerade known as the “Ebu Wonder” and the White Eagle are symbols of the Ebu kingdom.","refs":[24],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Farming and fishing.","refs":[24],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[24,1],"confidence":"high","note":"The LGA describes Ebu as Igala speaking people who migrated from Idah. Glottolog lists Ebu as a dialect of Igala. Point from the LGA's own coordinates."},{"name":"Ilushi (Uloshi)","lga":"edo-esan-south-east","lgaName":"Esan South-East","state":"Edo","point":[6.6292,6.6697],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Uloshi","point":[6.61,6.553]},{"name":"Okpokporo"},{"name":"Odo-Egwume"},{"name":"Igbamaka"}],"markers":[{"lga":"edo-esan-south-east","point":[6.6292,6.6697]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Once part of the Igala Kingdom; the people still call their father Attah. Colonial and later boundary changes placed them in Edo State.","refs":[20],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Fishing, farming and trade along the Niger, near the borders of Kogi, Anambra and Delta.","refs":[20],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[20,7,15,17],"confidence":"high","note":"Speaks the Olu dialect of Igala; organised in nine clans after the Igala Mela of Idah. Village positions from GRID3 where they could be found."},{"name":"Ifeku","lga":"edo-etsako-central","lgaName":"Etsako Central","state":"Edo","point":[6.6037,6.8314],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Ala-Ifeku","point":[6.6108,6.8463]},{"name":"Owa-Ifeku","point":[6.6037,6.8314]},{"name":"Ifeku Uyi","point":[6.5965,6.8309]},{"name":"Okpatawo Ogane-Ifeku","point":[6.6009,6.8081]},{"name":"Allah-Ifeku I","point":[6.6075,6.7964]},{"name":"Allah-Ifeku II","point":[6.6089,6.7905],"lga":"edo-esan-south-east"},{"name":"Ifeku Island","point":[6.6089,6.7834],"lga":"edo-esan-south-east"},{"name":"Okwoshimili","point":[6.6171,6.7521],"lga":"edo-esan-south-east"}],"markers":[{"lga":"edo-etsako-central","point":[6.6037,6.8314]},{"lga":"edo-esan-south-east","point":[6.6089,6.7834]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"edo-etsako-east","name":"Etsako East","state":"Edo"},{"lga":"edo-esan-south-east","name":"Esan South-East","state":"Edo"}],"history":{"text":"A 1923 British intelligence report records people living on Ifeku Island since before 1787.","refs":[21],"confidence":"medium"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Farming and fishing on fertile land by the Niger and Aika rivers; the island is now promoted for tourism.","refs":[21],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[21,7,22,15,17,23],"confidence":"medium","note":"Eleven Ifeku communities lie along the Niger and the Aika river. By the GRID3 boundaries, the villages mapped so far fall in Etsako Central (Ala-Ifeku, Owa-Ifeku, Ifeku Uyi, Okpatawo, Allah-Ifeku I) and Esan South-East (Allah-Ifeku II, Ifeku Island, Okwoshimili); Vanguard (2024) says the same. The owner places Ifeku in Etsako East and Etsako Central; the Etsako East villages are not yet located."},{"name":"Unuedegor (Ojuwo)","lga":"edo-etsako-east","lgaName":"Etsako East","state":"Edo","point":[6.7061,7.1471],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Ojuwo"}],"markers":[{"lga":"edo-etsako-east","point":[6.7061,7.1471]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Brothers from Egor founded Unuedegor in the early 16th century. Later, Igala people from Idah crossed the Niger, settled a section of the town and named it Ojuwo. Unuedegor was also the Royal Niger Company’s first base on the western side of the Niger.","refs":[33,34],"confidence":"medium"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Fishing and farming on the Niger.","refs":[33],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[33,15,34],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Unuedegor lies on the Niger about 8 km north of Agenebode, across the river from Idah; GRID3 places it (as Unoedegor) in Egori ward, Etsako East. Ojuwo is the section Igala settlers founded. The owner describes an Igala population living there today, while Wikipedia calls Ojuwo the hilly part of town where people farm and fish, not where they live; whether Igala is still spoken there is not yet confirmed."},{"name":"Olumbanasa","lga":"anambra-anambra-west","lgaName":"Anambra West","state":"Anambra","point":[6.692,6.49],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Odekpe","point":[6.682,6.524]},{"name":"Igbedor","point":[6.72,6.455]},{"name":"Ode","point":[6.697,6.453]},{"name":"Alla and Onugwa","point":[6.677,6.543]},{"name":"Igbokenyi","point":[6.692,6.465]},{"name":"Odomagwu"}],"markers":[{"lga":"anambra-anambra-west","point":[6.692,6.49]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Long among Anambra’s most neglected communities: in 2015 Vanguard described Igbokenyi, an island in the Niger with fewer than 2,000 people, as lacking water, electricity, roads and schools.","refs":[14],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[14,15,17],"confidence":"high","note":"Vanguard (2015) names seven Igala speaking communities, together called Olumbanasaa: Ode, Igbedor, Odekpe, Alla, Onugwa, Odomagwu and Igbokaenyi. Igbokenyi is an island on the Niger. Odomagwu could not be located yet."},{"name":"Inoma and Owelle","lga":"anambra-anambra-west","lgaName":"Anambra West","state":"Anambra","point":[6.706,6.533],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Inoma","point":[6.706,6.533]},{"name":"Owelle","point":[6.707,6.532]},{"name":"Ukwala"}],"markers":[{"lga":"anambra-anambra-west","point":[6.706,6.533]}],"alsoIn":[],"livelihoods":{"text":"Owelle Central market is one of the main markets of Anambra West.","refs":[35],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[36,15,17],"confidence":"medium","note":"Listed as Igala towns by a 2024 post and by the owner, and inside the Olumbanasa 1 ward in GRID3, but not named in the Vanguard list. Ukwala could not be located yet."},{"name":"Nzam","lga":"anambra-anambra-west","lgaName":"Anambra West","state":"Anambra","point":[6.702,6.472],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Etakolo"},{"name":"Odobo"},{"name":"Enekpa"},{"name":"Echa"},{"name":"Okpoliba","point":[6.724,6.452]},{"name":"Urubi","point":[6.725,6.447]},{"name":"Igeja","point":[6.729,6.45]},{"name":"Uda"}],"markers":[{"lga":"anambra-anambra-west","point":[6.702,6.472]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The headquarters of Anambra West. In 2021 its Igala speaking people protested their marginalisation “in their ancestral land”.","refs":[37],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"A riverine town where most people farm or fish, growing yam, cassava, maize and rice.","refs":[38],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[37,39,36,40,38],"confidence":"high","note":"The LGA headquarters. The Nigerian Tribune (2021) calls Nzam an Igala speaking community, whose people protested marginalisation \"in their ancestral land\". Residents speak Igala and Igbo. One local history site (Nnewi City, 2025) describes Nzam as Igbo by identity with strong Igala ties."},{"name":"Ogurugu","lga":"enugu-uzo-uwani","lgaName":"Uzo-Uwani","state":"Enugu","point":[6.951,6.787],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"enugu-uzo-uwani","point":[6.951,6.787]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded by Igala from Idah centuries ago. Its legendary figure Onoja Oboni is credited with building the old walls still visible today; a yearly festival is held at his grave, which women may not enter.","refs":[19],"confidence":"medium"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Fishing and river trade with Kogi across the Imabolo, and rice and yam farming.","refs":[19],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[19,5,15],"confidence":"high","note":"Daily Trust (2022) calls it a community where Igala is still widely spoken. The geolinguistic survey (2018) names it too."},{"name":"Igga","lga":"enugu-uzo-uwani","lgaName":"Uzo-Uwani","state":"Enugu","point":[6.95,6.72],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"enugu-uzo-uwani","point":[6.95,6.72]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"One of the riverbank Igala communities of Enugu founded from Idah. Enugu’s Igala rulers receive their staff of office from the Attah at Idah.","refs":[19,41],"confidence":"medium"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Fishing and trade across the river with Kogi.","refs":[19],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[19,18,15],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Asaba (Uzo-Uwani)","lga":"enugu-uzo-uwani","lgaName":"Uzo-Uwani","state":"Enugu","point":[6.984,6.725],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"enugu-uzo-uwani","point":[6.984,6.725]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[18,15],"confidence":"medium","note":"Not the Delta State capital. Part of the Igala speaking Igga/Asaba ward."},{"name":"Ojjor","lga":"enugu-uzo-uwani","lgaName":"Uzo-Uwani","state":"Enugu","point":[6.944,6.749],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Ojjor Iga","point":[6.944,6.748]},{"name":"Okogbu Ojor Ogboli","point":[6.967,6.732]}],"markers":[{"lga":"enugu-uzo-uwani","point":[6.944,6.749]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Faces the Igala communities of Kogi across the Imaboro river. Its ruler: “Igala is our mother tongue, but we are from Enugu State.”","refs":[42],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Fishing and trade across the river with Kogi.","refs":[19],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[19,15],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ette (Etteh, Eteh)","lga":"enugu-igbo-eze-north","lgaName":"Igbo-Eze North","state":"Enugu","point":[7.4691,7.0775],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Ebiega Ette","point":[7.4691,7.0775]},{"name":"Achanya (Emachanya Ette)","point":[7.3484,7.1479],"lga":"kogi-olamaboro"},{"name":"Onodaba (Aionodaba Ette)","point":[7.3324,7.1434],"lga":"kogi-olamaboro"},{"name":"Ijekpe Ette","point":[7.3933,7.1156],"lga":"kogi-olamaboro"}],"markers":[{"lga":"enugu-igbo-eze-north","point":[7.4691,7.0775]},{"lga":"kogi-olamaboro","point":[7.3484,7.1479]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"kogi-olamaboro","name":"Olamaboro","state":"Kogi"}],"history":{"text":"Eteh is a border clan of nine villages (Achanya, Ochigide, Aishi, Ebe, Emenebe or Ayinebe, Ijekpe, Ogilliama, Ogodo and Onodaba) on both sides of the Enugu and Kogi line, in Igbo-Eze North and Olamaboro. Its ruler, the Onu-Oda Adogo, is an Igala king. Tradition says Enwenwowo, a descendant of a son of the Attah, went to Idah and received the staff and title of Onu-Oda, and every Onu-Oda since has gone to Idah to be confirmed by the Attah. Most of the people claim Igala origin; Idoma and later Igbo settlers joined them.","refs":[31,32],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[28,29,30,31,32],"confidence":"high","note":"Ette is ruled by an Igala king, the Onu-Oda, who is confirmed by the Attah at Idah. Its people are mostly Igala and Idoma; Igbo settlement there is small. Egenti (2015) finds Idoma the most used language, then Igala, then Igbo."}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-igala","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Igala (igal1242)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/igal1242","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-igala-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igala people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igala_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"boston-1968","citation":"Boston, J. S. (1968). The Igala Kingdom. Oxford University Press for the Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, Ibadan","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"negedu-2014","citation":"Negedu, I. A. (2014). The Igala traditional religious belief system: Between monotheism and polytheism. Ogirisi: A New Journal of African Studies 10(1)","url":"https://doi.org/10.4314/og.v10i1.7","checked":false},{"n":5,"id":"obinaju-anyanwu-2018","citation":"Obinaju, Nwabueze; Anyanwu, Ogbonna. (2018). A Geolinguistic Survey of the South East Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/30/27/25","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"kogireports-2019","citation":"Abdullahi, Ayegba Aduojoh; Onoja, Johnson Baba. (2019). Igala Race Spreads Through 21 States in Nigeria. Kogi Reports","url":"https://kogireports.com/igala-race-spreads-through-21-states-in-nigeria/","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"owner-2026-10-11-ajaokuta","citation":"Direction from the HistoNaija owner: Ajaokuta is Ebira land; the Igala live in the riverside communities along the Niger, as they still do","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"kogireports-2020-deed","citation":"(2020). Deed of Cession: Attah Igala Sold Lands in Lokoja, Others to Queen of England for 700,000 Cowries. Kogi Reports (the deed of 14 September 1841 is held at the Museum of Colonial History, National Commission for Museums and Monuments)","url":"https://kogireports.com/deed-of-cession-attah-igala-sold-lands-in-lokoja-others-to-queen-of-england-for-700000-cowries/","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-niger-expedition-1841","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Niger expedition of 1841","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_expedition_of_1841","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"ibileye-lokoja","citation":"Ibileye, Gbenga. Functional Definition of Roles in Complex Multilingualism: The Example of Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria. Journal of Language Teaching and Research 6(6)","url":"https://www.academypublication.com/issues2/jltr/vol06/06/04.pdf","checked":true},{"n":12,"id":"owner-2026-10-06-lokoja-fishermen","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: indigenous Igala fishermen lived at Lokoja when the Attah leased the land to the British; no one in Lokoja should be described as settled","checked":true},{"n":13,"id":"owner-2026-10-06-lokoja","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: the Igala population in Lokoja is large; the Igala are historical traders and the largest group in Kogi State","checked":true},{"n":14,"id":"vanguard-2015-igbokaenyi","citation":"(2015). IGBOKAENYI: Philanthropist, Ezeemo remembers the forgotten tribe in Anambra. Vanguard","url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/igbokaenyi-philanthropist-ezeemo-remembers-the-forgotten-tribe-in-anambra/","checked":true},{"n":15,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true},{"n":16,"id":"amali-2023","citation":"Amali, Anthony-Mary Chukwudozie; Bieresnu-Nnabugwu, Makodi. (2023). Political Economy of Autonomous Communities in Southeast Nigeria: A Study of Select Autonomous Communities in Anambra State, 2003 to 2023. Socialscientia 8(3)","url":"https://journals.aphriapub.com/index.php/SS/article/download/2468/2279/3981","checked":true},{"n":17,"id":"owner-2026-10-06","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Anambra West, Ifeku and Ilushi are Igala speaking, and most people in those communities are Igala","checked":true},{"n":18,"id":"vanguard-2026-uzo-uwani","citation":"Igwari, Ako. (2026). A Case for Equity: The Igga/Asaba narrative in Uzo-Uwani’s political journey. Vanguard","url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/04/a-case-for-equity-the-igga-asaba-narrative-in-uzo-uwanis-political-journey/","checked":true},{"n":19,"id":"dailytrust-2022-enugu","citation":"(2022). Igala footprints in Enugu. Daily Trust","url":"https://dailytrust.com/igala-footprints-in-enugu/","checked":true},{"n":20,"id":"wikipedia-ilushi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ilushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilushi","checked":true},{"n":21,"id":"vanguard-2024-ifeku","citation":"Njoku, Benjamin. (2024). Ifeku Island: Unveiling Edo’s hidden gem as Nigeria’s top tourist destination. Vanguard","url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/11/ifeku-island-unveiling-edos-hidden-gem-as-nigerias-top-tourist-destination/","checked":true},{"n":22,"id":"openstreetmap","citation":"OpenStreetMap contributors. OpenStreetMap place data","url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/","checked":true},{"n":23,"id":"owner-2026-10-06-ifeku","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: the Ifeku communities are located in Etsako East and Etsako Central","checked":true},{"n":24,"id":"oshimili-north-lga-history","citation":"Oshimili North Local Government, Delta State. History of Oshimili North Local Government Area","url":"https://oshimilinorthlga.dl.gov.ng/history/","checked":true},{"n":25,"id":"wikipedia-apa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Apa, Benue State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apa,_Benue_State","checked":true},{"n":26,"id":"owner-2026-10-06-benue","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: there are Igala in Benue State, as a minority","checked":true},{"n":27,"id":"wikivoyage-igala","citation":"Wikivoyage contributors. Igala phrasebook (Wikivoyage): Igala is spoken across Kogi, Enugu, Anambra, Delta and Benue states","url":"https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Igala_phrasebook","checked":true},{"n":28,"id":"egenti-2015-ette","citation":"Egenti, Martha Chidimma. (2015). Multilingualism and the Ethnic Identity of the Ette People. Mgbakoigba: Journal of African Studies 4 (abstract read)","url":"https://www.ajol.info/index.php/mjas/article/view/118497","checked":true},{"n":29,"id":"wikipedia-igbo-eze-north","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igbo Eze North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Eze_North","checked":true},{"n":30,"id":"owner-2026-10-06-ette","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Ette (Etteh) in Igbo-Eze North speaks Igala, and some of its people speak Idoma","checked":true},{"n":31,"id":"chukwudi-opone-2024-eteh","citation":"Chukwudi, Usman; Opone, Paul Oshagwu. (2024). Eteh in Pre-Colonial Nigeria: Origin and Social History. Abraka Journal of Humanities, Law & Social Sciences 1 (1): 21-30","url":"https://gagdm.com/index.php/AJHLSSFOADELSU/article/download/20/17","checked":true},{"n":32,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-ette","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Etteh is ruled by an Igala king, its people are mostly Igala and Idoma, and Igbo settlement there is small","checked":true},{"n":33,"id":"wikipedia-unuedegor","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Unuedegor (sections, founding from Egor, Igala settlers from Idah at Ojuwo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unuedegor","checked":true},{"n":34,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-ojuwo","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Unuedegor, and its Ojuwo section in particular, has a historical and resident population of Igala origin","checked":true},{"n":35,"id":"wikipedia-anambra-west","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Anambra West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anambra_West","checked":true},{"n":36,"id":"x-middlebeltabi-2024","citation":"(2024). Post listing the Igala towns of Anambra West LGA (X, @middlebeltabi)","url":"https://x.com/middlebeltabi/status/1797204710597791833","checked":true},{"n":37,"id":"tribune-2021-nzam","citation":"Adeoye, Faith. (2021). Igala-speaking community protests marginalisation in Anambra. Nigerian Tribune","url":"https://tribuneonlineng.com/igala-speaking-community-protests-marginalisation-in-anambra/","checked":true},{"n":38,"id":"wikipedia-nzam","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nzam (Wikipedia; its People and language section was rewritten on 2026-10-06 without a citation, so it is used only for the village list and location)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzam","checked":true},{"n":39,"id":"owner-2026-10-06-nzam","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Nzam, headquarters of Anambra West, is home to indigenous Igala speakers","checked":true},{"n":40,"id":"nnewicity-2025-nzam","citation":"(2025). Nzam Town: history, culture, festival and lifestyle in Anambra State. Nnewi City","url":"https://nnewicity.com/nzam-town-history-culture-festival-and-lifestyle-in-anambra-state/","checked":true},{"n":41,"id":"dailytrust-2017-enugu","citation":"Adibe, Tony. (2017). 500 Years Of Igalas In Enugu. Daily Trust","url":"https://dailytrust.com/500-years-of-igalas-in-enugu/","checked":true},{"n":42,"id":"whistler-2020-ojjor","citation":"(2020). Why Igala People Speak Igbo Fluently, Enugu Traditional Ruler (interview with HRH Igwe Emmanuel Emeka Umunna of Ojjor). The Whistler","url":"https://thewhistler.ng/why-igala-people-speak-igbo-fluently-enugu-traditional-ruler/","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The Kogi LGA list is now confirmed by Omachonu and Dalhatu (2018), which lists Igala in nine Kogi LGAs (including Bassa) and notes it is also spoken in Ajaokuta and Lokoja.","Not yet mapped, needs a source that Igala is SPOKEN there today (not only an origin tradition): Toto and Doma LGAs in Nasarawa (Umaisha, Panda). In Benue, Apa is now mapped as a minority area; the Benue towns in Kogi Reports (Otukpo, Otukpa, Agila, Ajomachi, Alifati) are Idoma speaking, and the Igala living in Makurdi (Daily Trust, 2026) are town residents rather than a distinct community, so neither is on the map.","Kogi Reports (2019) also lists many places with Igala origin traditions (for example Illah, Okpanam and Asaba in Delta, Agenebode and Anegbette in Edo, Nsukka towns in Enugu, Wukari, Ibadan). These are origin claims, not Igala speaking communities, so they are not on the map.","Odomagwu (Olumbanasa) and Ukwala (Anambra West) could not be located in GRID3 or OpenStreetMap.","Vanguard (2024) counts eleven Ifeku communities; only seven are located.","Igala speaking towns inside the mixed Kogi LGAs (Bassa, Ajaokuta, Lokoja) are not yet mapped as points.","Boston 1968 and Negedu 2014 are cited through Wikipedia and have not been checked directly.","Ogbadibo (Benue): asked about by the owner. Sources describe it as Idoma speaking, with Igala origin traditions (Owukpa founded from Ankpa); no source yet names an Igala speaking village there, so it is not on the Igala map. Add it if a source or the owner names such villages.","Umuebu (Ukwuani, Delta): Wikipedia’s Anioma article names an Igala minority there, but the owner reports Umuebu no longer speaks Igala; it is not mapped as an Igala speaking community.","Ette (Eteh): Chukwudi and Opone (2024) list nine villages. Achanya, Onodaba and Ijekpe were found in GRID3 in Olamaboro; Ochigide, Aishi, Ebe, Emenebe (Ayinebe), Ogilliama and Ogodo were not located. GRID3 also has \"Japan Ette\" in Olamaboro, which is not on their list. The same paper records a local Igbo account that calls Eteh wholly Igbo; it is noted but not followed, since the owner and the paper's other informants say Igala and Idoma are the majority. GRID3 also puts Umuogbu Agu, Umuagama and Imufu in the Ette wards; their names are Igbo, and since Igbo settlement in Ette is small they are not drawn as Ette villages.","Unuedegor (Ojuwo), Etsako East: Wikipedia records Igala settlers from Idah founding the Ojuwo section, and the owner says an Igala population lives there today. Wikipedia describes Ojuwo as uninhabited farmland, and no source yet says Igala is still spoken there, so it is marked disputed. Ask the owner whether Ojuwo speaks Igala today and where in Unuedegor its homes are."],"kingdoms":[{"id":"igala","name":"Igala Kingdom","peak":1750},{"id":"kwararafa","name":"Kwararafa","peak":1650}]},{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo","status":"published","searchAliases":["Ibo","Ndi Igbo","Enuani","Anioma","Ika","Ukwuani"],"language":{"name":"Igbo","iso639_3":"ibo","glottocode":"nucl1417","family":{"name":"Igboid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Igboid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Igbo are one of Nigeria’s three largest peoples, native to Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu and Imo. Igbo is the lingua franca of the South East. Igboid peoples west of the Niger and in Rivers (Anioma, Ika, Ukwuani, Etche, Ogba, Ikwerre) are mapped under their own names, because many of them reject the Igbo label, though others among them, and Igbo organisations, count them as Igbo.","refs":[2,3,4,5,6],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"abia-aba-north","name":"Aba North","state":"Abia","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"abia-aba-south","name":"Aba South","state":"Abia","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"abia-arochukwu","name":"Arochukwu","state":"Abia","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"abia-bende","name":"Bende","state":"Abia","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"abia-ikwuano","name":"Ikwuano","state":"Abia","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"abia-isiala-ngwa-north","name":"Isiala-Ngwa North","state":"Abia","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"abia-isiala-ngwa-south","name":"Isiala-Ngwa South","state":"Abia","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"abia-isuikwuato","name":"Isuikwuato","state":"Abia","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"abia-obi-nwga","name":"Obi Nwga","state":"Abia","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"abia-ohafia","name":"Ohafia","state":"Abia","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"abia-osisioma-ngwa","name":"Osisioma Ngwa","state":"Abia","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"abia-ugwunagbo","name":"Ugwunagbo","state":"Abia","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"abia-ukwa-east","name":"Ukwa East","state":"Abia","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"abia-ukwa-west","name":"Ukwa West","state":"Abia","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"abia-umu-nneochi","name":"Umu-Nneochi","state":"Abia","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"abia-umuahia-north","name":"Umuahia North","state":"Abia","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"abia-umuahia-south","name":"Umuahia South","state":"Abia","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"ebonyi-abakaliki","name":"Abakaliki","state":"Ebonyi","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"ebonyi-afikpo-north","name":"Afikpo North","state":"Ebonyi","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"ebonyi-afikpo-south","name":"Afikpo South","state":"Ebonyi","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"ebonyi-ebonyi","name":"Ebonyi","state":"Ebonyi","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"ebonyi-ezza-north","name":"Ezza 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Mbano","state":"Imo","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"imo-isu","name":"Isu","state":"Imo","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"imo-mbatoli","name":"Mbatoli","state":"Imo","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"imo-ngor-okpala","name":"Ngor-Okpala","state":"Imo","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"imo-njaba","name":"Njaba","state":"Imo","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"imo-nkwerre","name":"Nkwerre","state":"Imo","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"imo-nwangele","name":"Nwangele","state":"Imo","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"imo-obowo","name":"Obowo","state":"Imo","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"imo-oguta","name":"Oguta","state":"Imo","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"imo-ohaji-egbema","name":"Ohaji/Egbema","state":"Imo","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high","note":"The Ohaji half of the LGA; the Egbema half is mapped under Egbema."},{"lga":"imo-okigwe","name":"Okigwe","state":"Imo","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"imo-onuimo","name":"Onuimo","state":"Imo","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"imo-orlu","name":"Orlu","state":"Imo","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"imo-orsu","name":"Orsu","state":"Imo","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"imo-oru-east","name":"Oru East","state":"Imo","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"imo-oru-west","name":"Oru West","state":"Imo","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"imo-owerri-municipal","name":"Owerri Municipal","state":"Imo","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"imo-owerri-north","name":"Owerri North","state":"Imo","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"imo-owerri-west","name":"Owerri 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North","state":"Anambra","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"anambra-nnewi-south","name":"Nnewi South","state":"Anambra","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"anambra-ogbaru","name":"Ogbaru","state":"Anambra","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"anambra-onitsha-north","name":"Onitsha North","state":"Anambra","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"anambra-onitsha-south","name":"Onitsha South","state":"Anambra","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"anambra-orumba-north","name":"Orumba North","state":"Anambra","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"anambra-orumba-south","name":"Orumba South","state":"Anambra","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"anambra-oyi","name":"Oyi","state":"Anambra","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"enugu-aninri","name":"Aninri","state":"Enugu","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"enugu-awgu","name":"Awgu","state":"Enugu","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"enugu-enugu-east","name":"Enugu East","state":"Enugu","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"enugu-enugu-north","name":"Enugu North","state":"Enugu","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"enugu-enugu-south","name":"Enugu South","state":"Enugu","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"enugu-ezeagu","name":"Ezeagu","state":"Enugu","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"enugu-igbo-etiti","name":"Igbo-Etiti","state":"Enugu","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"enugu-igbo-eze-north","name":"Igbo-Eze North","state":"Enugu","presence":"core","refs":[2,3,8,9,10],"confidence":"high","note":"A homeland shared with the Igala and Idoma: Enugu-Ezike is Igbo, while Ette, the LGA’s other town, is ruled by an Igala king and is mostly Igala and Idoma. Drawn in stripes."},{"lga":"enugu-igbo-eze-south","name":"Igbo-Eze-South","state":"Enugu","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"enugu-isi-uzo","name":"Isi-Uzo","state":"Enugu","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"enugu-nkanu-east","name":"Nkanu East","state":"Enugu","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"enugu-nkanu-west","name":"Nkanu West","state":"Enugu","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"enugu-nsukka","name":"Nsukka","state":"Enugu","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"enugu-oji-river","name":"Oji-River","state":"Enugu","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"enugu-udenu","name":"Udenu","state":"Enugu","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"enugu-udi","name":"Udi","state":"Enugu","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"enugu-uzo-uwani","name":"Uzo-Uwani","state":"Enugu","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"rivers-oyigbo","name":"Oyigbo","state":"Rivers","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"disputed","note":"The Asa and Ndoki of Oyigbo are claimed as Igbo by the Indigenous Igbo Council; their own view was not found."},{"lga":"benue-ado","name":"Ado","state":"Benue","presence":"minority","refs":[11,12],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-obi","name":"Obi","state":"Benue","presence":"minority","refs":[11,12],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-oju","name":"Oju","state":"Benue","presence":"minority","refs":[11,12],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Agukwu Nri","lga":"anambra-anaocha","lgaName":"Anaocha","state":"Anambra","point":[6.98,6.15],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"anambra-anaocha","point":[6.98,6.15]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Seat of the Eze Nri, the priest-king whose ritual authority reached across much of Igboland. Nri, a son of Eri, left his father’s camp at Aguleri and founded his own kingdom here; by Idigo’s account of Aguleri, Eri was an Igala warrior from Idah.","refs":[13,14,15,16],"confidence":"disputed"},"refs":[13],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Igbo-Ukwu","lga":"anambra-aguata","lgaName":"Aguata","state":"Anambra","point":[7.0167,6.0167],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Obiuno"},{"name":"Ngo"},{"name":"Ihite"}],"markers":[{"lga":"anambra-aguata","point":[7.0167,6.0167]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Originally called Igbo, a centre of the Nri kingdom from the 8th or 9th century, linked by trade to Gao on the Niger bend and through it to North Africa, and one of the earliest centres of lost-wax bronze casting in Africa.","refs":[17],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[17],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Aguleri","lga":"anambra-anambra-east","lgaName":"Anambra East","state":"Anambra","point":[6.8765,6.3258],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"anambra-anambra-east","point":[6.8765,6.3258]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded by Eri, an Igala warrior who came down from Idah, as Prince M. C. M. Idigo of the Aguleri royal family wrote in The History of Aguleri (1955): Eri came with his followers on a military expedition and made his war camp at Eri-aka, near the meeting of the Ezu and Omambala rivers. Meek (1937) heard the same from the Umueri towns, and Igala elders remember an Attah Eri whose sons left Idah and founded Aguleri. Eri’s sons spread out from here: Agulu stayed and founded Aguleri, and Nri (Menri) went on to found his own kingdom at Agukwu Nri, whose priest-kings still come to sit on Eri’s throne at Aguleri before they are crowned. Its ruling family is the Idigo. Other tellings differ: Nri says Eri came down from the sky, and some Aguleri accounts reverse the story and make Eri’s sons the founders of Igala and Benin.","refs":[15,18,19,20,14,21,22,16],"confidence":"disputed"},"refs":[21],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Anam","lga":"anambra-anambra-west","lgaName":"Anambra West","state":"Anambra","point":[6.8332,6.3336],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Umueze Anam","point":[6.8332,6.3336]},{"name":"Umuem Anam","point":[6.7439,6.3704]},{"name":"Umuenwelum Anam","point":[6.7256,6.3889]},{"name":"Ezi Anam","point":[6.775,6.2119]},{"name":"Umuoba Anam"},{"name":"Mmiata Anam"}],"markers":[{"lga":"anambra-anambra-west","point":[6.8332,6.3336]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"In the Omambala tradition the Anam descend from Ogbe, son of Ajida, a warrior of Idah. Ogbe’s family lived near Ankpa and fled down the Niger through the Ibaji forest when the Apa (Jukun) invaded Igala land; his children Nzam, Anam, Anaku, Ulossi (Ilushi) and Okpanam settled along the way, and the clan is called Anam Ogbe. Over the centuries the Anam took up Igbo, the language they speak today.","refs":[23],"confidence":"disputed"},"refs":[7,23],"confidence":"high","note":"An Igbo-speaking clan on the Omambala (Anambra) river, beside the Igala-speaking Nzam and Olumbanasa. Village points from GRID3."},{"name":"Awka","lga":"anambra-awka-south","lgaName":"Awka South","state":"Anambra","point":[7.0678,6.2069],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"anambra-awka-south","point":[7.0678,6.2069]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"anambra-awka-north","name":"Awka North","state":"Anambra"}],"history":{"text":"One of the oldest settlements in Igboland, at the centre of the Nri civilisation, famous for its blacksmiths. Its earliest settlers were the Ifiteana. Capital of Anambra State since 1991.","refs":[24],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[24],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Onitsha","lga":"anambra-onitsha-north","lgaName":"Onitsha North","state":"Anambra","point":[6.7889,6.1452],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"anambra-onitsha-north","point":[6.7889,6.1452]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"anambra-onitsha-south","name":"Onitsha South","state":"Anambra"}],"history":{"text":"Founded by the people of Ado N'Idu under Eze Chima, who crossed the Niger after war with Benin and drove out the Oze; Chima's son Oraeze became the first Obi.","refs":[25],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[25],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Nnewi","lga":"anambra-nnewi-north","lgaName":"Nnewi North","state":"Anambra","point":[6.9172,6.0192],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Otolo"},{"name":"Uruagu"},{"name":"Umudim"},{"name":"Nnewichi"}],"markers":[{"lga":"anambra-nnewi-north","point":[6.9172,6.0192]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"anambra-nnewi-south","name":"Nnewi South","state":"Anambra"}],"history":{"text":"Four villages, Otolo, Uruagu, Umudim and Nnewichi. In Nnewi tradition the rabbit (ewi) saved the founders in war. In 1953 it was the largest inland town of the Eastern states; today an industrial city.","refs":[26],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[26],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Owerri","lga":"imo-owerri-municipal","lgaName":"Owerri Municipal","state":"Imo","point":[7.035,5.485],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"imo-owerri-municipal","point":[7.035,5.485]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"imo-owerri-north","name":"Owerri North","state":"Imo"},{"lga":"imo-owerri-west","name":"Owerri West","state":"Imo"}],"history":{"text":"Founded in the 14th century by Ekwem Oha. In 1969 it was the last of Biafra's three capitals, after Enugu and Umuahia.","refs":[27],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[27],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Mbaise","lga":"imo-aboh-mbaise","lgaName":"Aboh-Mbaise","state":"Imo","point":[7.26,5.4085],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Agbaja"},{"name":"Ahiara"},{"name":"Ekwereazu"},{"name":"Ezi na Ihite"},{"name":"Oke Uvuru"}],"markers":[{"lga":"imo-aboh-mbaise","point":[7.26,5.4085]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"imo-ahiazu-mbaise","name":"Ahiazu-Mbaise","state":"Imo"},{"lga":"imo-ezinihitte","name":"Ezinihitte","state":"Imo"}],"history":{"text":"Named from its five clans, Agbaja, Ahiara, Ekwereazu, Ezi na Ihite and Oke Uvuru; one of West Africa's most densely settled areas. The British arrived in 1902; after a British traveller was killed by mistake, the 1906 Ahiara Punitive Expedition was sent against the clans.","refs":[28],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[28],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Orlu","lga":"imo-orlu","lgaName":"Orlu","state":"Imo","point":[7.0389,5.7964],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"imo-orlu","point":[7.0389,5.7964]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Regarded as a homeland of the Igbo, speaking the Isuama dialect. During the civil war it was the base of relief agencies.","refs":[29],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[29],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Oguta","lga":"imo-oguta","lgaName":"Oguta","state":"Imo","point":[6.8094,5.7117],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"imo-oguta","point":[6.8094,5.7117]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Oguta-Ameshi, 27 villages on the eastern shore of Oguta Lake; one of the oldest trading and administrative posts of the Royal Niger Company and the colonial government.","refs":[30],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[30],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Okigwe","lga":"imo-okigwe","lgaName":"Okigwe","state":"Imo","point":[7.55,5.483],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Ezinachi"},{"name":"Ikigwu"},{"name":"Otanzu"},{"name":"Umulolo"},{"name":"Ihube"},{"name":"Otan-Chara"}],"markers":[{"lga":"imo-okigwe","point":[7.55,5.483]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Six autonomous communities; several villages carry the name Aro, such as Aro-Okigwe and Aro-Umulolo.","refs":[31],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[31],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Umuahia","lga":"abia-umuahia-north","lgaName":"Umuahia North","state":"Abia","point":[7.4833,5.5333],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Umuopara"},{"name":"Ibeku"},{"name":"Olokoro"},{"name":"Ubakala"},{"name":"Ohuhu"}],"markers":[{"lga":"abia-umuahia-north","point":[7.4833,5.5333]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"abia-umuahia-south","name":"Umuahia South","state":"Abia"}],"history":{"text":"From Ama Ahia, “market place”: a central market of the region before colonial rule, later a railway town and Biafra's second capital.","refs":[32,27],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[32],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ngwa","lga":"abia-isiala-ngwa-north","lgaName":"Isiala-Ngwa North","state":"Abia","point":[7.419,5.384],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"abia-isiala-ngwa-north","point":[7.419,5.384]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"abia-isiala-ngwa-south","name":"Isiala-Ngwa South","state":"Abia"},{"lga":"abia-osisioma-ngwa","name":"Osisioma Ngwa","state":"Abia"}],"history":{"text":"The largest Igbo subgroup, between the Imo River and the Annang and Ibibio. Part of the Isuama of the Orlu area, their founders migrated south through Ezinihitte to the Imo River. The Okonko and Ekpe societies kept the law.","refs":[33],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[33],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ohafia","lga":"abia-ohafia","lgaName":"Ohafia","state":"Abia","point":[7.8333,5.6167],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Elu"},{"name":"Ebem"},{"name":"Amaekpu"},{"name":"Asaga"},{"name":"Akanu"},{"name":"Isiugwu"}],"markers":[{"lga":"abia-ohafia","point":[7.8333,5.6167]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"26 villages around Elu, the ancestral capital. Its ancestors were famed warriors; the leopard cap (okpu agu) and the iri agha war dance keep that tradition.","refs":[34],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[34],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Abiriba","lga":"abia-ohafia","lgaName":"Ohafia","state":"Abia","point":[7.7333,5.7],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Ameke"},{"name":"Amogudu"},{"name":"Agboji"}],"markers":[{"lga":"abia-ohafia","point":[7.7333,5.7]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded in the 14th century by migrants from the Cross River basin who share ancestry with Arochukwu; famous for blacksmithing and iron smelting. Its three villages each have an Eze, and the Eze Ameke is the Enachioken, first among equals.","refs":[35],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[35],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Arochukwu","lga":"abia-arochukwu","lgaName":"Arochukwu","state":"Abia","point":[7.9085,5.3889],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Amannagwu","point":[7.9011,5.3801]},{"name":"Ugwuakuma","point":[7.9122,5.4135]},{"name":"Atani","point":[7.8802,5.39]},{"name":"Isimkpu","point":[7.8851,5.3918]},{"name":"Agbagwu","point":[7.9138,5.3964]},{"name":"Asaga","point":[7.8846,5.3963]},{"name":"Amuvi","point":[7.8736,5.4133]},{"name":"Oror","point":[7.891,5.3864]},{"name":"Ujari","point":[7.8983,5.3786]},{"name":"Amankwu","point":[7.8871,5.3866]},{"name":"Ugwuavor","point":[7.8887,5.3918]},{"name":"Amangwu","point":[7.8859,5.3942]},{"name":"Obinkita","point":[7.8999,5.3901]},{"name":"Amoba","point":[7.8883,5.3871]},{"name":"Ibom","point":[7.8957,5.3831]},{"name":"Amasu","point":[7.8976,5.3757]},{"name":"Utughugwu","point":[7.9037,5.3986]},{"name":"Ugbo"},{"name":"Amukwa"}],"markers":[{"lga":"abia-arochukwu","point":[7.9085,5.3889]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Formed when the Eze Agwu group from Abiriba, the priest Nnachi from Edda and the Akpa from beyond the Cross River joined the Ibom kingdom's prince against his rivals; the three peoples became the Aro.","refs":[36],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[36,37,38],"confidence":"high","note":"The nineteen villages of Arochukwu (Aro News Online, 2018); points from GRID3. Ugbo and Amukwa could not be located."},{"name":"Afikpo (Ehugbo)","lga":"ebonyi-afikpo-north","lgaName":"Afikpo North","state":"Ebonyi","point":[7.95,5.8667],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Itim Ukwu"},{"name":"Ohaisu"},{"name":"Nkpoghoro"},{"name":"Ugwuegu"},{"name":"Ozizza"},{"name":"Unwana"},{"name":"Amasiri"}],"markers":[{"lga":"ebonyi-afikpo-north","point":[7.95,5.8667]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"A centre of old Igbo tradition: its boys are initiated into the Ogo society, and archaeology points to settlement since the Neolithic.","refs":[39],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[39],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Abakaliki","lga":"ebonyi-abakaliki","lgaName":"Abakaliki","state":"Ebonyi","point":[8.1,6.3333],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Izzi"},{"name":"Ezza"},{"name":"Ikwo"}],"markers":[{"lga":"ebonyi-abakaliki","point":[8.1,6.3333]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"A slave-trade centre in the 17th century, raided by the Aro in the 18th. The name also covers the old Abakaliki block of Ohaukwu, Ishielu, Izzi, Ezza and Ikwo.","refs":[40],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[40],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Enugu","lga":"enugu-enugu-north","lgaName":"Enugu North","state":"Enugu","point":[7.489,6.445],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"enugu-enugu-north","point":[7.489,6.445]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"enugu-enugu-east","name":"Enugu East","state":"Enugu"},{"lga":"enugu-enugu-south","name":"Enugu South","state":"Enugu"}],"history":{"text":"A township from 1917 as Enugwu-Ngwo, renamed Enugu in 1928. After striking coal miners were massacred in the Iva Valley in 1949, Enugu became a symbol of resistance to colonial rule.","refs":[41],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[41],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Nsukka","lga":"enugu-nsukka","lgaName":"Nsukka","state":"Enugu","point":[7.3958,6.8567],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Nkpunano"},{"name":"Nru"},{"name":"Ihe-n-Owerre"}],"markers":[{"lga":"enugu-nsukka","point":[7.3958,6.8567]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"By tradition Nsukka, Obukpa and Okpuje were the three sons of Asadu Ideke Arumona, and Nsukka's own sons founded its three quarters, Nkpunano, Nru and Ihe-n-Owerre. Opi, its neighbour, is an archaeological site.","refs":[42],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[42],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Igbo of Sabon Gari, Kano","lga":"kano-fagge","lgaName":"Fagge","state":"Kano","point":[8.5225,12.0385],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kano-fagge","point":[8.5225,12.0385]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"With the railway, British rule brought many traders and workers from the south, mostly Igbo and Yoruba, who settled in the new towns the Hausa called Sabon Gari. The Cantonments Proclamation of 1914 made them separate reservations.","refs":[43],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[43],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-igbo","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Igbo (nucl1417)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nucl1417","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-igbo-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igbo people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"obinaju-anyanwu-2018","citation":"Obinaju, Nwabueze; Anyanwu, Ogbonna. (2018). A Geolinguistic Survey of the South East Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/30/27/25","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"vanguard-2025-anioma-communique","citation":"(2025). Aniocha, Oshimili leaders reject move to place Anioma State in South East (communique signed by Dr Okey Okonta for Njiko Aniocha-Oshimili). Vanguard","url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/aniocha-oshimili-leaders-reject-move-to-place-anioma-state-in-south-east/","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"vanguard-2025-npn","citation":"(2025). NDOKWA-UKWUANI: NPN faults Ned Nwoko over Igbo claim (Ndokwa Professional Network). Vanguard","url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/ndokwa-ukwuani-npn-faults-ned-nwoko-over-igbo-claim/","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"vanguard-2025-rivers-igbo","citation":"(2025). Group says indigenous Igbos in Rivers part of Ndigbo ethnic nationality (Indigenous Igbo Council, Rivers State). Vanguard","url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/02/group-says-indigenous-igbos-in-rivers-part-of-ndigbo-ethnic-nationality/","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"amali-2023","citation":"Amali, Anthony-Mary Chukwudozie; Bieresnu-Nnabugwu, Makodi. (2023). Political Economy of Autonomous Communities in Southeast Nigeria: A Study of Select Autonomous Communities in Anambra State, 2003 to 2023. Socialscientia 8(3)","url":"https://journals.aphriapub.com/index.php/SS/article/download/2468/2279/3981","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-igbo-eze-north","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igbo Eze North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Eze_North","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"chukwudi-opone-2024-eteh","citation":"Chukwudi, Usman; Opone, Paul Oshagwu. (2024). Eteh in Pre-Colonial Nigeria: Origin and Social History. Abraka Journal of Humanities, Law & Social Sciences 1 (1): 21-30","url":"https://gagdm.com/index.php/AJHLSSFOADELSU/article/download/20/17","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-ette","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Etteh is ruled by an Igala king, its people are mostly Igala and Idoma, and Igbo settlement there is small","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"wikipedia-benue-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Benue State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benue_State","checked":true},{"n":12,"id":"wikipedia-ado-benue","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ado, Benue State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ado,_Benue_State","checked":true},{"n":13,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-nri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Nri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri","checked":true},{"n":14,"id":"wikipedia-eri-king","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Eri (king)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eri_(king)","checked":true},{"n":15,"id":"idigo-1955","citation":"M. C. M. Idigo. (1955). The History of Aguleri. Nicholas Printing and Publishing Co., Yaba","checked":false},{"n":16,"id":"owner-2026-10-10-nri","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Eri came from Igala, as Prince M. C. M. Idigo of the Aguleri royal family wrote; Nri, his son, founded his own kingdom","checked":true},{"n":17,"id":"wikipedia-igbo-ukwu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igbo-Ukwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo-Ukwu","checked":true},{"n":18,"id":"meek-1937","citation":"C. K. Meek. (1937). Law and Authority in a Nigerian Tribe: A Study in Indirect Rule. Oxford University Press","checked":false},{"n":19,"id":"adojoh-2024","citation":"Ayegba Abdullahi Adojoh, Izoduwa Amowie Imasuen, Omede Abdul Solomon and Onucheyo Sunday. (2024). Examining the Interwoven Relationship Between Igala, Benin, Ika, Urhobo, Isoko and Ijaw (quotes Idigo 1955, Meek 1937 and Boston 1960 on Eri). International Journal of Trend in Research and Development 11 (1)","url":"https://www.ijtrd.com/papers/IJTRD28300.pdf","checked":true},{"n":20,"id":"dailytrust-2022-igala-enugu","citation":"Daily Trust. (2022). Igala footprints in Enugu","url":"https://dailytrust.com/igala-footprints-in-enugu/","checked":true},{"n":21,"id":"wikipedia-aguleri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Aguleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguleri","checked":true},{"n":22,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-eri","citation":"Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Eri is of Igala origin, according to Prince Michael Idigo of the Aguleri royal family","checked":true},{"n":23,"id":"wikipedia-anaku-town","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Anaku Town (the Ajida–Ogbe genealogy: Ogbe’s children Nzam, Anam, Anaku, Ulossi and Okpanam)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaku_Town","checked":true},{"n":24,"id":"wikipedia-awka","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Awka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awka","checked":true},{"n":25,"id":"wikipedia-onitsha","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Onitsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onitsha","checked":true},{"n":26,"id":"wikipedia-nnewi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nnewi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnewi","checked":true},{"n":27,"id":"wikipedia-owerri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Owerri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owerri","checked":true},{"n":28,"id":"wikipedia-mbaise","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Mbaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbaise","checked":true},{"n":29,"id":"wikipedia-orlu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Orlu, Imo State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlu,_Imo_State","checked":true},{"n":30,"id":"wikipedia-oguta","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Oguta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oguta","checked":true},{"n":31,"id":"wikipedia-okigwe","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Okigwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okigwe","checked":true},{"n":32,"id":"wikipedia-umuahia","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Umuahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuahia","checked":true},{"n":33,"id":"wikipedia-ngwa-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ngwa people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwa_people","checked":true},{"n":34,"id":"wikipedia-ohafia","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ohafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohafia","checked":true},{"n":35,"id":"wikipedia-abiriba","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Abiriba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiriba","checked":true},{"n":36,"id":"wikipedia-arochukwu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Arochukwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arochukwu","checked":true},{"n":37,"id":"aronews-kindreds","citation":"Unity in Diversity: A Great Gain for Arochukwu Kingdom (quoting J. K. Oji, The Kingdom of Arochukwu, on the three kindreds and nineteen villages). Aro News Online","url":"https://www.aronewsonline.com/unity-in-diversity-a-great-gain-for-arochukwu-kingdom/","checked":true},{"n":38,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true},{"n":39,"id":"wikipedia-afikpo-north","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Afikpo North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afikpo_North","checked":true},{"n":40,"id":"wikipedia-abakaliki","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Abakaliki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakaliki","checked":true},{"n":41,"id":"wikipedia-enugu-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Enugu State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enugu_State","checked":true},{"n":42,"id":"wikipedia-nsukka","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nsukka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsukka","checked":true},{"n":43,"id":"wikipedia-sabon-gari","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Sabon Gari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabon_Gari","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Delta (Anioma, Ika, Ukwuani) and Rivers (Etche, Ogba) Igboid peoples now have their own profiles; their Igbo identity is debated (see each profile).","Enugu’s Uzo-Uwani, Igbo-Eze North and Anambra West have Igala and Idoma speaking communities.","Anam (Anambra West): online Anam accounts say a retiring masquerade is said to have “gone back to Idah” (Mmanwụ anavago Idah). It is a good sign of the Igala origin, but the only source found is social media; a written or recorded source would let it go into Anam’s history."],"kingdoms":[{"id":"nri","name":"Nri","peak":1550},{"id":"aro","name":"Aro Confederacy","peak":1800}]},{"id":"igede","name":"Igede","status":"published","searchAliases":["Igede","Egede","Oju","Obi"],"language":{"name":"Igede","iso639_3":"ige","glottocode":"iged1239","family":{"name":"Idomoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Idomoid"]},"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Igede are native to Oju and Obi LGAs in southern Benue, next to Ebonyi and Cross River. Igede is spoken by about 461,000 people in lower Benue and Cross River. Their tradition traces them to Ora in present-day Edo State, by way of Nsukka.","refs":[3,2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"benue-oju","name":"Oju","state":"Benue","presence":"core","refs":[3,4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-obi","name":"Obi","state":"Benue","presence":"core","refs":[3,4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-ado","name":"Ado","state":"Benue","presence":"significant","refs":[5],"confidence":"high","note":"Shared with the Idoma."},{"lga":"cross-river-ogoja","name":"Ogoja","state":"Cross River","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"cross-river-yala","name":"Yala","state":"Cross River","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"medium","note":"The Igede ward of Yala."}],"communities":[{"name":"Oju","lga":"benue-oju","lgaName":"Oju","state":"Benue","point":[8.4155,6.8415],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-oju","point":[8.4155,6.8415]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"On the southern edge of Benue State. Igede was only brought under British control in 1922, and Ogbuloko Inawo led an Igede rising against the British from 1926 to 1929.","refs":[7],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[8,7],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-igede","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Igede (iged1239)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/iged1239","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-igede-language","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igede language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igede_language","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-igede-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igede people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igede_people","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-ado-benue","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ado, Benue State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ado,_Benue_State","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-cross-river-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Cross River State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_State","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"itodo-2021-idoma-timeline","citation":"Sunny Green Itodo (Idoma Voice). (2021). Timeline of important dates and events in Idoma colonial history","url":"https://idomavoice.com/timeline-of-important-dates-and-events-in-idoma-colonial-history/","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-oju","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Oju, Benue State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oju,_Benue_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Igede is also spoken in Cross River State (probably next to Oju); the LGA is not yet sourced.","No paramount ruler is recorded yet."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"ijaw","name":"Ijaw","status":"published","searchAliases":["Izon","Ijo","Ijaw","Kalabari","Okrika","Nembe","Bonny","Ibani","Arogbo","Apoi"],"language":{"name":"Izon (Ijaw)","iso639_3":"ijc","glottocode":"izon1238","family":{"name":"Ijoid","lineage":["Ijoid","Ijo"]},"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Ijaw (Izon) are the people of the Niger Delta’s creeks and coast, over 4 million strong. Western clans such as Ekeremor, Sagbama, Kolokuma-Opokuma and Arogbo had no central kings; the eastern city-states, Kalabari, Okrika, Bonny and Nembe, had powerful kings and grew rich on the Atlantic trade.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"bayelsa-ekeremor","name":"Ekeremor","state":"Bayelsa","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bayelsa-sagbama","name":"Sagbama","state":"Bayelsa","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bayelsa-kolokuma-opokuma","name":"Kolokuma/Opokuma","state":"Bayelsa","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bayelsa-southern-ijaw","name":"Southern Ijaw","state":"Bayelsa","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bayelsa-brass","name":"Brass","state":"Bayelsa","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bayelsa-nembe","name":"Nembe","state":"Bayelsa","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bayelsa-yenegoa","name":"Yenegoa","state":"Bayelsa","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"delta-bomadi","name":"Bomadi","state":"Delta","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"delta-burutu","name":"Burutu","state":"Delta","presence":"core","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"delta-warri-south-west","name":"Warri South-West","state":"Delta","presence":"significant","refs":[6],"confidence":"high","note":"Shared with the Itsekiri."},{"lga":"delta-warri-north","name":"Warri North","state":"Delta","presence":"significant","refs":[6],"confidence":"high","note":"Shared with the Itsekiri."},{"lga":"delta-patani","name":"Patani","state":"Delta","presence":"significant","refs":[7],"confidence":"medium","note":"Shared with Urhobo communities."},{"lga":"rivers-asari-toru","name":"Asari-Toru","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[8,9],"confidence":"high","note":"The Kalabari kingdom."},{"lga":"rivers-akuku-toru","name":"Akuku Toru","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[8,9],"confidence":"high","note":"The Kalabari kingdom."},{"lga":"rivers-degema","name":"Degema","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[8,9],"confidence":"high","note":"The Kalabari kingdom."},{"lga":"rivers-okrika","name":"Okrika","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"rivers-bonny","name":"Bonny","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"ondo-ese-odo","name":"Ese Odo","state":"Ondo","presence":"core","refs":[10],"confidence":"high","note":"Apoi and Arogbo Ijaw; the only Ijaw LGA in the South West."},{"lga":"rivers-ogu-bolo","name":"Ogu Bolo","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[11],"confidence":"high","note":"Okrika (Kirike) Ijaw."},{"lga":"rivers-opobo-nkoro","name":"Opobo/Nkoro","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[11],"confidence":"high","note":"Ibani (Opobo) Ijaw, with the Nkoroo and Defaka."}],"communities":[{"name":"Ekeremor clan","lga":"bayelsa-ekeremor","lgaName":"Ekeremor","state":"Bayelsa","point":[5.78,5.057],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Aleibiri"},{"name":"Azagbene"},{"name":"Ayamassa"},{"name":"Isampou"},{"name":"Ndoro"},{"name":"Ogbosuwar"},{"name":"Tamogbene"},{"name":"Lalagbene"}],"markers":[{"lga":"bayelsa-ekeremor","point":[5.78,5.057]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Home of the Ekeremor clan of the Ijaw, in thirty-one towns and villages.","refs":[12],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[12,13],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Southern Ijaw (Izon)","lga":"bayelsa-southern-ijaw","lgaName":"Southern Ijaw","state":"Bayelsa","point":[6.08,4.805],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Oporoma","point":[6.08,4.805]},{"name":"Igbomotoro"},{"name":"Peremabiri"},{"name":"Opuama"},{"name":"Eniwari"},{"name":"Angiama"},{"name":"Diebu"},{"name":"Ondewari"},{"name":"Aziama"}],"markers":[{"lga":"bayelsa-southern-ijaw","point":[6.08,4.805]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[14,13],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Twon-Brass","lga":"bayelsa-brass","lgaName":"Brass","state":"Bayelsa","point":[6.24,4.31],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"bayelsa-brass","point":[6.24,4.31]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"A traditional fishing town of the Nembe Ijaw on Brass Island. Brass and Nembe sent war canoes into the interior to capture slaves, and the palm-oil trade moved here by 1856.","refs":[15,16],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Fishing, net-making, canoe building, and farming oil palm, plantain and sugarcane.","refs":[15],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[15,16],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-ijaw","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Izon (izon1238)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/izon1238","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ijaw","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ijaw people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijaw_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-bayelsa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bayelsa State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayelsa_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-bomadi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bomadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomadi","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-burutu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Burutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burutu","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-itsekiri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Itsekiri people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsekiri_people","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-urhobo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Urhobo people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhobo_people","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-asari-toru","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Asari-Toru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asari-Toru","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"wikipedia-kalabari","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kalabari tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabari_tribe","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-ese-odo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ese Odo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ese_Odo","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"wikipedia-rivers-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Rivers State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_State","checked":true},{"n":12,"id":"wikipedia-ekeremor","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ekeremor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekeremor","checked":true},{"n":13,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true},{"n":14,"id":"wikipedia-southern-ijaw","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Southern Ijaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ijaw","checked":true},{"n":15,"id":"wikipedia-brass","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Brass, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":16,"id":"wikipedia-nembe-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nembe Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nembe_Kingdom","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Ogbia (Bayelsa), Andoni, Opobo-Nkoro and Ogu-Bolo (Rivers) and the Ijaw of Edo State are not yet mapped.","There is no single Ijaw ruler; the eastern kingdoms (for example the Amanyanabo of Kalabari at Buguma) each have their own."],"kingdoms":[{"id":"bonny","name":"Bonny","peak":1830},{"id":"kalabari","name":"Kalabari","peak":1750},{"id":"nembe","name":"Nembe","peak":1850},{"id":"opobo","name":"Opobo","peak":1880}]},{"id":"ika","name":"Ika","status":"published","searchAliases":["Ika","Agbor","Owa","Umunede","Ika-Igbo"],"language":{"name":"Ika","iso639_3":"ikk","glottocode":"ikaa1238","family":{"name":"Igboid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Igboid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Ika of north-western Delta State, around Agbor, Owa, Umunede and Igbodo, speak Ika, an Igboid language. Wikipedia counts them among the Anioma and western Igbo; the Onu Ika endorsed the 2025 Anioma stand against being placed in the South East, and some Ika identify as a distinct people.","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"delta-ika-north-east","name":"Ika North East","state":"Delta","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"delta-ika-south","name":"Ika South","state":"Delta","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Agbor","lga":"delta-ika-south","lgaName":"Ika South","state":"Delta","point":[6.207,6.268],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Agbor-Obi"},{"name":"Agbor-Alidima"},{"name":"Orogodo"},{"name":"Agbor-Nta"},{"name":"Abavo"},{"name":"Ekuku-Agbor"},{"name":"Idumuoza"},{"name":"Ekwuoma"},{"name":"Oki"},{"name":"Omumu"}],"markers":[{"lga":"delta-ika-south","point":[6.207,6.268]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of Ika South.","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[4,5],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Owa and Ekwuoma","lga":"delta-ika-north-east","lgaName":"Ika North East","state":"Delta","point":[6.198,6.188],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Owa-Oyibu","point":[6.198,6.188]},{"name":"Owa-Alero"},{"name":"Owa-Ekei"},{"name":"Ekwuoma"},{"name":"Mbiri"},{"name":"Umunede"},{"name":"Otolokpo"},{"name":"Ute-Enugu"},{"name":"Ute-Erumu"}],"markers":[{"lga":"delta-ika-north-east","point":[6.198,6.188]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Owa-Oyibu is the headquarters of Ika North East; Ekwuoma is a kingdom under its Ajeh, and Mbiri's ruler is titled Obi.","refs":[6],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[6,5],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-ika","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Ika (ikaa1238)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ikaa1238","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ika-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ika people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"vanguard-2025-anioma-communique","citation":"(2025). Aniocha, Oshimili leaders reject move to place Anioma State in South East (communique signed by Dr Okey Okonta for Njiko Aniocha-Oshimili). Vanguard","url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/aniocha-oshimili-leaders-reject-move-to-place-anioma-state-in-south-east/","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-ika-south","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ika South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika_South","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-ika-north-east","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ika North East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika_North_East","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"ikwerre","name":"Ikwerre","status":"published","searchAliases":["Ikwere","Iwhuruohna","Port Harcourt"],"language":{"name":"Ikwere","iso639_3":"ikw","glottocode":"ikwe1242","family":{"name":"Igboid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Igboid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Ikwerre (Iwhuruọhna) of Rivers State live in Ikwerre, Emohua, Obio-Akpor and Port Harcourt LGAs; Port Harcourt was built on Ikwerre land.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"rivers-ikwerre","name":"Ikwerre","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"rivers-emuoha","name":"Emuoha","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"rivers-obio-akpor","name":"Obio/Akpor","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"rivers-port-harcourt","name":"Port-Harcourt","state":"Rivers","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"high","note":"The state capital, home to people from across Nigeria."}],"communities":[{"name":"Isiokpo","lga":"rivers-ikwerre","lgaName":"Ikwerre","state":"Rivers","point":[6.879,4.977],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Elele"},{"name":"Omagwa"},{"name":"Ipo"},{"name":"Aluu"},{"name":"Omuanwa"},{"name":"Omademe"},{"name":"Ozuaha"},{"name":"Ubima"}],"markers":[{"lga":"rivers-ikwerre","point":[6.879,4.977]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of Ikwerre LGA, known as the ancient kingdom of Ikwerre land.","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[3,4],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Diobu and the Port Harcourt villages","lga":"rivers-port-harcourt","lgaName":"Port-Harcourt","state":"Rivers","point":[7.018,4.7875],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Diobu"},{"name":"Oroworukwo"},{"name":"Oromeruezimgbu"},{"name":"Nkpogu"},{"name":"Rumuomasi"}],"markers":[{"lga":"rivers-port-harcourt","point":[7.018,4.7875]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Ikwerre name for the area is Rebisi. In 1912 the colonial government made the people of Diobu cede their land for Lugard's new port; Oroworukwo, Oromeruezimgbu, Nkpogu and Rumuomasi were later absorbed into the city, and the creeks to the south were Rebisi-Ikwerre fishing grounds.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[5],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-ikwerre","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Ikwere (ikwe1242)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ikwe1242","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ikwerre","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ikwerre people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikwerre_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-ikwerre-lga","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ikwerre, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikwerre,_Rivers","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-port-harcourt","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Port Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Harcourt","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"irigwe","name":"Irigwe","status":"published","searchAliases":["Irigwe","Rigwe","Miango","Nyango"],"language":{"name":"Irigwe","glottocode":"irig1241","family":{"name":"Plateau","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Benue-Congo Plateau"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Irigwe live in Bassa LGA of Plateau State, with their headquarters at Miango, and also in neighbouring Kauru LGA of Kaduna.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"plateau-bassa","name":"Bassa","state":"Plateau","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high","note":"Bassa LGA is shared by many peoples; Irigwe and Rukuba are the largest named."},{"lga":"kaduna-kauru","name":"Kauru","state":"Kaduna","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Miango","lga":"plateau-bassa","lgaName":"Bassa","state":"Plateau","point":[8.681,9.853],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"plateau-bassa","point":[8.681,9.853]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Irigwe headquarters, west of Jos. SIM missionaries founded the Miango Rest Home here in the early 1900s. In September 2017 twenty villagers of Ancha in Miango district were killed in a reprisal attack.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Farming that supplies much of Nigeria with eggs, red pepper, maize, tomatoes, Irish and sweet potatoes, carrots, cabbage, wheat and beans.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[5,2,6],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-irig1241","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Irigwe (irig1241)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/irig1241","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-irigwe-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Irigwe people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irigwe_people","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-plateau-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Plateau State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-kaduna-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kaduna State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna_State","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-miango","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Miango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miango","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"isoko","name":"Isoko","status":"published","searchAliases":["Isoko","Oleh","Ozoro"],"language":{"name":"Isoko","iso639_3":"iso","glottocode":"isok1239","family":{"name":"Edoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Edoid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Isoko of Delta State live in Isoko North (headquarters Ozoro) and Isoko South (headquarters Oleh), in 19 clans. They trace their origins to the Benin Kingdom.","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"delta-isoko-north","name":"Isoko North","state":"Delta","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"delta-isoko-south","name":"Isoko South","state":"Delta","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Isoko South clans","lga":"delta-isoko-south","lgaName":"Isoko South","state":"Delta","point":[6.195,5.447],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Oleh","point":[6.195,5.447]},{"name":"Aviara"},{"name":"Olomoro"},{"name":"Emede"},{"name":"Enhwe"},{"name":"Erowha"},{"name":"Igbide"},{"name":"Irri"},{"name":"Okpolo"},{"name":"Umeh"},{"name":"Uzere"}],"markers":[{"lga":"delta-isoko-south","point":[6.195,5.447]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Eleven communities, each divided into clans, with headquarters at Oleh. The Isoko trace a migration from the Benin kingdom.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[2,4],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ozoro","lga":"delta-isoko-north","lgaName":"Isoko North","state":"Delta","point":[6.227,5.542],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"delta-isoko-north","point":[6.227,5.542]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of Isoko North.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2,4],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-isoko","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Isoko (isok1239)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/isok1239","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-isoko-south","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Isoko South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoko_South","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-isoko-north","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Isoko North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoko_North","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"itsekiri","name":"Itsekiri","status":"published","searchAliases":["Itsekiri","Iwere","Warri","Olu of Warri"],"language":{"name":"Itsekiri","iso639_3":"its","glottocode":"isek1239","family":{"name":"Yoruboid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Defoid","Yoruboid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Itsekiri of western Delta State built the Kingdom of Warri (Iwere) under the Olu of Warri, trading with the Portuguese from the 16th century. Their language is close to the Yoruba of the Ilaje.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Olu of Warri","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"delta-warri-north","name":"Warri North","state":"Delta","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"high","note":"The Itsekiri homeland, shared with Ijaw and Urhobo communities."},{"lga":"delta-warri-south","name":"Warri South","state":"Delta","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"high","note":"The Itsekiri homeland, shared with Ijaw and Urhobo communities."},{"lga":"delta-warri-south-west","name":"Warri South-West","state":"Delta","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"high","note":"The Itsekiri homeland, shared with Ijaw and Urhobo communities."},{"lga":"delta-sapele","name":"Sapele","state":"Delta","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"high","note":"Sapele has a large Itsekiri population."}],"communities":[{"name":"Koko","lga":"delta-warri-north","lgaName":"Warri North","state":"Delta","point":[5.467,6.004],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"delta-warri-north","point":[5.467,6.004]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of Warri North and a sea port; Nana Olomu settled near Koko on his return from exile in 1906.","refs":[3,4],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Fishing, canoe carving, net weaving, hunting, cloth dyeing, trade and farming.","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[3,4],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ode-Itsekiri (Big Warri)","lga":"delta-warri-south-west","lgaName":"Warri South-West","state":"Delta","point":[5.3,5.55],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"delta-warri-south-west","point":[5.3,5.55]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The island capital of the Warri kingdom and still the site of coronations and royal funerals; Ginuwa's successors set up the royal seat here.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[5],"confidence":"medium","note":"Point approximate."},{"name":"Ijala and Okere","lga":"delta-warri-south","lgaName":"Warri South","state":"Delta","point":[5.693,5.538],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Okere","point":[5.74,5.52]}],"markers":[{"lga":"delta-warri-south","point":[5.693,5.538]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Ginuwa died and was buried at Ijala, where later Olus were also buried; Okere was founded by men of a Benin force under Ekpen who could not cross the Warri river and later submitted to the Olu.","refs":[5],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[5,6],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-itsekiri","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Isekiri (isek1239)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/isek1239","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-itsekiri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Itsekiri people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsekiri_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-warri-north","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Warri North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warri_North","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-nana-olomu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nana Olomu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_Olomu","checked":false},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-warri-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Warri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warri_Kingdom","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[{"id":"warri","name":"Kingdom of Warri","peak":1600}]},{"id":"jarawa","name":"Jarawa (Jhar)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Jarawa","Jhar","Jar","Jarawan Kogi","Jarawan Dutse"],"language":{"name":"Jar","glottocode":"jarr1236","family":{"name":"Jarawan (Bantu)","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Bantoid","Southern Bantoid","Jarawan"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Jarawa, who call themselves Jhar, speak a Jarawan Bantu language. They are one of the two predominant peoples of Kanam LGA in Plateau State and a main people of Toro LGA in Bauchi.","refs":[2,3,4,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"plateau-kanam","name":"Kanam","state":"Plateau","presence":"core","refs":[2,4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"bauchi-toro","name":"Toro","state":"Bauchi","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Toro is 'primarily inhabited by members of the Panawa, Jarawa, Izere and Hausa/Fulani ethnic groups'; Fulfulde is the main language of Toro town."}],"communities":[{"name":"Jarawa of Kanam","lga":"plateau-kanam","lgaName":"Kanam","state":"Plateau","point":[9.98,9.469],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"plateau-kanam","point":[9.98,9.469]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Jarawa is spoken in Kanam LGA beside Boghom.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-jarr1236","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Jar (Jarawa) (jarr1236)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jarr1236","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kanam","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kanam, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanam,_Nigeria","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-toro-bauchi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Toro, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toro,_Nigeria","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-plateau-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Plateau State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"jenjo","name":"Jenjo (Dza)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Jenjo","Jen","Dza","Janjo"],"language":{"name":"Dza","glottocode":"dzaa1238","family":{"name":"Adamawa","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","North Volta-Congo","Central Adamawa"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Jenjo speak Dza and live mainly in Karim Lamido LGA, with others in Lau.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"taraba-karim-lamido","name":"Karim Lamido","state":"Taraba","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"taraba-lau","name":"Lau","state":"Taraba","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Jenjo of Karim Lamido","lga":"taraba-karim-lamido","lgaName":"Karim Lamido","state":"Taraba","point":[10.8455,9.202],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"taraba-karim-lamido","point":[10.8455,9.202]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"taraba-lau","name":"Lau","state":"Taraba"}],"refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"name":"Jenjo of Jalingo","lga":"taraba-jalingo","lgaName":"Jalingo","state":"Taraba","point":[11.2875,8.9835],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"taraba-jalingo","point":[11.2875,8.9835]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Jenjo are among the peoples found in significant numbers in Jalingo.","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-dzaa1238","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Dza (Jenjo) (dzaa1238)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dzaa1238","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-karim-lamido","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Karim Lamido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Lamido","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-taraba-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Taraba State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraba_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-jalingo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jalingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalingo","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"jukun","name":"Jukun","status":"published","searchAliases":["Wapa","Wapan","Kwararafa","Aku Uka","Jukun Wukari"],"language":{"name":"Jukun (Wapan)","iso639_3":"juk","glottocode":"wapa1235","family":{"name":"Jukunoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Jukunoid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Jukun are the heirs of Kwararafa, the Benue valley confederacy that once rivalled Kano and Bornu. The Wukari Federation, headed by the Aku Uka, is now their main centre; the Jukun of Wukari, Ibi and Wase call themselves Wapa.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Aku Uka of Wukari","seat":"Wukari","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"taraba-wukari","name":"Wukari","state":"Taraba","presence":"significant","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high","note":"Tiv and Wapan (Jukun) are Wukari’s main indigenous languages."},{"lga":"taraba-ibi","name":"Ibi","state":"Taraba","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"taraba-takum","name":"Takum","state":"Taraba","presence":"minority","refs":[2,4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"taraba-donga","name":"Donga","state":"Taraba","presence":"minority","refs":[2,4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"plateau-wase","name":"Wase","state":"Plateau","presence":"minority","refs":[2,5],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"gombe-akko","name":"Akko","state":"Gombe","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"gombe-shomgom","name":"Shomgom","state":"Gombe","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"nasarawa-awe","name":"Awe","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"nasarawa-obi","name":"Obi","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-makurdi","name":"Makurdi","state":"Benue","presence":"minority","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-guma","name":"Guma","state":"Benue","presence":"minority","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Wukari","lga":"taraba-wukari","lgaName":"Wukari","state":"Taraba","point":[9.768,7.866],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Puje (Kwararafa Area)","point":[9.783,7.869]}],"markers":[{"lga":"taraba-wukari","point":[9.768,7.866]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Seat of the Aku Uka, king of the Jukun, since the court settled here in 1855; heir of Kwararafa. In 1780 the Aku Uka confirmed the Kanuri founder of Lafia as Sarkin Lafia Bare-Bari. The crocodiles of the Marmara pond, said to have guided the Jukun on their migration, are still protected.","refs":[7,8],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[7,8,9],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Biepi (Byepi)","lga":"taraba-ibi","lgaName":"Ibi","state":"Taraba","point":[9.75,8.18],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"taraba-ibi","point":[9.75,8.18]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Api or Biepi, the old capital of Kwararafa near Ibi; the Aku Uka is still crowned here.","refs":[2,10],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2,10],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ibi (Jukun Wanu)","lga":"taraba-ibi","lgaName":"Ibi","state":"Taraba","point":[9.745,8.18],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"taraba-ibi","point":[9.745,8.18]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Home of the Jukun Wanu and Wurbo, mostly fishermen, where the land route from eastern Igboland crossed the Benue. The Royal Niger Company set up a station here in 1883.","refs":[11,12],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Fishing on the Benue; cotton was ginned here from the 1920s.","refs":[11],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[11,2],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Wase Tofa","lga":"plateau-wase","lgaName":"Wase","state":"Plateau","point":[9.919,9.133],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"plateau-wase","point":[9.919,9.133]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Jukun (Wapa) living near Wase befriended the Fulani Giwa when he came in about 1813; Wase Tofa is one of the six Jukun dialects Meek recorded.","refs":[13,2],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[2,13,9],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Pindiga","lga":"gombe-akko","lgaName":"Akko","state":"Gombe","point":[10.953,9.982],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"gombe-akko","point":[10.953,9.982]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"A Jukun town founded, by Kwararafa tradition, by the hunter Gidi-Gidi; it held out against Gombe from 1815 until British rule. Meek counted its speech with Kona and Gwana as one Jukun dialect.","refs":[14,2],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[14,2,9],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Kona","lga":"taraba-jalingo","lgaName":"Jalingo","state":"Taraba","point":[11.329,8.981],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"taraba-jalingo","point":[11.329,8.981]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Jukun of Kona call themselves Jiba; their neighbours call them Kwana. Kona fought Muri emirate through the 19th century and was taken by the Royal Niger Company in 1892.","refs":[2,12],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2,12,9],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Jibu","lga":"taraba-takum","lgaName":"Takum","state":"Taraba","point":[9.98,7.255],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"taraba-takum","point":[9.98,7.255]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"A Jukun town burned by the Royal Niger Company in 1884, 1888 and 1891; Jibu is one of the Jukun dialects.","refs":[12,2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[12,2,9],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Abinsi","lga":"benue-guma","lgaName":"Guma","state":"Benue","point":[8.751,7.754],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-guma","point":[8.751,7.754]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Meek put the western limit of Jukun settlement at Abinsi; its Jukun Wanu stayed politically separate from Wukari in the 1920s.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[2,9],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-jukun","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Wapan (wapa1235)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/wapa1235","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-jukun","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jukun people (West Africa)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukun_people_(West_Africa)","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-wukari","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Wukari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wukari","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-takum","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Takum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takum","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"udosen-2018","citation":"Udosen, Escor E. (2018). Linguistic Survey of Nigerian Languages: A Preliminary Report of the Languages of the North East Geopolitical Zone. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Bauchi, Borno, Gombe and Yobe)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/45/40","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-wukari-federation","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Wukari Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wukari_Federation","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"rulers-org-nigeria-traditional","citation":"Cahoon, Ben. Nigerian traditional polities (ruler lists)","url":"https://www.rulers.org/nigatrad.html","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-kuvyon-ii","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kuvyon II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvyon_II","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"wikipedia-ibi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ibi, Taraba State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibi,_Taraba_State","checked":true},{"n":12,"id":"wikipedia-muri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muri, Taraba State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muri,_Taraba_State","checked":true},{"n":13,"id":"wikipedia-wase","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Wase, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wase,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":14,"id":"wikipedia-pindiga","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Pindiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindiga_Town","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[{"id":"kwararafa","name":"Kwararafa","peak":1650}]},{"id":"kaka","name":"Kaka (Yamba)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Kaka","Yamba","Mbem"],"language":{"name":"Yamba","glottocode":"yamb1251","family":{"name":"Grassfields","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Bantoid","Southern Bantoid","Wide Grassfields"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Kaka, whose language is Yamba (a Grassfields language), are one of the two largest minorities on the Mambilla Plateau, and the second group in Gembu after the Mambila.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"taraba-sardauna","name":"Sardauna","state":"Taraba","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"taraba-gashaka","name":"Gashaka","state":"Taraba","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Kaka of the Mambilla Plateau","lga":"taraba-sardauna","lgaName":"Sardauna","state":"Taraba","point":[11.262,6.812],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"taraba-sardauna","point":[11.262,6.812]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Kaka are one of the largest minorities of the Mambilla Plateau.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-yamb1251","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Yamba (Kaka) (yamb1251)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/yamb1251","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-mambilla-plateau","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Mambilla Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambilla_Plateau","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-taraba-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Taraba State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraba_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"kambari","name":"Kambari","status":"published","searchAliases":["Kambari","Kamberi","Kambarawa","Agadi","Avadi","Baangi","Ashingini","Agaushi","Akimba","Nwanci","Tsishingini","Cishingini","Tsikimba","Auna","Agwara"],"language":{"name":"Kambari languages (Tsishingini, Cishingini, Tsikimba, Baangi and others)","glottocode":"kamb1319","family":{"name":"Kainji","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Kainji"]},"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Kambari (Kamberi) live around Lake Kainji in Niger and Kebbi States, in two language clusters with many dialects: Agadi in Mariga, Avadi and Ashingini in Magama, Baangi in Kontagora, Nwanci around Agwara, and Agaushi (Cishingini) and Akimba (Tsikimba) around Auna, Magama and Yauri. They are farmers. Kambari languages are Kainji languages, related to C'lela and Duka. In Agwara LGA, formerly part of Borgu, the Kambari now hold political power.","refs":[3,2,4],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"niger-magama","name":"Magama","state":"Niger","presence":"core","refs":[3,2,4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"niger-mariga","name":"Mariga","state":"Niger","presence":"core","refs":[3,4],"confidence":"high","note":"The Agadi."},{"lga":"niger-agwara","name":"Agwara","state":"Niger","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high","note":"The Nwanci; 'the Kambari now have political power in Agwara LGA'."},{"lga":"niger-borgu","name":"Borgu","state":"Niger","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high","note":"About 25,000 in 1991, around Wawa and New Bussa (Ashingini), long settled and assimilating to Busa. Predominant in Doko, Doro, Kuruwasa, Kere, Koro, Lubararu, Tamanai, Yangba, Garafini and Gada Oli."},{"lga":"niger-kontagora","name":"Kontagora","state":"Niger","presence":"significant","refs":[3,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"The Baangi."},{"lga":"niger-mashegu","name":"Mashegu","state":"Niger","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Tsikimba is spoken in Mashegu LGA."},{"lga":"kebbi-ngaski","name":"Ngaski","state":"Kebbi","presence":"core","refs":[5,4],"confidence":"high","note":"All but one of the languages Wikipedia lists for Ngaski are Kambari (Cishingini, Tsikimba, Tsishingini, Tsuvadi); the other is Lopa."},{"lga":"kebbi-yauri","name":"Yauri","state":"Kebbi","presence":"core","refs":[3,2],"confidence":"high","note":"Ross Jones: Yauri LGA 'is dominated by the Reshe and Kambari peoples'."}],"communities":[{"name":"Yauri","lga":"kebbi-yauri","lgaName":"Yauri","state":"Kebbi","point":[4.7475,10.8315],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kebbi-yauri","point":[4.7475,10.8315]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Yauri was first settled around 1000–1200 by an eastern group, mainly the Kambari, who drew later migrants with the fertile river land; Songhai briefly invaded it.","refs":[6],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Kontagora","lga":"niger-kontagora","lgaName":"Kontagora","state":"Niger","point":[5.463,10.375],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"niger-kontagora","point":[5.463,10.375]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Umaru Nagwamatse founded Kontagora in 1864 on land conquered from the Kambari; under his son Ibrahim (from 1880) the emirate's slave raids left the country badly under-populated and dotted with abandoned villages.","refs":[7],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[7,8],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-kambaric","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Kambaric, a Central Kainji family (kamb1319)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kamb1319","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kainji-languages","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kainji languages (languages with LGAs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainji_languages","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"ross-jones-borgu","citation":"Jones, Ross. The ethnic groups of present day Borgu (with population estimates for 1997 from the 1991 census and a 1992 language survey)","url":"https://wasc.org.uk/Nigeria%20history%20docs/Borgu%20ethnic%20groups.pdf","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-kimba-language","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kimba language (Tsikimba)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimba_language","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-kebbi-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kebbi State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebbi_State","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-yauri-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Yauri Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yauri_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-kontagora","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kontagora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontagora","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Wikipedia says some Kambari also live in Zamfara State; no LGA named yet.","The Mashegu LGA page of the Niger State Local Government Service Commission lists Kambari first among its peoples; the page was offline when checked."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"kamuku","name":"Kamuku","status":"published","searchAliases":["Kamuku","Kamukawa","Cinda","Regi","Tiyal","Kagara"],"language":{"name":"Kamuku languages","glottocode":"kamu1262","family":{"name":"Kainji","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Kainji"]},"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Kamuku live in the hills of west-central Niger State, mostly in Mariga and Rafi LGAs, with smaller numbers towards Birnin Gwari in Kaduna. Their speech is a cluster of Kainji languages, each lect tied to a particular hill. More than 35,000 people in 1996.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"niger-mariga","name":"Mariga","state":"Niger","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"niger-rafi","name":"Rafi","state":"Niger","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Mariga","lga":"niger-mariga","lgaName":"Mariga","state":"Niger","point":[5.8333,10.7],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Bangi"},{"name":"Igwama"},{"name":"Inkwai"}],"markers":[{"lga":"niger-mariga","point":[5.8333,10.7]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Kamuku are its principal people, and several endangered Kamuku languages are spoken here; Bangi is the headquarters.","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Rafi","lga":"niger-rafi","lgaName":"Rafi","state":"Niger","point":[6.2533,10.1844],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Kagara"},{"name":"Tegina"},{"name":"Pandogari"}],"markers":[{"lga":"niger-rafi","point":[6.2533,10.1844]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[2,4],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-kamuku","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Kamuku, Central Kainji (kamu1262)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kamu1262","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kamuku-languages","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kamuku languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamuku_languages","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-mariga","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Mariga, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariga,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-rafi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Rafi, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafi,_Nigeria","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Amfani (2018) lists Kamuku among Kebbi's languages and Wikipedia lists it for Sokoto, without LGAs."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"kamwe","name":"Kamwe (Higi)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Kamwe","Higi","Hiji","Vecemwe","Michika"],"language":{"name":"Kamwe (Vecemwe)","glottocode":"kamw1239","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Kamwe, formerly called Higi, are the principal people of Michika LGA in northern Adamawa, in the Mandara hills. They speak Vecemwe, a Biu-Mandara (Chadic) language.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"adamawa-michika","name":"Michika","state":"Adamawa","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high","note":"'The principal ethnic group and language in Mwecika (Michika) is the Kamwe people'."}],"communities":[{"name":"Michika (Mwecika)","lga":"adamawa-michika","lgaName":"Michika","state":"Adamawa","point":[13.3833,10.6167],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"adamawa-michika","point":[13.3833,10.6167]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"By oral history founded in the late 15th century by Kwada Kwakaa, a prince and hunter; the name comes from the Kamwe for “the hills where Kwada Kwakaa goes stealthily to hunt”. Across the border lies Rhumsiki in Cameroon.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-kamw1239","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Kamwe (kamw1239)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kamw1239","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-michika","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Michika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michika","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-adamawa-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Adamawa State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"kantana","name":"Kantana (Mama)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Kantana","Mama","Kwarra"],"language":{"name":"Mama","glottocode":"mama1272","family":{"name":"Jarawan (Bantu)","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Bantoid","Southern Bantoid","Jarawan"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Kantana speak Mama, a Jarawan Bantu language, in Wamba LGA of Nasarawa State.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"nasarawa-wamba","name":"Wamba","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"significant","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Kantana of Wamba","lga":"nasarawa-wamba","lgaName":"Wamba","state":"Nasarawa","point":[8.603,8.942],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"nasarawa-wamba","point":[8.603,8.942]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-mama1272","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Mama (Kantana) (mama1272)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mama1272","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-wamba","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Wamba, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamba,_Nigeria","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"kanuri","name":"Kanuri","status":"published","searchAliases":["Beriberi","Barebari","Manga","Kanembu","Yerwa"],"language":{"name":"Kanuri","iso639_3":"knc","glottocode":"cent2050","family":{"name":"Saharan","lineage":["Saharan","Western Saharan"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Kanuri were the core people of the Kanem-Bornu Empire, one of Africa’s longest-lasting states. About 3 million Kanuri speakers live in north-eastern Nigeria, plus about 200,000 who speak the Manga dialect. The Shehu of Borno, at Maiduguri, heads their traditional state.","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Shehu of Borno","seat":"Maiduguri","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"borno-bama","name":"Bama","state":"Borno","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-dikwa","name":"Dikwa","state":"Borno","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-kaga","name":"Kaga","state":"Borno","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-konduga","name":"Konduga","state":"Borno","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-kukawa","name":"Kukawa","state":"Borno","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-mafa","name":"Mafa","state":"Borno","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-maiduguri","name":"Maiduguri","state":"Borno","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-marte","name":"Marte","state":"Borno","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-mobbar","name":"Mobbar","state":"Borno","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-monguno","name":"Monguno","state":"Borno","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-nganzai","name":"Nganzai","state":"Borno","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-guzamala","name":"Guzamala","state":"Borno","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-gubio","name":"Gubio","state":"Borno","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-magumeri","name":"Magumeri","state":"Borno","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-jere","name":"Jere","state":"Borno","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-ngala","name":"Ngala","state":"Borno","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-kala-balge","name":"Kala Balge","state":"Borno","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-abadam","name":"Abadam","state":"Borno","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-chibok","name":"Chibok","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-gwoza","name":"Gwoza","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-damaturu","name":"Damaturu","state":"Yobe","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high","note":"Including Manga, a Kanuri dialect."},{"lga":"yobe-bursari","name":"Bursari","state":"Yobe","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high","note":"Including Manga, a Kanuri dialect."},{"lga":"yobe-geidam","name":"Geidam","state":"Yobe","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high","note":"Including Manga, a Kanuri dialect."},{"lga":"yobe-gujba","name":"Gujba","state":"Yobe","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high","note":"Including Manga, a Kanuri dialect."},{"lga":"yobe-yunusari","name":"Yunusari","state":"Yobe","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high","note":"Including Manga, a Kanuri dialect."},{"lga":"yobe-nguru","name":"Nguru","state":"Yobe","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high","note":"Including Manga, a Kanuri dialect."},{"lga":"yobe-bade","name":"Bade","state":"Yobe","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-jakusko","name":"Jakusko","state":"Yobe","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-karasuwa","name":"Karasuwa","state":"Yobe","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-yusufari","name":"Yusufari","state":"Yobe","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-machina","name":"Machina","state":"Yobe","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-gulani","name":"Gulani","state":"Yobe","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-tarmuwa","name":"Tarmuwa","state":"Yobe","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-fune","name":"Fune","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-potiskum","name":"Potiskum","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"jigawa-biriniwa","name":"Biriniwa","state":"Jigawa","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"jigawa-guri","name":"Guri","state":"Jigawa","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"jigawa-kiri-kasama","name":"Kiri Kasama","state":"Jigawa","presence":"significant","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-alkaleri","name":"Alkaleri","state":"Bauchi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"plateau-wase","name":"Wase","state":"Plateau","presence":"minority","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"nasarawa-lafia","name":"Lafia","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"high","note":"Among Lafia’s original inhabitants."}],"communities":[{"name":"Maiduguri","lga":"borno-maiduguri","lgaName":"Maiduguri","state":"Borno","point":[13.16,11.85],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"borno-maiduguri","point":[13.16,11.85]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded in 1907 as a British military outpost on the seasonal Ngadda river. Its people are mostly Kanuri, with Hausa, Shuwa, Bura, Marghi and Fulani.","refs":[7],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[7],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Kukawa","lga":"borno-kukawa","lgaName":"Kukawa","state":"Borno","point":[13.57,12.93],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"borno-kukawa","point":[13.57,12.93]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded as Kuka by al-Kanemi in 1814, capital of Bornu from 1846, a twin town of 60,000 or more at the end of the road to Tripoli; Rabih burned it in 1893.","refs":[8],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[8],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Dikwa","lga":"borno-dikwa","lgaName":"Dikwa","state":"Borno","point":[13.92,12.03],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"borno-dikwa","point":[13.92,12.03]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Rabih's capital from 1893, then seat of German Borno and today of the Dikwa Emirate of the al-Kanemi line.","refs":[9],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[9],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Birni Ngazargamu","lga":"yobe-geidam","lgaName":"Geidam","state":"Yobe","point":[12.367,13.083],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"yobe-geidam","point":[12.367,13.083]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Capital of Kanem–Bornu from its founding by Mai Ali Gaji in the 15th century until the Fulani took it in 1808; its rampart and red-brick remains are still visible near Geidam.","refs":[10],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[10],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-kanuri","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Central Kanuri (cent2050)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cent2050","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kanuri-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kanuri people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuri_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"udosen-2018","citation":"Udosen, Escor E. (2018). Linguistic Survey of Nigerian Languages: A Preliminary Report of the Languages of the North East Geopolitical Zone. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Bauchi, Borno, Gombe and Yobe)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/45/40","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"amfani-2018","citation":"Amfani, Ahmed. (2018). Revisiting the Linguistic Situation in the North West Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (languages of each state by LGA)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/47/42","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-lafia","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Lafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafia","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-maiduguri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Maiduguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiduguri","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-kukawa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kukawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukawa","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"wikipedia-dikwa-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Dikwa Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikwa_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-ngazargamu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ngazargamu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngazargamu","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[{"id":"kanem-bornu","name":"Kanem-Bornu","peak":1580}]},{"id":"karai-karai","name":"Karai-Karai","status":"published","searchAliases":["Karekare","Kerekere","Karai Karai"],"language":{"name":"Karekare","iso639_3":"kai","glottocode":"kare1348","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Karai-Karai live in the borderlands of Yobe, Bauchi and Gombe, around Nangere, Potiskum and Fika. Estimates of their number run from about 400,000 upwards.","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"yobe-nangere","name":"Nangere","state":"Yobe","presence":"core","refs":[3,2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-potiskum","name":"Potiskum","state":"Yobe","presence":"significant","refs":[3,2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-damaturu","name":"Damaturu","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-fune","name":"Fune","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-fika","name":"Fika","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-gujba","name":"Gujba","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"yobe-gulani","name":"Gulani","state":"Yobe","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-darazo","name":"Darazo","state":"Bauchi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-gamawa","name":"Gamawa","state":"Bauchi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-itas-gadau","name":"Itas/Gadau","state":"Bauchi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-misau","name":"Misau","state":"Bauchi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-zaki","name":"Zaki","state":"Bauchi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-dambam","name":"Dambam","state":"Bauchi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"gombe-nafada","name":"Nafada","state":"Gombe","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"gombe-funakaye","name":"Funakaye","state":"Gombe","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"gombe-dukku","name":"Dukku","state":"Gombe","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Potiskum","lga":"yobe-potiskum","lgaName":"Potiskum","state":"Yobe","point":[11.067,11.717],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"yobe-potiskum","point":[11.067,11.717]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Home of the Karai-Karai, Ngizim and Hausa. The town was organised by the Ngizim, who had subjugated the Karai-Karai; its state was formed in 1809 by the Ngizim chief Mai Bauya.","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[4],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-karekare","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Karekare (kare1348)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kare1348","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-karai-karai","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Karai-Karai people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karai-Karai_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"udosen-2018","citation":"Udosen, Escor E. (2018). Linguistic Survey of Nigerian Languages: A Preliminary Report of the Languages of the North East Geopolitical Zone. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Bauchi, Borno, Gombe and Yobe)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/45/40","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-potiskum","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Potiskum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potiskum","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"karimjo","name":"Karimjo (Kiyu)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Karimjo","Kiyu","Kirim","Shomo","Como Karim"],"language":{"name":"Como Karim","glottocode":"como1258","family":{"name":"Jukunoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Jukunoid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Karimjo, who call themselves Kiyu, live in and around Karim Lamido town in Taraba State and speak a Jukunoid language (about 20,000 speakers).","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"taraba-karim-lamido","name":"Karim Lamido","state":"Taraba","presence":"core","refs":[2,4],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Karim Lamido","lga":"taraba-karim-lamido","lgaName":"Karim Lamido","state":"Taraba","point":[11.198,9.315],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"taraba-karim-lamido","point":[11.198,9.315]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Karimjo (Kiyu) live in and around Karim Lamido town. They and the Wurkun are rivals for the chieftaincy; 16 people died in clashes between them in May 2023.","refs":[2,4],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2,5],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-como1258","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Como Karim (Karimjo) (como1258)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/como1258","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-karim-lamido","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Karim Lamido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Lamido","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-como-karim","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Como Karim language (Karimjo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Como_Karim_language","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"dailytrust-2023-karim-lamido","citation":"Daily Trust. (2023). 16 killed in Taraba chieftaincy tussle (Karimjo and Wurkun). 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Kibaku is a Biu-Mandara (Chadic) language.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"borno-chibok","name":"Chibok","state":"Borno","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high","note":"Udosen: 'Chibok is both a place name and a name for the people who inhabit Chibok Local Government Area'."},{"lga":"borno-askira-uba","name":"Askira Uba","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-damboa","name":"Damboa","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Chibok","lga":"borno-chibok","lgaName":"Chibok","state":"Borno","point":[12.856,10.844],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"borno-chibok","point":[12.856,10.844]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Kibaku are often called Chibok after their town, the headquarters of Chibok LGA.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-ciba1236","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. 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Their mountain communities were once ruled by kings called Təl.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"adamawa-hong","name":"Hong","state":"Adamawa","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Hong and the Kilba hills","lga":"adamawa-hong","lgaName":"Hong","state":"Adamawa","point":[12.927,10.233],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Pella"},{"name":"Gwaja"},{"name":"Kulinyi"},{"name":"Garaha"},{"name":"Bangshika"},{"name":"Gaya"}],"markers":[{"lga":"adamawa-hong","point":[12.927,10.233]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Kilba lived in clan-based mountain communities such as Pella, Gwaja, Hong, Kulinyi, Garaha, Bangshika and the Gaya hills, each under its king of the mountain top.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-kilba","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Huba (huba1236)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/huba1236","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kilba","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kilba people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilba_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"koro","name":"Koro","status":"published","searchAliases":["Koro","Ashe","Koro Wachi","Koro Ala","Koro Myamya","Kagarko"],"language":{"name":"Ashe (Koro Wachi) and other Koro languages","glottocode":"ashe1269","family":{"name":"Plateau","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Benue-Congo Plateau"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Koro are, with the Gbagyi, Hausa and Fulani, one of the dominant peoples of Kagarko LGA in southern Kaduna, under the Koro chiefdom.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"kaduna-kagarko","name":"Kagarko","state":"Kaduna","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-keffi","name":"Keffi","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Koro chiefdom","lga":"kaduna-kagarko","lgaName":"Kagarko","state":"Kaduna","point":[7.7705,9.4755],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kaduna-kagarko","point":[7.7705,9.4755]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"One of the dominant peoples of Kagarko LGA, with the Gbagyi, Hausa and Fulani, under its own chiefdom.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-ashe1269","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Ashe (Koro Wachi) (ashe1269)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ashe1269","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"kagarko-lga","citation":"Kagarko LGA, Kaduna State (official site)","url":"https://kagarkolga.net/","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kaduna-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kaduna State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-nasarawa-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nasarawa State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasarawa_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"kulere","name":"Kulere","status":"published","searchAliases":["Kulere","Tof","Richa"],"language":{"name":"Kulere","glottocode":"kule1247","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Kulere live in Bokkos LGA of Plateau State, under the Saf Ron/Kulere, and in Wamba LGA of Nasarawa.","refs":[2,3,4,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"plateau-bokkos","name":"Bokkos","state":"Plateau","presence":"significant","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-wamba","name":"Wamba","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Kulere of Bokkos","lga":"plateau-bokkos","lgaName":"Bokkos","state":"Plateau","point":[8.9305,9.2125],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"plateau-bokkos","point":[8.9305,9.2125]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Under the Saf Ron/Kulere, paramount ruler of Bokkos.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-kule1247","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Kulere (kule1247)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kule1247","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-bokkos","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bokkos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokkos","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-plateau-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Plateau State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"kuteb","name":"Kuteb","status":"published","searchAliases":["Kutep","Kuteb","Takum"],"language":{"name":"Kutep","iso639_3":"kub","glottocode":"kute1248","family":{"name":"Jukunoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Jukunoid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Kuteb live mostly in Takum and Ussa in southern Taraba, with a few villages in Cameroon. They were ruled by a paramount priest-king, the Kwe Kukwen.","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Kwe Kukwen","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"taraba-takum","name":"Takum","state":"Taraba","presence":"core","refs":[2,4],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"taraba-ussa","name":"Ussa","state":"Taraba","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Takum","lga":"taraba-takum","lgaName":"Takum","state":"Taraba","point":[10.054,7.259],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Tikari"},{"name":"Fadama"},{"name":"Kashimbila"},{"name":"Likam"},{"name":"Lufu"},{"name":"Shibong"},{"name":"Yukuben"}],"markers":[{"lga":"taraba-takum","point":[10.054,7.259]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Takum, cut from Wukari in 1976 and bordering Cameroon; its major peoples are the Kuteb, Ichen, Kpanzon, Tiv, Chamba and Hausa.","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[4,5],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-kuteb","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Kutep (kute1248)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kute1248","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kuteb","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kuteb people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuteb_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-ussa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ussa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ussa","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-takum","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Takum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takum","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"kyenga","name":"Kyenga","status":"published","searchAliases":["Kyenga","Kenga","Tienga","Tyenga"],"language":{"name":"Kyenga","glottocode":"kyen1242","family":{"name":"Mande","lineage":["Mande","Eastern Mande"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Kyenga are a small Eastern Mande people, about 4,000 in Nigeria, living near Illo in Kebbi State, in Boko villages of Kebbi and at Pissa. They were once far more numerous on both banks of the Niger; north of the river most have shifted to Hausa, and in Niger Republic to Zarma.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"kebbi-bagudu","name":"Bagudu","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Villages near Illo: Geshuru, Kasele, Sarufu and Tuni."},{"lga":"niger-agwara","name":"Agwara","state":"Niger","presence":"minority","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"The community at Pissa."}],"communities":[{"name":"Pissa","lga":"niger-agwara","lgaName":"Agwara","state":"Niger","point":[4.591,10.751],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"niger-agwara","point":[4.591,10.751]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Ross Jones places Pissa in Borgu LGA; GRID3 places it in Agwara LGA, carved out of Borgu in 1996. Largely assimilated among the Boko."}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-kyenga","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Kyenga, Kyenga-Shanga branch of Eastern Mande (kyen1242)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kyen1242","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"ross-jones-borgu","citation":"Jones, Ross. The ethnic groups of present day Borgu (with population estimates for 1997 from the 1991 census and a 1992 language survey)","url":"https://wasc.org.uk/Nigeria%20history%20docs/Borgu%20ethnic%20groups.pdf","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Geshuru, Kasele, Sarufu and Tuni are not yet located in GRID3."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"lamang","name":"Lamang (Gwoza)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Lamang","Gwoza","Laamang","Waha"],"language":{"name":"Lamang","glottocode":"lama1288","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Lamang were foothill people of the western Gwoza hills and now live mostly on the plains beside them. Udosen treats Lamang and 'Gwoza' as the same language.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"borno-gwoza","name":"Gwoza","state":"Borno","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Lamang of the western Gwoza foothills","lga":"borno-gwoza","lgaName":"Gwoza","state":"Borno","point":[13.532,11.132],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"borno-gwoza","point":[13.532,11.132]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-lama1288","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Lamang (lama1288)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lama1288","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"udosen-2018","citation":"Udosen, Escor E. (2018). Linguistic Survey of Nigerian Languages: A Preliminary Report of the Languages of the North East Geopolitical Zone. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Bauchi, Borno, Gombe and Yobe)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/45/40","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-borno-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Borno State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borno_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Gwoza's other peoples (Mafa, Guduf, Waha, Wandala, Marghi and more) are not yet mapped separately."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"laru","name":"Laru","status":"published","searchAliases":["Laru","Larawa"],"language":{"name":"Laru","glottocode":"laru1238","family":{"name":"Kainji","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Kainji"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Laru are a small Kainji people, about 5,000, in Borgu LGA, predominant in the villages of Kagogi, Monnai, Lesugbe, Luma, Sansanni and Shagunu. They are assimilating to Busa language and culture.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"niger-borgu","name":"Borgu","state":"Niger","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Kagogi","lga":"niger-borgu","lgaName":"Borgu","state":"Niger","point":[4.4984,9.9182],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"niger-borgu","point":[4.4984,9.9182]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high","note":"Part of Karabonde, near New Bussa."},{"name":"Monnai","lga":"niger-borgu","lgaName":"Borgu","state":"Niger","point":[4.5495,9.8894],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"niger-borgu","point":[4.5495,9.8894]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high","note":"Also home to Busa and Nupe."}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-laru","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Laru (Nigeria), Upper Niger Kainji (laru1238)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/laru1238","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"ross-jones-borgu","citation":"Jones, Ross. The ethnic groups of present day Borgu (with population estimates for 1997 from the 1991 census and a 1992 language survey)","url":"https://wasc.org.uk/Nigeria%20history%20docs/Borgu%20ethnic%20groups.pdf","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Lesugbe, Luma, Sansanni and Shagunu are not yet located in GRID3."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"longuda","name":"Longuda","status":"published","searchAliases":["Longuda","Nunguda","Guyuk"],"language":{"name":"Longuda","glottocode":"long1389","family":{"name":"Adamawa","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","North Volta-Congo","Central Adamawa"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high","note":"Usually counted as an Adamawa language; Glottolog places the Tula-Longuda group under Gur."},"summary":{"text":"The Longuda are the people of Guyuk LGA in Adamawa State, where about four in five homes speak Longuda.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"adamawa-guyuk","name":"Guyuk","state":"Adamawa","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high","note":"'Predominantly Longuda': 81% of homes surveyed. Share from a 2022-23 survey of displaced people quoted by Wikipedia, not a census."},{"lga":"adamawa-mayo-belwa","name":"Mayo-Belwa","state":"Adamawa","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"About 7% of homes surveyed. Share from a 2022-23 survey of displaced people quoted by Wikipedia, not a census."}],"communities":[{"name":"Guyuk","lga":"adamawa-guyuk","lgaName":"Guyuk","state":"Adamawa","point":[11.919,9.848],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"adamawa-guyuk","point":[11.919,9.848]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"About four in five homes in Guyuk LGA speak Longuda; the town lies on the Numan–Biu road and has limestone deposits.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-long1389","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Longuda (long1389)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/long1389","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-guyuk","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Guyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyuk","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-adamawa-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Adamawa State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-mayo-belwa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Mayo-Belwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo-Belwa","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"lopa","name":"Lopa","status":"published","searchAliases":["Lopa","Lupa","Djiri","Kirikjir","Rop"],"language":{"name":"Lopa (Kirikjir)","glottocode":"lopa1238","family":{"name":"Kainji","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Kainji"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Lopa call themselves Djiri and their language Kirikjir. About 5,000 live around Lake Kainji, with Lopa majorities at Amboshidi and Tungan Bori in Borgu LGA and others in Kebbi State. Those in Borgu are assimilating to Busa.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"niger-borgu","name":"Borgu","state":"Niger","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"kebbi-ngaski","name":"Ngaski","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kebbi-yauri","name":"Yauri","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Lopa villages","lga":"niger-borgu","lgaName":"Borgu","state":"Niger","point":[4.161,10.29],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Lopa town (arop)"},{"name":"Gafara"},{"name":"Raishe"},{"name":"Tungan Masu"},{"name":"Bakin Ruwa"},{"name":"Lapar"},{"name":"Ana"}],"markers":[{"lga":"niger-borgu","point":[4.161,10.29]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Ollop is spoken in the main villages of Lopa town, Gafara and Raishe and the smaller villages of Tungan Masu, Bakin Ruwa, Lapar and Ana; Lopa near the Busa have shifted to the Busa language.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[5],"confidence":"medium","note":"The LGA of each village is not given; placed in Borgu LGA by the group's areas."}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-lopa","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Lopa, Upper Niger Kainji (lopa1238)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lopa1238","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"ross-jones-borgu","citation":"Jones, Ross. The ethnic groups of present day Borgu (with population estimates for 1997 from the 1991 census and a 1992 language survey)","url":"https://wasc.org.uk/Nigeria%20history%20docs/Borgu%20ethnic%20groups.pdf","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kainji-languages","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kainji languages (languages with LGAs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainji_languages","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-kebbi-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kebbi State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebbi_State","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-lopa-language","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Lopa language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopa_language","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Amboshidi and Tungan Bori are not yet located in GRID3."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"mada","name":"Mada","status":"published","searchAliases":["Mada","Madda","Akwanga"],"language":{"name":"Mada","iso639_3":"mda","glottocode":"mada1282","family":{"name":"Plateau","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Benue-Congo Plateau"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Mada live in northern Nasarawa State, centred on Akwanga, which is predominantly Mada speaking. Mada is a Plateau language related to Ninzo and Rukuba.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"nasarawa-akwanga","name":"Akwanga","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"nasarawa-keffi","name":"Keffi","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-lafia","name":"Lafia","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-doma","name":"Doma","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-obi","name":"Obi","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kaduna-sanga","name":"Sanga","state":"Kaduna","presence":"core","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"The Ayu and Godogodo chiefdoms are made up of Ninzo and Mada."},{"lga":"nasarawa-kokona","name":"Kokona","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"core","refs":[5],"confidence":"medium","note":"Mada are 'the predominant inhabitants', with the Gwandara."}],"communities":[{"name":"Akwanga","lga":"nasarawa-akwanga","lgaName":"Akwanga","state":"Nasarawa","point":[8.3435,9.0015],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"nasarawa-akwanga","point":[8.3435,9.0015]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Mada centre, predominantly Mada-speaking.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-mada","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Mada (Nigeria) (mada1282)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mada1282","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-akwanga","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Akwanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwanga","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-kaduna-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kaduna State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna_State","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-nasarawa-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nasarawa State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasarawa_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Only Akwanga is confirmed as Mada majority; the share elsewhere is unknown.","No paramount ruler is recorded yet."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"mambila","name":"Mambila","status":"published","searchAliases":["Mambila","Mambilla","Nor","Gembu"],"language":{"name":"Mambila","glottocode":"mamb1312","family":{"name":"Mambiloid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Bantoid","Mambiloid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Mambila are the original and predominant people of the Mambilla Plateau, Sardauna LGA of Taraba State, with more in Cameroon (about 300,000 in Nigeria in 2015). Most people on the plateau speak Mambila as their first language. The largest minorities are the Fulani and the Kaka, who came centuries later.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"taraba-sardauna","name":"Sardauna","state":"Taraba","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Mambilla Plateau (Gembu)","lga":"taraba-sardauna","lgaName":"Sardauna","state":"Taraba","point":[11.262,6.812],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Gembu"}],"markers":[{"lga":"taraba-sardauna","point":[11.262,6.812]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The highest plateau in Nigeria, about 1,600 m, with peaks over 2,000 m such as Chappal Waddi; the Mambila are its original and main people, with Fulani and Kaka minorities. Gembu is its largest town.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-mamb1312","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Mambila (mamb1312)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mamb1312","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-mambilla-plateau","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Mambilla Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambilla_Plateau","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-taraba-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Taraba State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraba_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"marghi","name":"Marghi","status":"published","searchAliases":["Margi","Marghi"],"language":{"name":"Marghi","iso639_3":"mrt","glottocode":"marg1265","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Marghi, about 360,000 people, live in southern Borno and northern Adamawa and speak a Chadic language of the Biu-Mandara branch.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"borno-askira-uba","name":"Askira Uba","state":"Borno","presence":"core","refs":[3,2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-damboa","name":"Damboa","state":"Borno","presence":"significant","refs":[3,2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-konduga","name":"Konduga","state":"Borno","presence":"significant","refs":[3,2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-chibok","name":"Chibok","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-maiduguri","name":"Maiduguri","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-jere","name":"Jere","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"adamawa-madagali","name":"Madagali","state":"Adamawa","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"adamawa-mubi-north","name":"Mubi North","state":"Adamawa","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"adamawa-mubi-south","name":"Mubi South","state":"Adamawa","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"adamawa-hong","name":"Hong","state":"Adamawa","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"adamawa-gombi","name":"Gombi","state":"Adamawa","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Askira and Uba","lga":"borno-askira-uba","lgaName":"Askira Uba","state":"Borno","point":[13.1635,10.7245],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Askira"},{"name":"Uba"},{"name":"Lassa"}],"markers":[{"lga":"borno-askira-uba","point":[13.1635,10.7245]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Predominantly Marghi-speaking (45% in a 2023 survey); Askira, the headquarters, was founded by Muhammadu Mai Maina in 1921, and the LGA has two emirates, Askira and Uba. Lassa, one of its villages, gave its name to the Lassa virus.","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[4],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-marghi","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Marghi Central (marg1265)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/marg1265","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-marghi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Marghi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marghi_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"udosen-2018","citation":"Udosen, Escor E. (2018). Linguistic Survey of Nigerian Languages: A Preliminary Report of the Languages of the North East Geopolitical Zone. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Bauchi, Borno, Gombe and Yobe)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/45/40","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-askira-uba","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Askira/Uba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askira/Uba","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The Marghi article names \"Mubi\" without saying North or South; both are marked."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"mbembe","name":"Mbembe (Cross River)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Mbembe","Okom","Ofat","Obubra"],"language":{"name":"Cross River Mbembe","glottocode":"cros1244","family":{"name":"Upper Cross","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Delta Cross","Upper Cross"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Mbembe of Cross River State live predominantly in Obubra LGA. They are distinct from the Tigon Mbembe of Taraba.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"cross-river-obubra","name":"Obubra","state":"Cross River","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high","note":"'Mbembe are predominantly found in Obubra LGA.'"},{"lga":"cross-river-yala","name":"Yala","state":"Cross River","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Mbembe villages of Obubra","lga":"cross-river-obubra","lgaName":"Obubra","state":"Cross River","point":[8.4265,5.8055],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Ochon"},{"name":"Apiapum"},{"name":"Isabang"},{"name":"Ovunom"},{"name":"Ofodua"},{"name":"Ofat"},{"name":"Onyedama"},{"name":"Iko"}],"markers":[{"lga":"cross-river-obubra","point":[8.4265,5.8055]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Obubra, from Ubibira, its main village on the Cross River, has 98 villages; many of its communities, its article says, grew from settlements founded during wars between communities.","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Which of Obubra's villages are Mbembe-speaking is not checked."}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-cros1244","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Cross River Mbembe (cros1244)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cros1244","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-cross-river-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Cross River State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-obubra","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Obubra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obubra","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Agoi, Isobo and other Obubra peoples are not yet mapped separately."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"mboi","name":"Mboi","status":"published","searchAliases":["Mboi","Mboyi","Banga"],"language":{"name":"Mboi","glottocode":"mboi1246","family":{"name":"Adamawa","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","North Volta-Congo","Central Adamawa"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Mboi are a small Adamawa-speaking people of Song, Fufore and Gombi LGAs, about 19,000 speakers in 1992.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"adamawa-song","name":"Song","state":"Adamawa","presence":"significant","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"adamawa-fufore","name":"Fufore","state":"Adamawa","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Song","lga":"adamawa-song","lgaName":"Song","state":"Adamawa","point":[12.622,9.8215],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Mboi"},{"name":"Dumme"},{"name":"Dirma"},{"name":"Kilange"},{"name":"Funa"},{"name":"Gudu"},{"name":"Hirna"},{"name":"Zumo"}],"markers":[{"lga":"adamawa-song","point":[12.622,9.8215]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Song area council includes a district called Mboi among Song, Dumme, Dirma, Kilange, Funa, Gudu, Hirna, Gari, Waje, Suktu, Zumo, Waltandi and Ditera.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[5],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-mboi1246","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Mboi (mboi1246)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mboi1246","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-adamawa-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Adamawa State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-bena-mboi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bena–Mboi languages (Yungur, Mboi, Lala-Roba with LGAs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bena%E2%80%93Mboi_languages","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-fufore","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Fufore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fufore","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-song","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Song, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song,_Nigeria","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"mbube","name":"Mbube","status":"published","searchAliases":["Mbube","Mbe","Odajie","Ekumtak"],"language":{"name":"Mbe","glottocode":"mbee1249","family":{"name":"Ekoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Bantoid","Ekoid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Mbube are one of the major peoples of Ogoja LGA in Cross River State, in villages such as Odajie, Ekumtak, Idum and Benkpe. Their language, Mbe, is related to the Ekoid languages.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"cross-river-ogoja","name":"Ogoja","state":"Cross River","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Mbube villages","lga":"cross-river-ogoja","lgaName":"Ogoja","state":"Cross River","point":[8.851,6.557],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Igoli","point":[8.851,6.557]},{"name":"Odajie"},{"name":"Ekumtak"},{"name":"Idum"},{"name":"Ojerim"},{"name":"Egbe"},{"name":"Ogberia Ogang"},{"name":"Ogberia Ochoro"},{"name":"Oboso"},{"name":"Benkpe"},{"name":"Edide"},{"name":"Bansan"},{"name":"Aragban"},{"name":"Nkim"}],"markers":[{"lga":"cross-river-ogoja","point":[8.851,6.557]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Mbube is one of the major peoples of Ogoja LGA, with Igoli as the central town.","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[4,5],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-mbee1249","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Mbe (Mbube) (mbee1249)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mbee1249","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"crossriverhub-ogoja","citation":"About Ogoja Local Government (Mbube, Ishibori, Ekajuk)","url":"https://www.crossriverhub.com/about-ogoja-local-government/","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-cross-river-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Cross River State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-ogoja","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ogoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogoja","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The Ishibori (Igoli) of Ogoja are not yet mapped separately."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"mumuye","name":"Mumuye","status":"published","searchAliases":["Mumuye","Zing","Yorro"],"language":{"name":"Mumuye","iso639_3":"mzm","glottocode":"nucl1240","family":{"name":"Adamawa","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","North Volta-Congo","Central Adamawa"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Mumuye are the largest people of Taraba State, known for their tall wooden sculptures and rainmaking traditions.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"taraba-zing","name":"Zing","state":"Taraba","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"taraba-yorro","name":"Yorro","state":"Taraba","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"taraba-jalingo","name":"Jalingo","state":"Taraba","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"taraba-ardo-kola","name":"Ardo-Kola","state":"Taraba","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"taraba-lau","name":"Lau","state":"Taraba","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"taraba-gassol","name":"Gassol","state":"Taraba","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"taraba-bali","name":"Bali","state":"Taraba","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"taraba-gashaka","name":"Gashaka","state":"Taraba","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"adamawa-jada","name":"Jada","state":"Adamawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"adamawa-toungo","name":"Toungo","state":"Adamawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"adamawa-mayo-belwa","name":"Mayo-Belwa","state":"Adamawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"taraba-karim-lamido","name":"Karim Lamido","state":"Taraba","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Zing","lga":"taraba-zing","lgaName":"Zing","state":"Taraba","point":[11.7335,8.893],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Bitako"},{"name":"Bubong"},{"name":"Dinding"},{"name":"Lamma"},{"name":"Monkin"},{"name":"Yakoko"}],"markers":[{"lga":"taraba-zing","point":[11.7335,8.893]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Predominantly Mumuye, in 12 clans.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[5],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-mumuye","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Mumuye (nucl1240)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nucl1240","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-mumuye","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Mumuye people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumuye_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-adamawa-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Adamawa State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-taraba-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Taraba State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraba_State","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-zing","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Zing, Taraba State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zing,_Nigeria","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Wikipedia calls the Mumuye \"predominant\" in all eight LGAs; Gassol, Bali and Gashaka are marked shared until checked."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"mushere","name":"Mushere","status":"published","searchAliases":["Mushere","Mushere Bokkos"],"language":{"name":"Mushere","glottocode":"mush1239","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Mushere are a West Chadic-speaking people of Bokkos LGA, Plateau State.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"plateau-bokkos","name":"Bokkos","state":"Plateau","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Mushere of Bokkos","lga":"plateau-bokkos","lgaName":"Bokkos","state":"Plateau","point":[8.9305,9.2125],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"plateau-bokkos","point":[8.9305,9.2125]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-mush1239","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Mushere (mush1239)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mush1239","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-plateau-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Plateau State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"mwaghavul","name":"Mwaghavul","status":"published","searchAliases":["Sura","Mupun","Mwaghavul"],"language":{"name":"Mwaghavul","iso639_3":"sur","glottocode":"mwag1236","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Mwaghavul live in Mangu and Pankshin on the Plateau and speak a West Chadic language.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"plateau-mangu","name":"Mangu","state":"Plateau","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"plateau-pankshin","name":"Pankshin","state":"Plateau","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Mwaghavul districts (Mangu)","lga":"plateau-mangu","lgaName":"Mangu","state":"Plateau","point":[9.215,9.408],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Panyam","point":[9.215,9.408]},{"name":"Pushit"},{"name":"Kerang"},{"name":"Mangun"},{"name":"Kombun"},{"name":"Ampang West"},{"name":"Mangu"}],"markers":[{"lga":"plateau-mangu","point":[9.215,9.408]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Mwaghavul are the main people of Mangu LGA, in the districts of Panyam, Pushit, Kerang, Mangun, Kombun and Ampang West and the headquarters town, Mangu.","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[3,4],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-mwaghavul","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Mwaghavul (mwag1236)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mwag1236","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-mangu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Mangu, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangu,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"ndoro","name":"Ndoro (Ndola)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Ndoro","Ndola","Ndoola","Baissa"],"language":{"name":"Ndoola","glottocode":"ndoo1241","family":{"name":"Mambiloid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Bantoid","Mambiloid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Ndoro (Ndola) are, with the Tigon, the native people of the woodlands of Kurmi LGA in southern Taraba, with its headquarters at Baissa. They speak Ndoola, a Mambiloid language.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"taraba-kurmi","name":"Kurmi","state":"Taraba","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"taraba-gashaka","name":"Gashaka","state":"Taraba","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"taraba-bali","name":"Bali","state":"Taraba","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Baissa","lga":"taraba-kurmi","lgaName":"Kurmi","state":"Taraba","point":[10.687,7.258],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"taraba-kurmi","point":[10.687,7.258]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of Kurmi LGA, whose woodlands are the homeland of the Ndoro and Tigon.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-ndoo1241","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Ndoola (Ndoro) (ndoo1241)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ndoo1241","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kurmi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kurmi, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmi,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-taraba-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Taraba State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraba_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"ngas","name":"Ngas","status":"published","searchAliases":["Angas","Ngas","Kerang"],"language":{"name":"Ngas","iso639_3":"anc","glottocode":"ngas1240","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Ngas (Angas) live in Pankshin and Kanke on the Plateau and speak a West Chadic language.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"plateau-pankshin","name":"Pankshin","state":"Plateau","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"plateau-kanke","name":"Kanke","state":"Plateau","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-bogoro","name":"Bogoro","state":"Bauchi","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Pankshin","lga":"plateau-pankshin","lgaName":"Pankshin","state":"Plateau","point":[9.407,9.336],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Ampang"},{"name":"Amper"},{"name":"Kabwir"}],"markers":[{"lga":"plateau-pankshin","point":[9.407,9.336]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Predominantly Ngas and Mupun, with Miship, Fier, Tal, Kadung, Pal and Bijim; the Ngas groups settled at Pankshin, Ampang, Amper and Kabwir. Many Pankshin people migrated over a century ago to Shendam, Gindiri, Mangu, Bokkos and further afield for farmland. The Ngas festival Pusdung is held here.","refs":[4,5],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Farming (millet, guinea corn, maize, tomatoes, rice, onions, vegetables) and the Monday market.","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[4,5],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-ngas","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Ngas (ngas1240)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ngas1240","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"udosen-2018","citation":"Udosen, Escor E. (2018). Linguistic Survey of Nigerian Languages: A Preliminary Report of the Languages of the North East Geopolitical Zone. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Bauchi, Borno, Gombe and Yobe)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/45/40","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-pankshin","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Pankshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankshin","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-ngas-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ngas people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngas_people","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"ninzo","name":"Ninzo","status":"published","searchAliases":["Ninzo","Ninzam","Ninzom","Gwantu"],"language":{"name":"Ninzo","glottocode":"ninz1246","family":{"name":"Plateau","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Benue-Congo Plateau"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Ninzo live in Sanga LGA of southern Kaduna, where the Ayu and Godogodo chiefdoms are made up of Ninzo and Mada, and in Wamba and Kokona of Nasarawa.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"kaduna-sanga","name":"Sanga","state":"Kaduna","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-wamba","name":"Wamba","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"significant","refs":[3,4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-kokona","name":"Kokona","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[5],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Fadan Ninzo (Hate)","lga":"kaduna-sanga","lgaName":"Sanga","state":"Kaduna","point":[8.4945,9.261],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kaduna-sanga","point":[8.4945,9.261]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of the Ninzo chiefdom under the Uchu Ninzo, a second-class chief. The speakers of Sambe, a presumed-extinct language of one village, have merged with the Ninzo.","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[6],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-ninz1246","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Ninzo (ninz1246)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ninz1246","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kaduna-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kaduna State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-wamba","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Wamba, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamba,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-nasarawa-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nasarawa State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasarawa_State","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-ninzo-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ninzo people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninzo_people","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"numana","name":"Numana","status":"published","searchAliases":["Numana","Gwantu","Etum Numana"],"language":{"name":"Numana","glottocode":"numa1252","family":{"name":"Plateau","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Benue-Congo Plateau"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Numana have their own chiefdom (the Etum Numana) in Sanga LGA, southern Kaduna.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"kaduna-sanga","name":"Sanga","state":"Kaduna","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Numana chiefdom","lga":"kaduna-sanga","lgaName":"Sanga","state":"Kaduna","point":[8.4945,9.261],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kaduna-sanga","point":[8.4945,9.261]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Numana have their own chiefdom under the Etum Numana in Sanga LGA.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-numa1252","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Numana (numa1252)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/numa1252","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kaduna-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kaduna State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"nupe","name":"Nupe","status":"published","searchAliases":["Nupenci","Anufe","Nyinfe","Tapa","Etsu Nupe","Nupe Tako"],"language":{"name":"Nupe","iso639_3":"nup","glottocode":"nupe1254","family":{"name":"Ebira-Nupoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Ebira-Nupoid"]},"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Nupe are the main people of Niger State, living in the lowlands of the Niger basin from Kainji down to below Baro, and an important minority in Kwara. Their kingdom dates from the 15th century; tradition names its founder Tsoede, an Igala prince. Bida is the seat of the Etsu Nupe.","refs":[3,2,4],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Etsu Nupe","seat":"Bida","refs":[5,4],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"niger-bida","name":"Bida","state":"Niger","presence":"core","refs":[5,6,7],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"niger-agaie","name":"Agaie","state":"Niger","presence":"core","refs":[8,6,7],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"niger-lapai","name":"Lapai","state":"Niger","presence":"core","refs":[9,6,7],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"niger-gbako","name":"Gbako","state":"Niger","presence":"core","refs":[6,7],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"niger-katcha","name":"Katcha","state":"Niger","presence":"core","refs":[6,7],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"niger-edati","name":"Edati","state":"Niger","presence":"core","refs":[6,7],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"niger-mokwa","name":"Mokwa","state":"Niger","presence":"core","refs":[6,7],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"niger-lavun","name":"Lavun","state":"Niger","presence":"core","refs":[10,2,7],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"kwara-edu","name":"Edu","state":"Kwara","presence":"core","refs":[11,7],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"kwara-pategi","name":"Pategi","state":"Kwara","presence":"core","refs":[12,7],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"niger-wushishi","name":"Wushishi","state":"Niger","presence":"significant","refs":[6,7],"confidence":"high","note":"Shared with Gbagyi (Gbari) communities."},{"lga":"niger-chanchaga","name":"Chanchaga","state":"Niger","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"medium","note":"Minna, the state capital, with many peoples."},{"lga":"niger-mariga","name":"Mariga","state":"Niger","presence":"minority","refs":[6],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"niger-mashegu","name":"Mashegu","state":"Niger","presence":"minority","refs":[6,1,7],"confidence":"high","note":"Nupe Tako dialect."},{"lga":"kogi-lokoja","name":"Lokoja","state":"Kogi","presence":"minority","refs":[13],"confidence":"high","note":"The Nupe are among the indigenous peoples of Lokoja."},{"lga":"niger-borgu","name":"Borgu","state":"Niger","presence":"minority","refs":[7],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"fct-gwagwalada","name":"Gwagwalada","state":"Federal Capital Territory","presence":"minority","refs":[7],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"fct-kuje","name":"Kuje","state":"Federal Capital Territory","presence":"minority","refs":[7],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Bida","lga":"niger-bida","lgaName":"Bida","state":"Niger","point":[6.01,9.085],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"niger-bida","point":[6.01,9.085]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"A Bini city-state that became the Nupe capital in 1857, when Dendo's heirs defeated the usurper Umaru Bahaushe there; seat of the Etsu Nupe.","refs":[14],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Famed for brass, glass beads, weaving and smithing; Nadel called its court a “Black Byzantium”.","refs":[15,3],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[14,4],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Nku and Nupeko","lga":"niger-lavun","lgaName":"Lavun","state":"Niger","point":[5.81,8.828],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Nku","point":[5.81,8.828]},{"name":"Nupeko","point":[5.801,8.776]},{"name":"Gbara Village","point":[5.852,8.938]},{"name":"Kutigi","point":[5.595,9.202]}],"markers":[{"lga":"niger-lavun","point":[5.81,8.828]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Tsoede was born at Nku to a Nupe mother and an Igala prince; he ruled first from Nupeko and then from Gbara, among the Bini city-states of the heartland.","refs":[14],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[14,16],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Raba and Mokwa","lga":"niger-mokwa","lgaName":"Mokwa","state":"Niger","point":[5.03,9.211],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Mokwa","point":[5.054,9.295]},{"name":"Jebba","point":[4.807,9.145]}],"markers":[{"lga":"niger-mokwa","point":[5.03,9.211]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Raba was the capital of Majiya II from 1796 and of Mallam Dendo until 1833; the general Yikanko held Mokwa until about 1810.","refs":[14],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[14,16],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Agaie","lga":"niger-agaie","lgaName":"Agaie","state":"Niger","point":[6.32,9.01],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Baro","point":[6.423,8.611]}],"markers":[{"lga":"niger-agaie","point":[6.32,9.01]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Seat of a Nupe emirate founded by the Fulani scholar Malam Baba, who conquered the area in 1822; his son Abdullahi became the first emir in 1832. Baro on the Niger later became a railway port.","refs":[17],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[17,16],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Lapai","lga":"niger-lapai","lgaName":"Lapai","state":"Niger","point":[6.575,9.038],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"niger-lapai","point":[6.575,9.038]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"A Gbari land that Nupe took in the 1790s; Daudu Maza founded the Lapai emirate around 1825–1828.","refs":[18],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[18,16],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Pategi","lga":"kwara-pategi","lgaName":"Pategi","state":"Kwara","point":[5.756,8.733],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Lade","point":[5.617,8.758]}],"markers":[{"lga":"kwara-pategi","point":[5.756,8.733]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Yissazhi, heirs of the old Tsoede line, were given their own emirate at Pategi after 1897; Masaba had his capital at nearby Lade from 1835. The Pategi Regatta on the Niger has been held since 1953.","refs":[12,14],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Farming on the Niger floodplain (cassava, rice, millet, guinea corn), fishing and trade.","refs":[12],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[12,14,16],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Lafiagi and Shonga","lga":"kwara-edu","lgaName":"Edu","state":"Kwara","point":[5.418,8.854],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Shonga","point":[5.151,9.021]}],"markers":[{"lga":"kwara-edu","point":[5.418,8.854]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Seats of two of the Fulani-founded Nupe emirates, alongside Bida, Agaie and Lapai.","refs":[14,19],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[14,16],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Nupe of Lokoja","lga":"kogi-lokoja","lgaName":"Lokoja","state":"Kogi","point":[6.5985,8.043],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kogi-lokoja","point":[6.5985,8.043]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Nupe-speaking people live in Lokoja; Kyadya exiles gathered here after the Ganigan war of 1881–82.","refs":[14,19],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[14],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Eggan","lga":"kogi-lokoja","lgaName":"Lokoja","state":"Kogi","point":[6.246,8.562],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kogi-lokoja","point":[6.246,8.562]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"A Nupe-speaking town on the Niger; in the 1830s it was the seat of Idrisu, one of the shadow Etsus of the old line.","refs":[14],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[14,16],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Shintaku","lga":"kogi-bassa","lgaName":"Bassa","state":"Kogi","point":[6.762,7.722],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kogi-bassa","point":[6.762,7.722]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Named by Sidi among the Nupe-speaking towns of Kogi State.","refs":[14],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[14,16],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Nupe of Koton Karfe","lga":"kogi-kogi","lgaName":"Kogi","state":"Kogi","point":[6.865,8.145],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kogi-kogi","point":[6.865,8.145]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[14],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Nupe of Ajaokuta","lga":"kogi-ajaokuta","lgaName":"Ajaokuta","state":"Kogi","point":[6.567,7.507],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kogi-ajaokuta","point":[6.567,7.507]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[14],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Umaisha and Toto","lga":"nasarawa-toto","lgaName":"Toto","state":"Nasarawa","point":[7.188,8.007],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Shamenge"},{"name":"Gadabuke"}],"markers":[{"lga":"nasarawa-toto","point":[7.188,8.007]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Nupe-speaking communities north of the Benue in Nasarawa State.","refs":[14],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[14,16],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Zuba and Gwagwalada","lga":"fct-gwagwalada","lgaName":"Gwagwalada","state":"Federal Capital Territory","point":[7.216,9.091],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"fct-gwagwalada","point":[7.216,9.091]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[14,16],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Nupe of Abaji","lga":"fct-abaji","lgaName":"Abaji","state":"Federal Capital Territory","point":[6.84,8.9325],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"fct-abaji","point":[6.84,8.9325]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[14],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-nupe","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Nupe-Nupe-Tako (nupe1254)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nupe1254","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-nupe-language","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nupe language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupe_language","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-nupe-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nupe people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupe_people","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-bida-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bida Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bida_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-bida","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bida","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"soluap-2025-niger","citation":"(2025). List of ethnic groups and languages in Niger State by Local Government Area. Soluap","url":"https://soluap.com/list-of-ethnic-groups-and-languages-in-niger-state-by-local-government-area/","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-agaie","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Agaie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaie","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"wikipedia-lapai","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Lapai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapai","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-kutigi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kutigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutigi","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"wikipedia-edu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Edu, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edu,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":12,"id":"wikipedia-pategi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Pategi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pategi","checked":true},{"n":13,"id":"wikipedia-lokoja","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Lokoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokoja","checked":true},{"n":14,"id":"sidi-2023-nupe","citation":"Sidi, Sheshi T. (2023). Political Crisis in Nupe Kingdom of Nigeria, 1800–1857: The Rise and Fall of Mayaki Umaru Bahaushe, the Etsu Nupe That Never Was. African Journal of History and Archaeology 7(1): 8–20","url":"https://www.iiardjournals.org/get/AJHA/VOL.%207%20NO.%201%202023/Political%20Crisis%20in%20Nupe.pdf","checked":true},{"n":15,"id":"nadel-1942","citation":"Nadel, S. F. (1942). A Black Byzantium: The Kingdom of Nupe in Nigeria. Oxford University Press for the International African Institute","checked":false},{"n":16,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true},{"n":17,"id":"wikipedia-agaie-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Agaie Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaie_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":18,"id":"wikipedia-lapai-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Lapai Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapai_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":19,"id":"idrees-1989-bida","citation":"Idrees, Aliyu A. (1989). Collaboration and the British Conquest of Bida in 1897: The Role and Achievement of the Indigenous Interest Groups. African Study Monographs 10(2): 69–82","url":"https://jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/ASM%20%20Vol.10%20No.2%201989/Aliyu%20A.%20IDREES.pdf","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The Bassa-Nge speak Nupe Tako but are mapped as their own people later; the Kakanda and Kupa are related but separate.","Nupe in the FCT and in Kwara beyond Edu and Pategi (for example Lafiagi’s surroundings, Moro) are not yet mapped.","Nupe communities outside Niger and Kwara follow Sidi (2023), who lists Lokoja, Ajaokuta, Shintaku, Koton Karfe, Abaji, Eggan, Budam, Umaisha, Toto, Shamenge, Gadabuke, Gwagwalada and Zuba as Nupe-speaking. Budam, Shamenge and Gadabuke are not located in GRID3.","Nupe communities outside Niger and Kwara follow Sidi (2023), who lists Lokoja, Ajaokuta, Shintaku, Koton Karfe, Abaji, Eggan, Budam, Umaisha, Toto, Shamenge, Gadabuke, Gwagwalada and Zuba as Nupe-speaking. Budam, Shamenge and Gadabuke are not located in GRID3."],"kingdoms":[{"id":"nupe","name":"Nupe Kingdom","peak":1857}]},{"id":"nzanyi","name":"Nzanyi","status":"published","searchAliases":["Nzanyi","Nzangi","Njanyi","Njei","Maiha"],"language":{"name":"Nzanyi","glottocode":"nzan1240","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Nzanyi live in Maiha LGA of Adamawa State, near the Cameroon border. Their language is a Biu-Mandara (Chadic) language.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"adamawa-maiha","name":"Maiha","state":"Adamawa","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Wikipedia's language table names Nzanyi for Maiha. A 2022 survey of displaced people there found mostly Fulfulde speakers."}],"communities":[{"name":"Maiha","lga":"adamawa-maiha","lgaName":"Maiha","state":"Adamawa","point":[13.2181,9.9956],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"adamawa-maiha","point":[13.2181,9.9956]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[3,2],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-nzan1240","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Nzanyi (nzan1240)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nzan1240","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-adamawa-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Adamawa State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-maiha","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Maiha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiha","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"obanliku","name":"Obanliku","status":"published","searchAliases":["Obanliku","Becheve","Bebi","Busi","Sankwala","Obudu Cattle Ranch"],"language":{"name":"Obanliku","glottocode":"oban1244","family":{"name":"Bendi","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Bantoid","Southern Bantoid","Bendi"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Obanliku are the people of Obanliku LGA in the far north-east of Cross River State, home of the Obudu plateau. Their language is Bendi.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"cross-river-obanliku","name":"Obanliku","state":"Cross River","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Sankwala and Bebi","lga":"cross-river-obanliku","lgaName":"Obanliku","state":"Cross River","point":[9.254,6.603],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Bebi","point":[9.268,6.619]}],"markers":[{"lga":"cross-river-obanliku","point":[9.254,6.603]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Obanliku has five dialects, Bisu, Busi, Bishiri, Basang and Bebi; its speakers also learn the neighbouring Bette-Bendi at market.","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[3,4],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-oban1244","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Obanliku (oban1244)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oban1244","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-cross-river-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Cross River State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-obanliku-language","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Obanliku language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obanliku_language","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"obolo","name":"Obolo (Andoni)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Obolo","Andoni","Doni","Ngo"],"language":{"name":"Obolo","glottocode":"obol1243","family":{"name":"Lower Cross","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Delta Cross","Lower Cross"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Obolo, also called Andoni, are a coastal fishing people living on both sides of the Rivers–Akwa Ibom border, in Andoni LGA of Rivers and Eastern Obolo LGA of Akwa Ibom. Eastern Obolo also has the related Iko.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"akwa-ibom-eastern-obolo","name":"Eastern Obolo","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"rivers-andoni","name":"Andoni","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Eastern Obolo","lga":"akwa-ibom-eastern-obolo","lgaName":"Eastern Obolo","state":"Akwa Ibom","point":[7.633,4.518],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Okoroete"},{"name":"Iko"},{"name":"Educwink"},{"name":"Elek-Okpoon"},{"name":"Agan-asa"}],"markers":[{"lga":"akwa-ibom-eastern-obolo","point":[7.633,4.518]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Obolo agan Mbum-ura: sixteen villages in two clans, Okoroete and Iko.","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Fishing: over 65 per cent of the people fish.","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Andoni","lga":"rivers-andoni","lgaName":"Andoni","state":"Rivers","point":[7.401,4.5085],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Ngo"},{"name":"Oyorokoto"},{"name":"Okoroboile"},{"name":"Asarama"},{"name":"Ataba"},{"name":"Unyeada"}],"markers":[{"lga":"rivers-andoni","point":[7.401,4.5085]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Andoni are of Cross River ancestry and belong to the Obolo; Oyorokoto is said to be the biggest fishing port in West Africa.","refs":[5],"confidence":"medium"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Fishing and sea food harvesting.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[5],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-obol1243","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Obolo (obol1243)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/obol1243","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-akwa-ibom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Akwa Ibom State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-rivers-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Rivers State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-eastern-obolo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Eastern Obolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Obolo","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-andoni","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Andoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andoni","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"odual","name":"Odual","status":"published","searchAliases":["Odual","Saka"],"language":{"name":"Odual","glottocode":"odua1238","family":{"name":"Central Delta","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Delta Cross","Central Delta"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Odual share Abua/Odual LGA in Rivers State with the Abua and speak a closely related Central Delta language.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"rivers-abua-odual","name":"Abua/Odual","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Odual and Abua communities","lga":"rivers-abua-odual","lgaName":"Abua/Odual","state":"Rivers","point":[6.6145,4.811],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Abada"},{"name":"Abual"},{"name":"Agada"}],"markers":[{"lga":"rivers-abua-odual","point":[6.6145,4.811]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Abua–Odual LGA, headquartered at Abua Central, is made of kingdoms each with its ruler and at least seven villages.","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-odua1238","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Odual (odua1238)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/odua1238","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-rivers-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Rivers State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-abua-odual","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Abua–Odual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abua–Odual","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"ogba","name":"Ogba","status":"published","searchAliases":["Ogba","Ogbah","Omoku","Egi","Igburu"],"language":{"name":"Ogba","iso639_3":"ogc","glottocode":"ogba1241","family":{"name":"Igboid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Igboid"]},"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Ogba of north-western Rivers State, centred on Omoku, speak Ogba, an Igboid language with two dialects, Egi and Igburu. They are the largest of the three peoples of Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni LGA. Whether they are part of the Igbo nation is contested: the Indigenous Igbo Council of Rivers State says yes, the Rivers Ijaw People’s Congress says no.","refs":[2,3,4],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"rivers-ogba-egbema-ndoni","name":"Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[3,2],"confidence":"high","note":"Ogba hold 12 of the LGA’s wards; Egbema and Ndoni the rest."},{"lga":"rivers-ahoada-east","name":"Ahoada East","state":"Rivers","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium","note":"The Ogba communities of Eligbo and Ukporomini."}],"communities":[{"name":"Omoku","lga":"rivers-ogba-egbema-ndoni","lgaName":"Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni","state":"Rivers","point":[6.655,5.336],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Obagi"},{"name":"Idu"},{"name":"Obosiukwu"},{"name":"Aggah"},{"name":"Egi"}],"markers":[{"lga":"rivers-ogba-egbema-ndoni","point":[6.655,5.336]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni; seat of the Oba of Ogbaland, beside the Nze-Obi of Egbema and the Awor of Ndoni. The Eze Egi of Egi kingdom in Ogbaland has also been raised to first class.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[5,6],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-ogba","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Ogbah (ogba1241)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ogba1241","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ogba-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ogba people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogba_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-oen","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogba%E2%80%93Egbema%E2%80%93Ndoni","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"vanguard-2025-rivers-igbo","citation":"(2025). Group says indigenous Igbos in Rivers part of Ndigbo ethnic nationality (Indigenous Igbo Council, Rivers State). Vanguard","url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/02/group-says-indigenous-igbos-in-rivers-part-of-ndigbo-ethnic-nationality/","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-ogba-egbema-ndoni","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"ogbia","name":"Ogbia","status":"published","searchAliases":["Ogbia","Oloibiri","Otuoke","Kolo","Emeyal","Anyama"],"language":{"name":"Ogbia","glottocode":"ogbi1239","family":{"name":"Central Delta","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Delta Cross","Central Delta"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Ogbia of Ogbia LGA, Bayelsa State, live in towns such as Oloibiri (where Nigeria first struck oil in 1956), Kolo, Emeyal and Otuoke. Wikipedia describes Ogbia as an Ijaw dialect and the Ogbia as part of the Ijaw nation; linguists class Ogbia with Abua and Odual in the Central Delta group, not with Ijaw.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"bayelsa-ogbia","name":"Ogbia","state":"Bayelsa","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Oloibiri","lga":"bayelsa-ogbia","lgaName":"Ogbia","state":"Bayelsa","point":[6.315,4.678],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"bayelsa-ogbia","point":[6.315,4.678]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Where Nigeria first struck oil, in 1956.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Otuoke","lga":"bayelsa-ogbia","lgaName":"Ogbia","state":"Bayelsa","point":[6.317,4.796],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Kolo"},{"name":"Emeyal"}],"markers":[{"lga":"bayelsa-ogbia","point":[6.317,4.796]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-ogbi1239","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Ogbia (ogbi1239)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ogbi1239","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ogbia","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ogbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogbia","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Identity: Ogbia are widely counted as Ijaw politically, while their language is Central Delta, not Ijoid. Both are recorded."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"ogoni","name":"Ogoni","status":"published","searchAliases":["Ogoni","Khana","Gokana","Eleme","Tai","Ogoniland"],"language":{"name":"Khana (Ogoni)","iso639_3":"ogo","glottocode":"khan1278","family":{"name":"Ogonoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Delta Cross","Ogonoid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Ogoni, just over 2 million people, live in Ogoniland east of Port Harcourt, in six kingdoms. Their homeland has suffered heavily from oil spills.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"rivers-khana","name":"Khana","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"rivers-gokana","name":"Gokana","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"rivers-tai","name":"Tai","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"rivers-eleme","name":"Eleme","state":"Rivers","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"rivers-oyigbo","name":"Oyigbo","state":"Rivers","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Wikipedia: \"arguably, but not certain\"."}],"communities":[{"name":"Bori (Khana)","lga":"rivers-khana","lgaName":"Khana","state":"Rivers","point":[7.357,4.702],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"rivers-khana","point":[7.357,4.702]}],"alsoIn":[],"livelihoods":{"text":"Fishing, hunting and farming.","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[3,4],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Gokana kingdom","lga":"rivers-gokana","lgaName":"Gokana","state":"Rivers","point":[7.2875,4.649],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Giokoo"},{"name":"Kpor"},{"name":"Bodo"},{"name":"Bomu"},{"name":"Kegbara Dere"},{"name":"Biara"},{"name":"Deeyor"},{"name":"Lewe"},{"name":"Mogho"},{"name":"Bera"},{"name":"Barako"}],"markers":[{"lga":"rivers-gokana","point":[7.2875,4.649]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Seventeen towns of one common ancestry, each under its own king, under the Gbere Mene of Gokana, whose stool is at the traditional headquarters, Giokoo.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Tai kingdom","lga":"rivers-tai","lgaName":"Tai","state":"Rivers","point":[7.306,4.734],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Korokoro","point":[7.306,4.734]},{"name":"Sakpenwa"},{"name":"Borobara"},{"name":"Botem"},{"name":"Kpite"},{"name":"Gio"},{"name":"Nonwa"}],"markers":[{"lga":"rivers-tai","point":[7.306,4.734]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Tai has two sections, the Tua Tua kingdom and the Barasi Nonwa kingdom, both under the Gbene Mene Tai, whose seat is Korokoro; most people speak the Tee and Baan languages.","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[6,4],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Eleme","lga":"rivers-eleme","lgaName":"Eleme","state":"Rivers","point":[7.147,4.794],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Ogale"},{"name":"Nchia"},{"name":"Odido"}],"markers":[{"lga":"rivers-eleme","point":[7.147,4.794]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Eleme's two districts, Nchia and Odido, are under one crown, the Oneh Eh Eleme; the Eleme language is of the Cross River branch.","refs":[7],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[7],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-ogoni","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Khana (khan1278)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/khan1278","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ogoni","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ogoni people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogoni_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-khana","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Khana, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khana,_Rivers","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-gokana","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gokana, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokana","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-tai-lga","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Tai, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-eleme","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Eleme, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleme,_Rivers","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"oko","name":"Ogori and Magongo (Oko)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Ogori","Magongo","Oko","Osayen","Eni","Ologori","Olu-Magongo"],"language":{"name":"Oko (Ogori) and Osayen (Magongo)","glottocode":"okoe1238","family":{"name":"Oko","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Oko"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The people of Ogori/Magongo LGA in Kogi State speak Oko (Ogori) and Osayen (Magongo), dialects of one Benue-Congo language that has no close relatives. Ogori is ruled by the Ologori and Magongo by the Olu-Magongo. They are known for scholarship.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"kogi-ogori-magongo","name":"Ogori/Magongo","state":"Kogi","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Ogori and Magongo","lga":"kogi-ogori-magongo","lgaName":"Ogori/Magongo","state":"Kogi","point":[6.1615,7.4765],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Akpafa"},{"name":"Ogori"},{"name":"Magongo"}],"markers":[{"lga":"kogi-ogori-magongo","point":[6.1615,7.4765]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The LGA was created from old Okene for the Ogori and Magongo people, with its headquarters at Akpafa; their land runs from Obehira Ebeba to Lampese and on to Ososo in Edo State.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-okoe1238","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Oko-Eni-Osayen (okoe1238)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/okoe1238","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ogori-magongo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ogori/Magongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogori/Magongo","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"okobo","name":"Okobo","status":"published","searchAliases":["Okobo","Okobo Ebughu"],"language":{"name":"Okobo","glottocode":"okob1241","family":{"name":"Lower Cross","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Delta Cross","Lower Cross"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Okobo are the people of Okobo LGA in southern Akwa Ibom, beside the Oron. Okobo is a Lower Cross language of its own, related to Oro and Ibibio.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"akwa-ibom-okobo","name":"Okobo","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high","note":"Wikipedia's language table gives Okobo for Okobo LGA."}],"communities":[{"name":"Okobo clans","lga":"akwa-ibom-okobo","lgaName":"Okobo","state":"Akwa Ibom","point":[8.14,4.8415],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Odu"},{"name":"Eta"},{"name":"Atabong"}],"markers":[{"lga":"akwa-ibom-okobo","point":[8.14,4.8415]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Okobo Mbawa are the Odu, Eta and Atabong clans; the LGA also holds four of the nine Oron clans. Okobo tradition says Abikot Atipa led their migration from Usak Edet, now Isangele in Cameroon.","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[3],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-okob1241","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Okobo (okob1241)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/okob1241","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-akwa-ibom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Akwa Ibom State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-okobo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Okobo, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okobo,_Akwa_Ibom","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"oron","name":"Oron (Oro)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Oron","Oro","Ebughu","Efai","Enwang","Mbo","Udung Uko","Urue Offong","Oruko"],"language":{"name":"Oro","glottocode":"oroo1241","family":{"name":"Lower Cross","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Delta Cross","Lower Cross"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Oron (Oro) are one of the three main peoples of Akwa Ibom, with the Ibibio and Annang, in the south of the state around Oron on the Cross River estuary. Oro is spoken in Oron, Mbo, Udung Uko and Urue Offong/Oruko LGAs; Mbo also has the related Ebughu, Efai and Enwang.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"akwa-ibom-oron","name":"Oron","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-mbo","name":"Mbo","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-udung-uko","name":"Udung Uko","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"akwa-ibom-urue-offong-oruko","name":"Urue Offong/Oruko","state":"Akwa Ibom","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Oron Town","lga":"akwa-ibom-oron","lgaName":"Oron","state":"Akwa Ibom","point":[8.23,4.82],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Esuk Oro"},{"name":"Uya Oro"},{"name":"Eyo Abasi"},{"name":"Eyotong"}],"markers":[{"lga":"akwa-ibom-oron","point":[8.23,4.82]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Oron Town is made of four of the nine Oron clans (Afaha): Afaha Okpo, Ibighi (Uya Oro), Afaha Ukwong (Eyo Abasi) and Afaha Ubodung (Eyotong).","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[3],"confidence":"high","note":"Point approximate."},{"name":"Mbo","lga":"akwa-ibom-mbo","lgaName":"Mbo","state":"Akwa Ibom","point":[8.254,4.6445],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Effiat"},{"name":"Ibiaku"},{"name":"Ikpo Ikono"},{"name":"Ikpa Ibom"},{"name":"Atanuk"},{"name":"Ekpuk"}],"markers":[{"lga":"akwa-ibom-mbo","point":[8.254,4.6445]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"One of the five Oron LGAs, in six districts; Oro is the main language, beside Efik, Ebughu, Efai and Enwang-Uda.","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Udung Uko","lga":"akwa-ibom-udung-uko","lgaName":"Udung Uko","state":"Akwa Ibom","point":[8.253,4.748],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Eyofin"},{"name":"Eyo Ating"},{"name":"Eyokponung"},{"name":"Edikor"}],"markers":[{"lga":"akwa-ibom-udung-uko","point":[8.253,4.748]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Two of the nine Oron clans, 42 villages, with Eyofin as capital.","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[5],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-oroo1241","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Oro (Oron) (oroo1241)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oroo1241","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-akwa-ibom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Akwa Ibom State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-oron-lga","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Oron, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oron,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-mbo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Mbo, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbo,_Akwa_Ibom","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-udung-uko","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Udung-Uko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udung-Uko","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"orring","name":"Orring","status":"published","searchAliases":["Orring","Orri","Oring","Orry","Korring","Koring","Ntezi","Eteji","Okpoto","Lame","Effium","Uffiom","Ufiom","Amuda","Idzem","Okpolo","Okpomoro","WanOkun"],"language":{"name":"Korring (Oring)","iso639_3":"org","glottocode":"orin1239","family":{"name":"Upper Cross","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Delta Cross","Upper Cross"]},"refs":[1,2,3,4],"confidence":"high","note":"Each community has its own dialect: K'eteji (Ntezi), Ki'lame (Okpoto), K'uffium (Effium), K'idzem (Amuda) and K'okpolo (Okpolo). The Ufia of Benue speak K'ufia and the Ukelle of Cross River K'ukelle. Korring has borrowed much from Igbo, and some writers have called it a branch of Igbo; Glottolog places it in Upper Cross, and Orring leaders stress it is not Igbo. Many Orring in Ebonyi now speak Igbo as well."},"summary":{"text":"The Orring (Orri, Orry) are a people of northern Ebonyi who speak Korring, an Upper Cross language, not Igbo. They live in five communities: Ntezi and Okpoto in Ishielu, Effium in Ohaukwu, and Amuda and Okpolo in Ezza North. Their kin are the Ufia of Benue and the Ukelle of Cross River. Abakaliki traditions, Igbo ones among them, remember the Orring as the first settlers of the land, before the Ezza, Izzi, Ikwo and Ngbo came. Mission schools taught in Igbo, and many Orring today speak both languages.","refs":[3,4,5,6],"confidence":"medium","note":"Colonial reports described the Orring as nearly absorbed by the Igbo; P. J. Ezeh (2007) argues they absorbed others instead and kept their language and rule."},"ruler":{"title":"Ede-Olung","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Wikipedia describes the Ede-Olung as a priest-king with a council of titled chiefs (Gbale-Otum), and says the Orring once called themselves WanOkun. The Sun (2022) names a Regent of Eteji (Ntezi); how the five communities are ruled today is not described."},"areas":[{"lga":"ebonyi-ishielu","name":"Ishielu","state":"Ebonyi","presence":"significant","refs":[7,5],"confidence":"medium","note":"Ishielu is made of two groups, the Orring-Agba and the Igbo-Esa. Ntezi and Okpoto are Orring."},{"lga":"ebonyi-ohaukwu","name":"Ohaukwu","state":"Ebonyi","presence":"significant","refs":[8,5],"confidence":"medium","note":"Effium, the largest Orring community, shares its land with Ezza Effium."},{"lga":"ebonyi-ezza-north","name":"Ezza North","state":"Ebonyi","presence":"minority","refs":[9,5],"confidence":"medium","note":"Ezza North is mostly Ezza Igbo; the Amuda and Okpolo are Orring."}],"communities":[{"name":"Ntezi (Eteji)","lga":"ebonyi-ishielu","lgaName":"Ishielu","state":"Ebonyi","point":[7.916,6.402],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Omege","point":[7.916,6.402]},{"name":"Igwelede","point":[7.908,6.4]},{"name":"Bilogu","point":[7.914,6.394]},{"name":"Leri","point":[7.918,6.387]}],"markers":[{"lga":"ebonyi-ishielu","point":[7.916,6.402]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Ntezi is the gathering place of the Orring. Its people hold the Oviode festival at the first new moon of February, after each of the five villages has held its own. The first Orring Day, organised by the Orring Historical Society, was held at Central School, Ntezi on 30 December 2021, to rotate among the Orring of Ebonyi, Benue and Cross River.","refs":[3,4],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Basket making: nearly every household in Ntezi has a basket-making setup, and many baskets sold in the towns around are made there. Farming and trade besides.","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[3,4,10],"confidence":"high","note":"Ntezi has five villages. The four named here are GRID3 settlements whose names carry \"Ntezi\" (Ntezi 1 / Ezekuna ward); which five are the historic villages is not yet checked."},{"name":"Okpoto (Lame)","lga":"ebonyi-ishielu","lgaName":"Ishielu","state":"Ebonyi","point":[7.866,6.369],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Logbo Lokpo","point":[7.858,6.348]},{"name":"Lode","point":[7.873,6.361]},{"name":"Ogede","point":[7.873,6.375]}],"markers":[{"lga":"ebonyi-ishielu","point":[7.866,6.369]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Orring trace their descent to Lukpata Akpa and count themselves a first branch of the Akpato (Okpoto). Some say they came from the Kwararafa kingdom.","refs":[3],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Wikipedia calls the origin unclear. Orring leaders have also said the Orring are the Mbembe of Cross River (The Sun, 2022), which is unverified."},"refs":[3,5,10],"confidence":"high","note":"Placed at Obodo Okpoto in GRID3 (Okpoto ward); villages from the same ward."},{"name":"Effium (Uffiom)","lga":"ebonyi-ohaukwu","lgaName":"Ohaukwu","state":"Ebonyi","point":[8.057,6.633],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Okporo","point":[8.041,6.614]},{"name":"Okpoduma","point":[8.049,6.634]},{"name":"Enwemini","point":[8.058,6.629]},{"name":"Ubegu","point":[8.035,6.655]},{"name":"Lebedegom","point":[8.024,6.672]},{"name":"Ikachi","point":[8.033,6.73]}],"markers":[{"lga":"ebonyi-ohaukwu","point":[8.057,6.633]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The largest Orring community. Effium tradition says its people were the first to settle, then took in the Ezza, then Aro, Amuda and others. A dispute between Effium and Ezza Effium over land and the motor park turned to war on 21 January 2021; hundreds were killed and thousands fled, some into Benue. A peace committee under Bishop Nnachi Okoro brought both sides to a ceasefire in August 2023.","refs":[8,11],"confidence":"medium","note":"Both sides blame the other for the first attack, and casualty counts differ."},"livelihoods":{"text":"Farmers of yam, cassava, rice and groundnut, with palm oil and timber. Effium main market is one of the largest in Ebonyi, sending farm produce across the country.","refs":[8],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[8,10],"confidence":"high","note":"Villages are those Wikipedia lists for Effium that GRID3 locates (Effium 1, Effium 2 and Wigbeke wards)."},{"name":"Amuda (Idzem)","lga":"ebonyi-ezza-north","lgaName":"Ezza North","state":"Ebonyi","point":[7.945,6.305],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Ojolokpa","point":[7.953,6.297]},{"name":"Boura (Buora)","point":[7.932,6.327]},{"name":"Onunweke","point":[7.95,6.299]},{"name":"Ikwuato","point":[7.938,6.3]}],"markers":[{"lga":"ebonyi-ezza-north","point":[7.945,6.305]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Four clans: Ojolokpa, Buolung, Buora and Anmosho. Some Amuda also live in Effium (Amuda Effium) and Ntezi (Amuda Ntezi). Their festivals are Mukpushi (marriage), Ugbuduogu at the end of planting, and Etukpa, the new yam.","refs":[12],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[12,9,10],"confidence":"high","note":"Ojolokpa and Buora are two of the four Amuda clans (with Buolung and Anmosho); placed from GRID3 in the Amawula / Amuda ward."},{"name":"Okpolo (Okpomoro)","lga":"ebonyi-ezza-north","lgaName":"Ezza North","state":"Ebonyi","point":[7.942,6.33],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"ebonyi-ezza-north","point":[7.942,6.33]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The smallest Orring community, and still Korring speaking.","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[3,9,10],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-orin1239","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Oring (Korring) (orin1239)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/orin1239","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-korring","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Korring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korring","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-orring","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Orring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orring","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"sun-2022-orring-day","citation":"Chijioke Agwu. (2022). Rare unification in Ebonyi. The Sun","url":"https://thesun.ng/rare-unification-in-ebonyi/","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"blueprint-2023-orring-assembly","citation":"Amarachukwu EgwuAgha. (2023). Ebonyi: Group decries exclusion from Nwifuru's appointments. Blueprint","url":"https://blueprint.ng/ebony-group-decries-exclusion-from-governor-nwifurus-appointments/","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-ntezi-aba","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ntezi-Aba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntezi-Aba","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-ishielu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ishielu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishielu","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-effium","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Effium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effium","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"wikipedia-ezza-north","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ezza North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezza_North","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"pax-2023-effium-ceasefire","citation":"PA-X Peace Agreements Database, University of Edinburgh. (2023). Effium and Ezza Effium Ceasefire (PA-X local agreement 2574)","url":"https://www.peaceagreements.org/agreements/2574","checked":true},{"n":12,"id":"wikipedia-amuda-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Amuda people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuda_people","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Ntezi-Aba in Abakaliki (Ebonyi LGA) is remembered as an early Orring town, now Izzi. That is an origin claim, so it is told here and not mapped.","Wikipedia also names \"Orring-Idelle\" communities in Ado and Oju (Benue). GRID3's Idelle ward in Oju has mostly Igbo-style names (Ezza, Izzi, Umuezeoka), and no second source was found, so nothing is mapped there.","No reliable population figure. Wikipedia's 4–10 million cannot be right for five communities.","The Ufia (Benue) and Ukelle (Cross River) speak Korring too but are kept as their own peoples, as they name themselves."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"pan","name":"Pan (Kofyar)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Pan","Kofyar","Doemak","Kwalla","Mernyang","Bwall","Kwagallak"],"language":{"name":"Kofyar (Mernyang, Doemak and others)","glottocode":"mirr1240","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Pan, formerly known as the Kofyar, are one of the two major peoples of Qua'an Pan LGA in Plateau State, speaking dialects such as Mernyang, Doemak, Bwall and Kwagallak.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"plateau-qua-an-pan","name":"Qua'An Pan","state":"Plateau","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Ba'ap","lga":"plateau-qua-an-pan","lgaName":"Qua'An Pan","state":"Plateau","point":[9.261,8.957],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"plateau-qua-an-pan","point":[9.261,8.957]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of Qua'an Pan. The Long Pan, a first-class chief, is the paramount ruler of the Pan people, chief custodian of Pan culture and president of the Qua'an Pan traditional council.","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[3,4],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-mirr1240","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Mernyang (Pan/Kofyar) (mirr1240)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mirr1240","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-qua-an-pan","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Qua'an Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qua%27an_Pan","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-quaan-pan","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Qua'an Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qua'an_Pan","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"reshe","name":"Reshe (Gungawa)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Reshe","Bareshe","Tsureshe","Gungawa","Yaurawa"],"language":{"name":"Reshe (Tsureshe)","glottocode":"resh1242","family":{"name":"Kainji","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Kainji"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Reshe call themselves Bareshe; the Hausa call them Gungawa, 'island people'. They are the original people of Yauri, and fled to the Niger islands in the mid 19th century before the new town of Yelwa was built. The Gungu (island) district of Yauri LGA is now their centre, and they live along the Niger from Illo to Shabanda and south into Borgu. They are known for irrigated onion fields, canoe building and fishing. Most also speak Hausa.","refs":[2,1,3],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"kebbi-yauri","name":"Yauri","state":"Kebbi","presence":"core","refs":[2,3,4],"confidence":"high","note":"Ross Jones: Yauri LGA 'is dominated by the Reshe and Kambari peoples'."},{"lga":"niger-borgu","name":"Borgu","state":"Niger","presence":"minority","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"About 10,000 in old Borgu."},{"lga":"niger-agwara","name":"Agwara","state":"Niger","presence":"minority","refs":[2,5],"confidence":"medium","note":"At Ujiji, Agwara and Papiri."}],"communities":[{"name":"Ujiji","lga":"niger-agwara","lgaName":"Agwara","state":"Niger","point":[4.4613,10.5513],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"niger-agwara","point":[4.4613,10.5513]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[2,5],"confidence":"medium","note":"Ross Jones gives Ujiji as the southern end of Reshe settlement; GRID3 places it in the Papiri ward of Agwara LGA."}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-reshe","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Reshe, Kainji Lake branch (resh1242)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/resh1242","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"ross-jones-borgu","citation":"Jones, Ross. The ethnic groups of present day Borgu (with population estimates for 1997 from the 1991 census and a 1992 language survey)","url":"https://wasc.org.uk/Nigeria%20history%20docs/Borgu%20ethnic%20groups.pdf","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kainji-languages","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kainji languages (languages with LGAs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainji_languages","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-kebbi-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kebbi State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebbi_State","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"rindre","name":"Rindre","status":"published","searchAliases":["Rindre","Nungu","Wamba"],"language":{"name":"Rindre","glottocode":"rind1238","family":{"name":"Plateau","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Benue-Congo Plateau"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Rindre (Nungu) are one of the peoples of Wamba LGA in northern Nasarawa State, also found in Akwanga and Lafia.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"nasarawa-wamba","name":"Wamba","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"significant","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Rindre (Nungu) of Wamba","lga":"nasarawa-wamba","lgaName":"Wamba","state":"Nasarawa","point":[8.694,8.9725],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"nasarawa-wamba","point":[8.694,8.9725]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"nasarawa-akwanga","name":"Akwanga","state":"Nasarawa"},{"lga":"nasarawa-lafia","name":"Lafia","state":"Nasarawa"}],"refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-rind1238","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Rindre (rind1238)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/rind1238","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-wamba","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Wamba, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamba,_Nigeria","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"ron","name":"Ron","status":"published","searchAliases":["Ron","Challa","Bokkos","Daffo","Butura"],"language":{"name":"Ron","glottocode":"ronn1241","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Ron are the indigenous people of Bokkos LGA, Plateau State; the paramount ruler is the Saf Ron/Kulere. Ron is a West Chadic language.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"plateau-bokkos","name":"Bokkos","state":"Plateau","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Bokkos","lga":"plateau-bokkos","lgaName":"Bokkos","state":"Plateau","point":[8.9305,9.2125],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"plateau-bokkos","point":[8.9305,9.2125]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Ron are the indigenous people of Bokkos LGA; their paramount ruler is the Saf Ron/Kulere.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-ronn1241","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Ron (ronn1241)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ronn1241","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-bokkos","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bokkos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokkos","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-plateau-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Plateau State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"rukuba","name":"Rukuba (Bache)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Rukuba","Bache","Che","Kuche"],"language":{"name":"Che","glottocode":"chee1238","family":{"name":"Plateau","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Benue-Congo Plateau"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Rukuba, who call themselves Bache, live mainly in Bassa LGA of Plateau State, next to the Irigwe.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"plateau-bassa","name":"Bassa","state":"Plateau","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Rukuba (Bache) of Bassa","lga":"plateau-bassa","lgaName":"Bassa","state":"Plateau","point":[8.8,10.1095],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"plateau-bassa","point":[8.8,10.1095]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-chee1238","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Che (Rukuba) (chee1238)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chee1238","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-plateau-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Plateau State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Other peoples of Bassa LGA (Amo, Buji, Jere, Pengana, Chawai and more) are not yet mapped separately."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"shanga","name":"Shanga","status":"published","searchAliases":["Shanga","Shangawa","Shongawa"],"language":{"name":"Shanga","glottocode":"shan1282","family":{"name":"Mande","lineage":["Mande","Eastern Mande"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Shanga (Shangawa) are an Eastern Mande people closely related to the Kyenga, from whom they split in the early 19th century when Kaoje was overrun. They live in villages around Shanga town on the north bank of the Niger in Kebbi State. Many, perhaps most, now speak Hausa as their first language.","refs":[2,1,3],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"kebbi-shanga","name":"Shanga","state":"Kebbi","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Villages: Gante, Lafugu, Zaria, Besse, Shanga, Dugu Raha, Dugu Tsofo, Bakin Turu. 5,000 to 10,000 people; the language is losing ground to Hausa."}],"communities":[{"name":"Shanga","lga":"kebbi-shanga","lgaName":"Shanga","state":"Kebbi","point":[4.578,11.213],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kebbi-shanga","point":[4.578,11.213]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Shanga live in villages around Shanga town on the north bank of the Niger. They split from the Kyenga in the early 19th century, when Kaoje was overrun; many now speak Hausa first.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2,4],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-shanga","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Shanga, Kyenga-Shanga branch of Eastern Mande (shan1282)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/shan1282","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"ross-jones-borgu","citation":"Jones, Ross. The ethnic groups of present day Borgu (with population estimates for 1997 from the 1991 census and a 1992 language survey)","url":"https://wasc.org.uk/Nigeria%20history%20docs/Borgu%20ethnic%20groups.pdf","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kebbi-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kebbi State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebbi_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"shuwa-arab","name":"Shuwa Arab","status":"published","searchAliases":["Shuwa","Shuwa Arabs","Baggara","Chadian Arabs","Shuwa Arabic"],"language":{"name":"Chadian (Shuwa) Arabic","iso639_3":"shu","glottocode":"chad1249","family":{"name":"Arabic (Semitic)","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Semitic","Arabic"]},"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Shuwa Arabs of Borno speak Chadian Arabic and belong to the Baggara cattle-herding Arabs of the Sahel. Records place Arab settlement in the Lake Chad region at least as early as 1391. They live mainly in central and northern Borno.","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"borno-jere","name":"Jere","state":"Borno","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-kala-balge","name":"Kala Balge","state":"Borno","presence":"significant","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-bama","name":"Bama","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-damboa","name":"Damboa","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-dikwa","name":"Dikwa","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-konduga","name":"Konduga","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-kukawa","name":"Kukawa","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-mafa","name":"Mafa","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-magumeri","name":"Magumeri","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-maiduguri","name":"Maiduguri","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-marte","name":"Marte","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-monguno","name":"Monguno","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-ngala","name":"Ngala","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"borno-gwoza","name":"Gwoza","state":"Borno","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Shuwa of Maiduguri","lga":"borno-jere","lgaName":"Jere","state":"Borno","point":[13.1715,11.963],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"borno-jere","point":[13.1715,11.963]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Shuwa are among the Muslim peoples of Maiduguri; Shuwa Arab soldiers fought for al-Kanemi in his defence of Bornu in 1808.","refs":[4,5],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[4,5],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-shuwa","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Chadian Arabic (chad1249)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chad1249","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-baggara","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Baggara Arabs (Shuwa Arabs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggara_Arabs","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"udosen-2018","citation":"Udosen, Escor E. (2018). Linguistic Survey of Nigerian Languages: A Preliminary Report of the Languages of the North East Geopolitical Zone. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Bauchi, Borno, Gombe and Yobe)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/45/40","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-maiduguri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Maiduguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiduguri","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-al-kanemi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Amin_al-Kanemi","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"tangale","name":"Tangale","status":"published","searchAliases":["Tangle","Po Tangle","Billiri"],"language":{"name":"Tangale","iso639_3":"tan","glottocode":"nucl1696","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Tangale of southern Gombe State take their name from Tangal, a chief of Billiri. Since 1295 the western Tangale have been led by rulers called the Mai Tangle.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"ruler":{"title":"Mai Tangale","seat":"Billiri","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"gombe-akko","name":"Akko","state":"Gombe","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"gombe-billiri","name":"Billiri","state":"Gombe","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"gombe-kaltungo","name":"Kaltungo","state":"Gombe","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"gombe-shomgom","name":"Shomgom","state":"Gombe","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Billiri (Tangle)","lga":"gombe-billiri","lgaName":"Billiri","state":"Gombe","point":[11.22,9.87],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Bare"},{"name":"Kantali"}],"markers":[{"lga":"gombe-billiri","point":[11.22,9.87]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The main settlement of the Tangale, who say they came here through Borno, leaving Sanum Kede and Kupto because of wars; Billiri, Bare and Kantali belong to Tangaltong, one of the seven Tangale clans.","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Kaltungo","lga":"gombe-kaltungo","lgaName":"Kaltungo","state":"Gombe","point":[11.309,9.814],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"gombe-kaltungo","point":[11.309,9.814]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[5],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-tangale","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Tangale (nucl1696)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nucl1696","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-tangale","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Tangale people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangale_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"udosen-2018","citation":"Udosen, Escor E. (2018). Linguistic Survey of Nigerian Languages: A Preliminary Report of the Languages of the North East Geopolitical Zone. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Bauchi, Borno, Gombe and Yobe)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/45/40","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-billiri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Billiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billiri","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-kaltungo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kaltungo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltungo","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"tarok","name":"Tarok","status":"published","searchAliases":["Yergam","Tarok","Langtang"],"language":{"name":"Tarok","iso639_3":"yer","glottocode":"taro1263","family":{"name":"Plateau","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Benue-Congo Plateau"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Tarok live in southern Plateau State around Langtang. Tarok is the only Plateau State language the survey found in three LGAs.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"plateau-langtang-north","name":"Langtang North","state":"Plateau","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"plateau-langtang-south","name":"Langtang South","state":"Plateau","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"plateau-wase","name":"Wase","state":"Plateau","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Shared with Jukun, Hausa, Fulani and Kanuri speakers."}],"communities":[{"name":"Langtang","lga":"plateau-langtang-north","lgaName":"Langtang North","state":"Plateau","point":[9.8245,9.128],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"plateau-langtang-north","point":[9.8245,9.128]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The main Tarok town, about 186 km south-east of Jos.","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[3],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-tarok","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Tarok (taro1263)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/taro1263","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-tarok-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Tarok people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarok_people","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"tehl","name":"Tehl (Montol)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Tehl","Tel","Montol","Tal","Tunkus","Lalin"],"language":{"name":"Tehl","glottocode":"tall1250","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high","note":"Glottolog lists Tal and Montol as separate Goemaic languages; local sources equate Tehl with Montol."},"summary":{"text":"The Tehl, also called Montol, are the major people of Mikang LGA in Plateau State, living in Lalin and in Tunkus, the LGA headquarters. Koenoem, Piapung and Youm (Garkawa) peoples share the LGA.","refs":[2,3,4,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"plateau-mikang","name":"Mikang","state":"Plateau","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Tunkus and Lalin","lga":"plateau-mikang","lgaName":"Mikang","state":"Plateau","point":[9.616,9.022],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Lalin","point":[9.679,9.071]}],"markers":[{"lga":"plateau-mikang","point":[9.616,9.022]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Tehl (Montol) are the major people of Mikang LGA, living in Lalin and in Tunkus, its headquarters, beside the Koenoem, Piapung and Youm.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2,3,5],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-tall1250","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Tal (Tehl) (tall1250)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tall1250","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"sil-2021-mikang","citation":"SIL Nigeria. (2021). A sociolinguistic survey in Mikang LGA (Tehl, Koenoem, Piapung, Youm). Journal of Language Survey Reports 2021-007","url":"https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/71/62/14/71621414605778599033039780031610178665/JLSR2021_007.pdf","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-mikang","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Mikang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikang","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-plateau-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Plateau State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_State","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"tigon","name":"Tigon","status":"published","searchAliases":["Tigon","Tigun","Tigon Mbembe"],"language":{"name":"Tigon Mbembe","glottocode":"tigo1236","family":{"name":"Jukunoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Jukunoid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Tigon are, with the Ndoro, the native people of the woodlands of Kurmi LGA, Taraba State, and also live in Sardauna. Their language is Jukunoid.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"taraba-kurmi","name":"Kurmi","state":"Taraba","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"taraba-sardauna","name":"Sardauna","state":"Taraba","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Tigon of Kurmi","lga":"taraba-kurmi","lgaName":"Kurmi","state":"Taraba","point":[10.687,7.258],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"taraba-kurmi","point":[10.687,7.258]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"With the Ndoro, the native people of the Kurmi woodlands.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-tigo1236","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Tigon Mbembe (tigo1236)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tigo1236","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kurmi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kurmi, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmi,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-taraba-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Taraba State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraba_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-sardauna","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Sardauna, Taraba State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardauna,_Taraba_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"tiv","name":"Tiv","status":"published","searchAliases":["Tiv","Munchi","Tor Tiv","Tivland"],"language":{"name":"Tiv","iso639_3":"tiv","glottocode":"tivv1240","family":{"name":"Tivoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Bantoid","Southern Bantoid","Tivoid"]},"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Tiv are one of Nigeria’s largest peoples, over 8 million strong, and the main people of the Benue valley. Tiv is spoken mainly in Benue, and also in Taraba, Nasarawa, Plateau and Cross River. Historically the Tiv had no single monarchy; today their supreme ruler is the Tor Tiv, whose palace is in Gboko. “Munchi”, a name others once used for them, is considered offensive.","refs":[2,3,4],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Tor Tiv","seat":"Gboko","refs":[3,4],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"benue-buruku","name":"Buruku","state":"Benue","presence":"core","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-gboko","name":"Gboko","state":"Benue","presence":"core","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-katsina-ala","name":"Katsina-Ala","state":"Benue","presence":"core","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-konshisha","name":"Konshisha","state":"Benue","presence":"core","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-kwande","name":"Kwande","state":"Benue","presence":"core","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-logo","name":"Logo","state":"Benue","presence":"core","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-guma","name":"Guma","state":"Benue","presence":"core","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-gwer-east","name":"Gwer East","state":"Benue","presence":"core","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-tarka","name":"Tarka","state":"Benue","presence":"core","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-ukum","name":"Ukum","state":"Benue","presence":"core","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-ushongo","name":"Ushongo","state":"Benue","presence":"core","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-vandeikya","name":"Vandeikya","state":"Benue","presence":"core","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"benue-makurdi","name":"Makurdi","state":"Benue","presence":"significant","refs":[5,6],"confidence":"high","note":"The Benue State capital, shared with many peoples."},{"lga":"benue-gwer-west","name":"Gwer West","state":"Benue","presence":"significant","refs":[5],"confidence":"high","note":"Shared with Idoma speakers."},{"lga":"taraba-wukari","name":"Wukari","state":"Taraba","presence":"significant","refs":[7],"confidence":"high","note":"Tiv and Wapan (Jukun) are Wukari’s main indigenous languages."},{"lga":"taraba-takum","name":"Takum","state":"Taraba","presence":"minority","refs":[8],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"taraba-donga","name":"Donga","state":"Taraba","presence":"minority","refs":[9],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-keana","name":"Keana","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[5],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-awe","name":"Awe","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[5],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-doma","name":"Doma","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[5],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"nasarawa-lafia","name":"Lafia","state":"Nasarawa","presence":"minority","refs":[5],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"taraba-kurmi","name":"Kurmi","state":"Taraba","presence":"minority","refs":[10],"confidence":"medium","note":"Farmers."},{"lga":"taraba-sardauna","name":"Sardauna","state":"Taraba","presence":"minority","refs":[11],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"plateau-shendam","name":"Shendam","state":"Plateau","presence":"minority","refs":[12],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"plateau-qua-an-pan","name":"Qua'An Pan","state":"Plateau","presence":"minority","refs":[12],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Gboko","lga":"benue-gboko","lgaName":"Gboko","state":"Benue","point":[9,7.32],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-gboko","point":[9,7.32]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The largest LGA of Benue by population, created in 1970, and seat of the Tor Tiv, whose office the British created in 1946.","refs":[4,3],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[4,3],"confidence":"high","note":"Point is the town centre, approximate."},{"name":"Katsina-Ala","lga":"benue-katsina-ala","lgaName":"Katsina-Ala","state":"Benue","point":[9.28,7.17],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-katsina-ala","point":[9.28,7.17]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"An important archaeological site where Nok-culture artefacts have been found.","refs":[13],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Farming and trade at rotating markets: Tomanyiin on Thursdays, Tor Donga on Mondays, Gbor Tongov on Fridays, Abaji on Wednesdays and Amaafu on Tuesdays.","refs":[13],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[13],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Zaki Biam","lga":"benue-ukum","lgaName":"Ukum","state":"Benue","point":[9.623,7.6065],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-ukum","point":[9.623,7.6065]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"In October 2001 Nigerian soldiers killed hundreds of unarmed Tiv civilians in Zaki Biam, Vaase, Anyiin, Ugba, Sankera and other villages, in revenge for 19 soldiers found dead; the army apologised in 2007.","refs":[14],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[14],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Adikpo","lga":"benue-kwande","lgaName":"Kwande","state":"Benue","point":[9.232,6.889],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-kwande","point":[9.232,6.889]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[15],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ugba","lga":"benue-logo","lgaName":"Logo","state":"Benue","point":[9.347,7.506],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-logo","point":[9.347,7.506]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[15,14],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Aliade","lga":"benue-gwer-east","lgaName":"Gwer East","state":"Benue","point":[8.515,7.33],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-gwer-east","point":[8.515,7.33]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[15],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Naka","lga":"benue-gwer-west","lgaName":"Gwer West","state":"Benue","point":[8.193,7.575],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-gwer-west","point":[8.193,7.575]}],"alsoIn":[],"refs":[15],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-tiv","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Tiv (tivv1240)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tivv1240","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-tiv-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Tiv people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiv_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-tor-tiv","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Tor Tiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_Tiv","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-gboko","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gboko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gboko","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"dailytrust-2026-makurdi","citation":"Abah, Hope. (2026). Wadata: Inside Makurdi’s Oldest Hausa Settlement. Daily Trust","url":"https://dailytrust.com/wadata-inside-makurdis-oldest-hausa-settlement/","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-wukari","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Wukari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wukari","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-takum","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Takum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takum","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"wikipedia-donga","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Donga, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donga,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-kurmi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kurmi, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmi,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"wikipedia-taraba-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Taraba State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraba_State","checked":true},{"n":12,"id":"wikipedia-plateau-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Plateau State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_State","checked":true},{"n":13,"id":"wikipedia-katsina-ala","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Katsina-Ala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsina-Ala","checked":true},{"n":14,"id":"wikipedia-zaki-biam-massacre","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Zaki Biam massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaki_Biam_massacre","checked":true},{"n":15,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Tiv in Plateau and Cross River, and in Taraba beyond Wukari, Takum and Donga, are not yet mapped; their LGAs need sources.","The Tiv share of the Nasarawa LGAs is unknown; they are marked as a smaller presence until a source gives more."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"tuareg","name":"Tuareg (Abzinawa)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Tuareg","Abzinawa","Buzaye","Tamajaq","Tamasheq","Kel Tamasheq"],"language":{"name":"Tamajaq","glottocode":"tawa1286","family":{"name":"Berber (Tuareg)","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Berber","Tuareg"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"Tuareg minorities, called Abzinawa or Buzaye in Hausa, live in the border LGAs of Sokoto State next to Niger Republic. They speak Tamajaq, a Berber language.","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"sokoto-gada","name":"Gada","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"sokoto-gudu","name":"Gudu","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"sokoto-illela","name":"Illela","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"sokoto-sabon-birni","name":"Sabon Birni","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"sokoto-tangaza","name":"Tangaza","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[3,2],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Abzinawa of the Sokoto border","lga":"sokoto-tangaza","lgaName":"Tangaza","state":"Sokoto","point":[4.96,13.5085],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"sokoto-tangaza","point":[4.96,13.5085]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"sokoto-gada","name":"Gada","state":"Sokoto"},{"lga":"sokoto-gudu","name":"Gudu","state":"Sokoto"},{"lga":"sokoto-illela","name":"Illela","state":"Sokoto"},{"lga":"sokoto-sabon-birni","name":"Sabon Birni","state":"Sokoto"}],"refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-tamajaq","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Tawallammat Tamajaq, Southern Tuareg (tawa1286)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tawa1286","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"sokoto-state-gov-people","citation":"Sokoto State Government. People of Sokoto. Official website of Sokoto State Government","url":"https://sokotostate.gov.ng/history-of-sokoto/people-of-sokoto/","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-sokoto-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Sokoto State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Wikipedia also lists Tuareg for 'Sokoto' without saying which of the city's LGAs."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"ubaghara","name":"Ubaghara","status":"published","searchAliases":["Ubaghara","Ehom","Biakpan","Ikun","Etono"],"language":{"name":"Ubaghara","glottocode":"ubag1245","family":{"name":"Upper Cross","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Delta Cross","Upper Cross"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Ubaghara (with Ehom) are among the five clans of Biase LGA, Cross River State.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"cross-river-biase","name":"Biase","state":"Cross River","presence":"significant","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Biakpan (Biakpan Eburutu)","lga":"cross-river-biase","lgaName":"Biase","state":"Cross River","point":[7.933,5.589],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Ikun"},{"name":"Ugbem"},{"name":"Etono Central"},{"name":"Etono II"},{"name":"Utuma"}],"markers":[{"lga":"cross-river-biase","point":[7.933,5.589]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The main Ubaghara village, said to come from the Obutong (Old Town) section of the Efik who spread from Itu across the lower Cross River. The Ubaghara language mixes Efik and Qua (Ejagham), and many in Biakpan speak Efik too.","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[4,5],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-ubag1245","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Ubaghara (ubag1245)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ubag1245","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"opencommons-biase","citation":"Biase, Nigeria (clans: Umon, Egup Ipa, Erei, Ehom, Ubaghara)","url":"https://opencommons.org/Biase_Nigeria","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-cross-river-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Cross River State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-ubaghara-language","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ubaghara language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaghara_language","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"ufia","name":"Ufia","status":"published","searchAliases":["Ufia","Utonkon","Atonkon","K'ufia","Kufia","Wufia","Wu'fia"],"language":{"name":"Korring (K'ufia dialect)","iso639_3":"org","glottocode":"orin1239","family":{"name":"Upper Cross","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Delta Cross","Upper Cross"]},"refs":[1,2,3,4,5],"confidence":"disputed","note":"The Korring and Utonkon articles and Ijogi (an Ufia writer) call K'ufia a dialect of Korring (Orring), an Upper Cross language shared with the Ukelle of Yala and the Orring of Ebonyi. Wikipedia's Idoma language article lists Utonkon among Idoma dialects, beside Igede and Iyala, which are separate languages. Glottolog has no separate Ufia entry; its Oring entry holds Effium (Ufiom) and Okpoto."},"summary":{"text":"The Ufia are the people of Utonkon district in Ado LGA, southern Benue. They speak K'ufia, a dialect of Korring, the language of the Ukelle of Cross River and the Orring of Ebonyi, not Idoma. Their tradition brings them north from the Yala country through Ebonyi to Utonkon in the early 1500s. They count themselves part of the Idoma nation, and whether that makes them Idoma is argued among the Ufia themselves.","refs":[2,1,3],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Ijogi's conclusion: if Idoma is a language, the Ufia are not Idoma; if Idoma is a people, they are. Wikipedia's Utonkon article reaches the opposite reading from shared Kwararafa ancestry."},"ruler":{"title":"Olong Wu'fia (Ulonga Ufia)","seat":"Ado","refs":[3,6],"confidence":"medium","note":"Ijogi says the Olong Wu'fia, king of the Ufia, was one of only two notable rulers in Idomaland before colonial rule, beside the Och'Otukpo. Nigeria Galleria lists the Ulonga Ufia of Utonkon as a second class chief."},"areas":[{"lga":"benue-ado","name":"Ado","state":"Benue","presence":"significant","refs":[2,7],"confidence":"medium","note":"Utonkon (Atonkon) is one of the five districts of Ado LGA, and Korring speakers are its larger population. No count exists."}],"communities":[{"name":"Utonkon","lga":"benue-ado","lgaName":"Ado","state":"Benue","point":[8.066,6.905],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Watuolo","point":[8.069,6.914]},{"name":"Ogedegi","point":[8.069,6.927]},{"name":"Amanda","point":[8.07,6.882]},{"name":"Ameka Rijo","point":[8.071,6.875]}],"markers":[{"lga":"benue-ado","point":[8.066,6.905]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Ufia tradition, as Ijogi tells it, has them settle first in the present Yala LGA of Cross River, then move through Ebonyi, where their Orring kin still live at Ntezi, Okpoto, Amuda and Effium, and reach Utonkon in the early 1500s after wars with the Ezza and Igbo. In the order of settlement he gives, the Akweya came first, then the Igede and the Ufia, and Igumale last, on land given up by the Ufia and Agila. Catholic missionaries reached Utonkon in 1922 and founded St Paul's parish.","refs":[3,2,7],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Ijogi also gives a northern origin without reconciling the two. Wikipedia ties the Ufia to the Kwararafa confederacy. Other Ufia accounts claim Idoma ancestry or migration from Igboland."},"livelihoods":{"text":"Farmers of yam, cassava and maize. The New Yam festival (Richi) and the Jokah masquerade festival mark the harvest.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[2,8],"confidence":"high","note":"Located from GRID3 settlements whose names end in \"Utonkon\" (Ogege ward). Other Utonkon district villages are not yet identified."}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-korring","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Korring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korring","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-utonkon","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Utonkon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utonkon","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"ijogi-2021-ufia","citation":"Adakole Ijogi. (2021). DEBATE: Ufia People are NOT Idoma. National Record","url":"https://www.nationalrecord.com.ng/debate-ufia-people-are-not-idoma/","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"glottolog-orin1239","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Oring (Korring) (orin1239)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/orin1239","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-idoma-language","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Idoma language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idoma_language","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"nigeriagalleria-benue-rulers","citation":"Traditional Rulers in Benue State. Nigeria Galleria","url":"https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Benue/Traditional-Rulers-in-Benue-State.html","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-ado-benue","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ado, Benue State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ado,_Benue_State","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Wikipedia's Utonkon article carries a factual-accuracy warning, and Ijogi is one Ufia writer's opinion piece. A linguistic survey of K'ufia (for example in Ethnologue's Orring entry) would settle the language question.","Wikipedia says K'ufia is also spoken in Taraba State. No place was found, so nothing is mapped there.","Utonkon was listed as an Idoma district community until 2026-10-10; it now belongs to the Ufia because they speak Korring, not Idoma.","Their Orring kin of Ebonyi (Ntezi, Okpoto, Effium, Amuda, Okpolo) are mapped as the Orring."],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"ukelle","name":"Ukelle","status":"published","searchAliases":["Ukelle","Kukele","Kukelle"],"language":{"name":"Kukele","glottocode":"kuke1242","family":{"name":"Upper Cross","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Delta Cross","Upper Cross"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Ukelle are the second largest people of Yala LGA in Cross River State and also live in Ogoja.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"cross-river-yala","name":"Yala","state":"Cross River","presence":"significant","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"cross-river-ogoja","name":"Ogoja","state":"Cross River","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Ukelle communities","lga":"cross-river-yala","lgaName":"Yala","state":"Cross River","point":[8.5825,6.66],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Wanihem"},{"name":"Wanikade"},{"name":"Wanokom"},{"name":"Ijiraga"},{"name":"Mfuma"},{"name":"Ntrigom"}],"markers":[{"lga":"cross-river-yala","point":[8.5825,6.66]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"The Ukelle of Yala LGA are kin to the Orring of Benue and Ebonyi: the Ufia (Utonkon), Ntezi, Effium, Okpoto, Amuda and Okpolo.","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Village names from the Yala LGA list whose Wa- and N- forms are Ukelle; which villages are Ukelle should be checked."}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-kuke1242","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Kukele (Ukelle) (kuke1242)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kuke1242","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"connectnigeria-yala","citation":"Ethnic Groups in Nigeria: The Yala People","url":"https://articles.connectnigeria.com/ethnic-groups-in-nigeria-the-yala-people/","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-cross-river-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Cross River State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-yala-lga","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Yala, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yala,_Nigeria","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"ukwuani","name":"Ukwuani (Ndokwa)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Ukwuani","Ndokwa","Ukwani","Kwale","Aboh","Ndoni"],"language":{"name":"Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni","iso639_3":"ukw","glottocode":"ukwu1241","family":{"name":"Igboid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Igboid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Ukwuani (Ndokwa) of southern Delta State speak Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni, an Igboid language. Their origin is debated between Igbo and Benin traditions. The Ndokwa Professional Network (2025) says “Ndokwa-Ukwuani are not Igbo” but a distinct people; Wikipedia and Senator Ned Nwoko call them an Igbo subgroup.","refs":[2,3,4,5],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"delta-ndokwa-east","name":"Ndokwa East","state":"Delta","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"delta-ndokwa-west","name":"Ndokwa West","state":"Delta","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"delta-ukwuani","name":"Ukwuani","state":"Delta","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"rivers-ogba-egbema-ndoni","name":"Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni","state":"Rivers","presence":"minority","refs":[6,1],"confidence":"medium","note":"The Ndoni of Rivers speak Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni."}],"communities":[{"name":"Obiaruku","lga":"delta-ukwuani","lgaName":"Ukwuani","state":"Delta","point":[6.157,5.825],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"delta-ukwuani","point":[6.157,5.825]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of Ukwuani LGA, mainly Ukwuani.","refs":[7],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[7,8],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Kwale (Utagba-Ogbe)","lga":"delta-ndokwa-west","lgaName":"Ndokwa West","state":"Delta","point":[6.2645,5.6975],"approximate":true,"villages":[{"name":"Emu"},{"name":"Ogume"},{"name":"Abbi"},{"name":"Utagba-Uno"},{"name":"Onicha-Ukwuani"},{"name":"Ijeze"}],"markers":[{"lga":"delta-ndokwa-west","point":[6.2645,5.6975]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of Ndokwa West.","refs":[9],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[9],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Aboh and Ashaka","lga":"delta-ndokwa-east","lgaName":"Ndokwa East","state":"Delta","point":[6.53,5.55],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Ashaka","point":[6.402,5.636]}],"markers":[{"lga":"delta-ndokwa-east","point":[6.53,5.55]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Aboh is the headquarters of Ndokwa East; Olaudah Equiano, the writer and abolitionist, was most likely born at Ashaka.","refs":[10],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[10,8],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-ukwuani","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni (ukwu1241)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ukwu1241","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ukwuani-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ukwuani people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukwuani_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"vanguard-2025-npn","citation":"(2025). NDOKWA-UKWUANI: NPN faults Ned Nwoko over Igbo claim (Ndokwa Professional Network). Vanguard","url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/ndokwa-ukwuani-npn-faults-ned-nwoko-over-igbo-claim/","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"allafrica-2006-ndokwa","citation":"(2006). Nigeria: Ndokwa Not Igbo. allAfrica","url":"https://allafrica.com/stories/200609210277.html","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"vanguard-2025-nwoko","citation":"(2025). Anioma faced ethnic cleansing, forced to deny Igbo identity: Ned Nwoko. Vanguard","url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/09/anioma-faced-ethnic-cleansing-forced-to-deny-igbo-identity-ned-nwoko/","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-oen","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogba%E2%80%93Egbema%E2%80%93Ndoni","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-ukwuani-lga","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ukwuani, Delta State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukwuani","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"wikipedia-ndokwa-west","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ndokwa West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndokwa_West","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-ndokwa-east","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ndokwa East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndokwa_East","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"umon","name":"Umon","status":"published","searchAliases":["Umon","Amon"],"language":{"name":"Umon","glottocode":"umon1238","family":{"name":"Upper Cross","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Delta Cross","Upper Cross"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Umon are one of the five clans of Biase LGA on the Cross River, mainly fishermen and farmers.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"cross-river-biase","name":"Biase","state":"Cross River","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Biase has five clans: Umon, Egup Ipa (Agwagune), Erei, Ehom and Ubaghara."}],"communities":[{"name":"Umon clan","lga":"cross-river-biase","lgaName":"Biase","state":"Cross River","point":[8.098,5.4985],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"cross-river-biase","point":[8.098,5.4985]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"One of the five clans of Biase LGA on the Cross River.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Fishing and farming.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-umon1238","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Umon (umon1238)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/umon1238","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"opencommons-biase","citation":"Biase, Nigeria (clans: Umon, Egup Ipa, Erei, Ehom, Ubaghara)","url":"https://opencommons.org/Biase_Nigeria","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-cross-river-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Cross River State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"urhobo","name":"Urhobo","status":"published","searchAliases":["Urhobo","Okpe","Sobo"],"language":{"name":"Urhobo","iso639_3":"urh","glottocode":"urho1239","family":{"name":"Edoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Edoid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Urhobo, about 7 million people, live in 24 kingdoms in central Delta State, each with its own Ovie or equivalent ruler (the Orodje of Okpe, for example).","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"delta-ethiope-east","name":"Ethiope East","state":"Delta","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"delta-ethiope-west","name":"Ethiope West","state":"Delta","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"delta-okpe","name":"Okpe","state":"Delta","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"delta-sapele","name":"Sapele","state":"Delta","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"delta-udu","name":"Udu","state":"Delta","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"delta-ughelli-north","name":"Ughelli North","state":"Delta","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"delta-ughelli-south","name":"Ughelli South","state":"Delta","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"delta-uvwie","name":"Uvwie","state":"Delta","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"delta-warri-south","name":"Warri South","state":"Delta","presence":"significant","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high","note":"Shared with the Itsekiri and Ijaw."},{"lga":"delta-patani","name":"Patani","state":"Delta","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"bayelsa-sagbama","name":"Sagbama","state":"Bayelsa","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Okpe kingdom","lga":"delta-okpe","lgaName":"Okpe","state":"Delta","point":[5.898,5.658],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Orerokpe","point":[5.898,5.658]},{"name":"Osubi"}],"markers":[{"lga":"delta-okpe","point":[5.898,5.658]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"One of the Urhobo kingdoms; its LGA article dates it to 1770, with Orodje Esezi I as the first king. The Okpe founded Sapele, and the Orodje still has authority over its land.","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[4,5],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Sapele","lga":"delta-sapele","lgaName":"Sapele","state":"Delta","point":[5.683,5.887],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Amukpe"},{"name":"Oviri"},{"name":"Okuovwori"},{"name":"Jesse"},{"name":"Mosogar"}],"markers":[{"lga":"delta-sapele","point":[5.683,5.887]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"On the land of the Okpe Urhobo; the Okpe say the name comes from Uriapele, a local deity whose shrine still stands in the city centre.","refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[6,5],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Udu","lga":"delta-udu","lgaName":"Udu","state":"Delta","point":[5.87,5.455],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Aladja"},{"name":"Ovwian"},{"name":"Emadadja"},{"name":"Egini"},{"name":"Orhuwhorun"},{"name":"Igbogidi"},{"name":"Ekete"},{"name":"Ujevwu"}],"markers":[{"lga":"delta-udu","point":[5.87,5.455]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"An Urhobo kingdom under its own ovie, in three historic sub-clans, among them Evwrirhe and Oniere; its headquarters is Otor-Udu.","refs":[7],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[7,5],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ughelli","lga":"delta-ughelli-north","lgaName":"Ughelli North","state":"Delta","point":[6.044,5.479],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Orogun"},{"name":"Agbarho"},{"name":"Agbarha"},{"name":"Ufuoma"},{"name":"Evwreni"},{"name":"Afiesere"}],"markers":[{"lga":"delta-ughelli-north","point":[6.044,5.479]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"One of the two oldest Urhobo kingdoms, traced to about the 14th century; its founder Ughene is remembered as the son of Oghwoghwa, a Benin prince.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[8,2,5],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Oghara","lga":"delta-ethiope-west","lgaName":"Ethiope West","state":"Delta","point":[5.767,5.928],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"delta-ethiope-west","point":[5.767,5.928]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of Ethiope West.","refs":[9],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[9],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-urhobo","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Urhobo (urho1239)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/urho1239","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-urhobo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Urhobo people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhobo_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-itsekiri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Itsekiri people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsekiri_people","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-okpe-lga","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Okpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okpe,_Delta","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-sapele","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Sapele, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapele,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-udu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Udu, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udu,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-ughelli-north","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ughelli North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ughelli_North","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"wikipedia-ethiope-west","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ethiope West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiope_West","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"warji","name":"Warji (Sirna)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Warji","Warjawa","Sirna","Sirzakwai"],"language":{"name":"Warji (Sirzakwai)","glottocode":"warj1256","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Warji call themselves Sirna and their language Sirzakwai. Most live in Warji (formerly a district of Ningi, now its own LGA) and in Ganjuwa in Bauchi State, with a smaller group in Birnin Kudu LGA of Jigawa. About 75,000 speakers; the language is endangered as speakers shift to Hausa.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"bauchi-warji","name":"Warji","state":"Bauchi","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Warji district, named for them, became Warji LGA."},{"lga":"bauchi-ningi","name":"Ningi","state":"Bauchi","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"bauchi-ganjuwa","name":"Ganjuwa","state":"Bauchi","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"jigawa-birnin-kudu","name":"Birnin Kudu","state":"Jigawa","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"high","note":"Amfani: Warji 'is found in Birnin Kudu Local Government Area'."}],"communities":[{"name":"Warji","lga":"bauchi-warji","lgaName":"Warji","state":"Bauchi","point":[9.7565,11.142],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"bauchi-warji","point":[9.7565,11.142]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Formerly a district of Ningi, now its own LGA; home of most Sirna (Warji) speakers.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-warj1256","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Warji (warj1256)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/warj1256","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-warji-language","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Warji language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warji_language","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"amfani-2018","citation":"Amfani, Ahmed. (2018). Revisiting the Linguistic Situation in the North West Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (languages of each state by LGA)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/47/42","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-bauchi-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bauchi State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauchi_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"wurkun","name":"Wurkun","status":"published","searchAliases":["Wurkun","Wurkum","Kulung","Bakulung","Piya","Walo","Kwonci"],"language":{"name":"Piya-Kwonci and other Wurkun languages","glottocode":"piya1245","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high","note":"The Wurkun peoples speak several languages; Piya-Kwonci is West Chadic, while Kulung is a Jarawan Bantu language."},"summary":{"text":"Wurkun is a composite identity of the western Muri Mountains in Karim Lamido LGA, Taraba, taking in the Kulung, Piya (Walo) and other peoples. The Wurkun and the Karimjo are the two main rivals of Karim Lamido; 16 people died in clashes between them over the chieftaincy in May 2023.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"taraba-karim-lamido","name":"Karim Lamido","state":"Taraba","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"About 15 peoples live in Karim Lamido; no census breakdown exists."}],"communities":[{"name":"Wurkun of the Muri Mountains","lga":"taraba-karim-lamido","lgaName":"Karim Lamido","state":"Taraba","point":[10.8455,9.202],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"taraba-karim-lamido","point":[10.8455,9.202]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Rivals of the Karimjo for the Karim Lamido chieftaincy; 16 people died in clashes in May 2023.","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-piya1245","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Piya-Kwonci (Wurkun) (piya1245)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/piya1245","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-karim-lamido","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Karim Lamido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Lamido","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"dailytrust-2023-karim-lamido","citation":"Daily Trust. (2023). 16 killed in Taraba chieftaincy tussle (Karimjo and Wurkun). Daily Trust","url":"https://dailytrust.com/16-killed-in-taraba-chieftaincy-tussle/","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"yakurr","name":"Yakurr (Lokaa)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Yakurr","Yako","Lokaa","Ugep","Idomi","Ekori"],"language":{"name":"Lokaa","glottocode":"loka1252","family":{"name":"Upper Cross","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Delta Cross","Upper Cross"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Yakurr, who speak Lokaa, are the people of Yakurr LGA in central Cross River State, around Ugep.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"cross-river-yakurr","name":"Yakurr","state":"Cross River","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"cross-river-obubra","name":"Obubra","state":"Cross River","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Ugep","lga":"cross-river-yakurr","lgaName":"Yakurr","state":"Cross River","point":[8.086,5.795],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Idomi","point":[8.085,5.761]},{"name":"Ekori","point":[8.12,5.876]},{"name":"Mkpani"},{"name":"Inyima"},{"name":"Nko"},{"name":"Assiga"},{"name":"Agoi Ibami"},{"name":"Agoi Ekpo"},{"name":"Agoi Efreke"}],"markers":[{"lga":"cross-river-yakurr","point":[8.086,5.795]}],"alsoIn":[],"livelihoods":{"text":"Farming, fishing, trade, lumbering, wood carving and food processing.","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[3,4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Settlements listed in the Yakurr LGA article; Yakurr LGA is the Yakö homeland."}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-loka1252","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Lokaa (Yakurr) (loka1252)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/loka1252","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-cross-river-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Cross River State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-yakurr-lga","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Yakurr (LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakurr","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"grid3-settlement-names","citation":"GRID3. (2020). GRID3 NGA Settlement Names (settlement points with ward and LGA)","url":"https://services3.arcgis.com/BU6Aadhn6tbBEdyk/arcgis/rest/services/Settlements_in_Nigeria/FeatureServer","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"yala","name":"Yala","status":"published","searchAliases":["Yala","Yache","Okpoma","Ijiegu"],"language":{"name":"Yala","glottocode":"yala1263","family":{"name":"Idomoid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Idomoid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Yala are the largest people of Yala LGA in northern Cross River State, with headquarters at Okpoma, and trace their ancestry to the Idoma of Benue. The Yache, also of Idoma origin, live around Ijiegu and Uchu.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"cross-river-yala","name":"Yala","state":"Cross River","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"cross-river-obubra","name":"Obubra","state":"Cross River","presence":"minority","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"}],"communities":[{"name":"Okpoma","lga":"cross-river-yala","lgaName":"Yala","state":"Cross River","point":[8.634,6.593],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Okuku","point":[8.765,6.701]},{"name":"Yahe"},{"name":"Ugaga"},{"name":"Ijegu"},{"name":"Oloko-Ogwope"},{"name":"Imaje"},{"name":"Echumoga"},{"name":"Woda"},{"name":"Itekpa"},{"name":"Wonye"},{"name":"Uchu"},{"name":"Osina"}],"markers":[{"lga":"cross-river-yala","point":[8.634,6.593]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Headquarters of Yala LGA. The Yala are close kin of the Idoma and can understand their speech; tradition says they left Benue in search of salt and stayed when they found it in abundance here. Okpoma's salt ponds are still worked and of great historical importance.","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Salt making from the Okpoma ponds, and farming.","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-yala1263","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Yala (yala1263)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/yala1263","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"connectnigeria-yala","citation":"Ethnic Groups in Nigeria: The Yala People","url":"https://articles.connectnigeria.com/ethnic-groups-in-nigeria-the-yala-people/","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-cross-river-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Cross River State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_State","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-yala-lga","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Yala, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yala,_Nigeria","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba","status":"published","searchAliases":["Yorùbá","Yariba","Okun","Oworo","Egba","Ijebu","Ekiti","Ijesa","Oyo","Ilaje"],"language":{"name":"Yoruba","iso639_3":"yor","glottocode":"yoru1245","family":{"name":"Yoruboid","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","Benue-Congo","Defoid","Yoruboid"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Yoruba are the main people of south-western Nigeria. Yorubaland in Nigeria covers Oyo, Osun, Ogun, Ondo, Ekiti and Lagos, most of Kwara and western Kogi. Ife and Oyo were their great historic centres; Yoruba is close kin to Igala and Itsekiri.","refs":[2,3,4],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"lagos-agege","name":"Agege","state":"Lagos","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"lagos-ajeromi-ifelodun","name":"Ajeromi/Ifelodun","state":"Lagos","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"lagos-alimosho","name":"Alimosho","state":"Lagos","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"lagos-amuwo-odofin","name":"Amuwo Odofin","state":"Lagos","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"lagos-apapa","name":"Apapa","state":"Lagos","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"lagos-badagry","name":"Badagry","state":"Lagos","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"lagos-epe","name":"Epe","state":"Lagos","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"lagos-eti-osa","name":"Eti 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where Obatala founded the world at Olodumare's order, later held by Oduduwa, whose sons and daughters founded the kingdoms of Yorubaland. An important emporium by 900 CE, famous for naturalistic bronze, stone and terracotta heads of about 1200–1400. Its king is the Ooni.","refs":[9],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[9],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Oyo (Oyo Atiba)","lga":"oyo-atiba","lgaName":"Atiba","state":"Oyo","point":[3.9306,7.8417],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"oyo-atiba","point":[3.9306,7.8417]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"oyo-oyo-east","name":"Oyo East","state":"Oyo"},{"lga":"oyo-oyo-west","name":"Oyo West","state":"Oyo"}],"history":{"text":"New Oyo, founded in the 1830s as the capital of what remained of the Oyo Empire after Old Oyo was abandoned. Seat of the Alaafin. 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Founded by Lagelu, it came into its present existence in 1829 as a war camp, in the turmoil that destroyed Old Oyo, Ijaye and Owu.","refs":[11],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[11],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Abeokuta","lga":"ogun-abeokuta-south","lgaName":"Abeokuta South","state":"Ogun","point":[3.3483,7.1608],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"ogun-abeokuta-south","point":[3.3483,7.1608]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"ogun-abeokuta-north","name":"Abeokuta North","state":"Ogun"}],"history":{"text":"Founded around 1830 by the Egba, refugees from the collapse of Oyo, on a strong defensive site against slave raiders from Dahomey. 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In 1891 it was a walled city with a moat, allied to Ibadan.","refs":[16],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[16],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Iseyin","lga":"oyo-iseyin","lgaName":"Iseyin","state":"Oyo","point":[3.6,7.9667],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"oyo-iseyin","point":[3.6,7.9667]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"An Oke-Ogun town under the Aseyin, home of aso oke (aso ofi) weaving.","refs":[17],"confidence":"high"},"livelihoods":{"text":"Cotton weaving, tobacco and food farming.","refs":[17],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[17],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Shaki","lga":"oyo-saki-west","lgaName":"Saki West","state":"Oyo","point":[3.4,8.6667],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"oyo-saki-west","point":[3.4,8.6667]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"oyo-saki-east","name":"Saki East","state":"Oyo"}],"history":{"text":"Part of the Oyo Empire; became a refugee town after Old Oyo was destroyed in 1835. Its ruler is the Okere.","refs":[18],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[18],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Osogbo","lga":"osun-osogbo","lgaName":"Osogbo","state":"Osun","point":[4.5667,7.7667],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"osun-osogbo","point":[4.5667,7.7667]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"osun-olorunda","name":"Olorunda","state":"Osun"}],"history":{"text":"Capital of Osun State since 1991, on the Lagos–Kano railway; home of the Osogbo school of art.","refs":[19],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[19],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ede","lga":"osun-ede-north","lgaName":"Ede North","state":"Osun","point":[4.4361,7.7389],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"osun-ede-north","point":[4.4361,7.7389]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"osun-ede-south","name":"Ede South","state":"Osun"}],"history":{"text":"On the Osun river. Its Timi, Abibu Lagunju, was on the throne by 1857 as a Muslim, the first Muslim Oba in Yorubaland.","refs":[20],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[20],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Iwo","lga":"osun-iwo","lgaName":"Iwo","state":"Osun","point":[4.1833,7.6333],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"osun-iwo","point":[4.1833,7.6333]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Its people trace their migration from Ile-Ife to the 11th century. The Oluwo has over 30 kings under him.","refs":[21],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[21],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ikirun","lga":"osun-ifelodun","lgaName":"Ifelodun","state":"Osun","point":[4.6515,7.934],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"osun-ifelodun","point":[4.6515,7.934]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded by Akinorun, from whom it takes its name.","refs":[22],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[22],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ila Orangun (Igbomina)","lga":"osun-ila","lgaName":"Ila","state":"Osun","point":[4.9,8.0167],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"osun-ila","point":[4.9,8.0167]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Capital of an old Igbomina city-state under the Orangun of Ila, with more than 200 compounds.","refs":[23],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[23],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ilesa (Ijeshaland)","lga":"osun-ilesha-east","lgaName":"Ilesha East","state":"Osun","point":[4.7167,7.6167],"approximate":false,"villages":[{"name":"Ibokun"},{"name":"Esa-Oke"},{"name":"Ipetu-Ijesa"},{"name":"Ijebu-Jesa"},{"name":"Iwoye-Ijesa"}],"markers":[{"lga":"osun-ilesha-east","point":[4.7167,7.6167]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"osun-ilesha-west","name":"Ilesha West","state":"Osun"}],"history":{"text":"Capital of the Ijesha kingdom under the Owa Obokun.","refs":[24],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[24,25],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ado-Ekiti","lga":"ekiti-ado-ekiti","lgaName":"Ado-Ekiti","state":"Ekiti","point":[5.2214,7.6211],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"ekiti-ado-ekiti","point":[5.2214,7.6211]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded by Ewi Awamaro, son of Biritikolu, who left Ile-Ife with his father and his uncle Oranmiyan; Awamaro settled at Ulesun after resting at Ido Ani and Agbado. Its ruler is the Ewi.","refs":[26],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[26],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Ondo","lga":"ondo-ondo-west","lgaName":"Ondo West","state":"Ondo","point":[4.7295,6.991],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"ondo-ondo-west","point":[4.7295,6.991]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"ondo-ondo-east","name":"Ondo East","state":"Ondo"}],"history":{"text":"Its king, the Osemawe, descends from Oduduwa; the title is said to come from “ese omo re”, the first king's cry when his favourite wife bore twins.","refs":[27],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[27,28],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Owo","lga":"ondo-owo","lgaName":"Owo","state":"Ondo","point":[5.5864,7.1961],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"ondo-owo","point":[5.5864,7.1961]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Capital of a Yoruba city-state from about 1400 to 1600, tracing its founders to Ile-Ife. It kept near independence from Benin, sometimes paying tribute, and Benin's kings recruited Owo's ivory carvers. British rule came in 1893; the Action Group was launched at the Olowo's palace in 1951.","refs":[29],"confidence":"high"},"refs":[29],"confidence":"high"},{"name":"Akure","lga":"ondo-akure-south","lgaName":"Akure South","state":"Ondo","point":[5.1888,7.2552],"approximate":false,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"ondo-akure-south","point":[5.1888,7.2552]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"ondo-akure-north","name":"Akure North","state":"Ondo"}],"history":{"text":"Founded by Alakure; its kings descend from Asodeboyede, a prince from Ile-Ife who conquered Alakure's people.","refs":[30],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[30],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-yoruba","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Yoruba (yoru1245)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/yoru1245","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-yorubaland","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Yorubaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorubaland","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-yoruba-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Yoruba people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"omachonu-dalhatu-2018","citation":"Omachonu, Gideon S.; Dalhatu, Abigail Musa. (2018). The Languages of the North Central Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Benue, FCT, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and Plateau)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/42/37","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-lokoja","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Lokoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokoja","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-koton-karfe","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Koton Karfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koton_Karfe","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"soluap-2025-niger","citation":"(2025). List of ethnic groups and languages in Niger State by Local Government Area. Soluap","url":"https://soluap.com/list-of-ethnic-groups-and-languages-in-niger-state-by-local-government-area/","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"ross-jones-borgu","citation":"Jones, Ross. The ethnic groups of present day Borgu (with population estimates for 1997 from the 1991 census and a 1992 language survey)","url":"https://wasc.org.uk/Nigeria%20history%20docs/Borgu%20ethnic%20groups.pdf","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"wikipedia-ife","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ife","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-oyo-town","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Oyo, Oyo State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo,_Oyo_State","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"wikipedia-ibadan","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ibadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan","checked":true},{"n":12,"id":"wikipedia-abeokuta","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Abeokuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeokuta","checked":true},{"n":13,"id":"wikipedia-history-of-lagos","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. History of Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lagos","checked":false},{"n":14,"id":"wikipedia-ijebu-ode","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ijebu Ode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijebu_Ode","checked":true},{"n":15,"id":"wikipedia-ilaro","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ilaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilaro","checked":true},{"n":16,"id":"wikipedia-ogbomosho","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ogbomosho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogbomosho","checked":true},{"n":17,"id":"wikipedia-iseyin","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Iseyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iseyin","checked":true},{"n":18,"id":"wikipedia-shaki","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Shaki, Oyo State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaki,_Oyo_State","checked":true},{"n":19,"id":"wikipedia-osogbo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Osogbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osogbo","checked":true},{"n":20,"id":"wikipedia-ede","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ede, Osun State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ede,_Osun_State","checked":true},{"n":21,"id":"wikipedia-iwo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Iwo, Osun State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwo,_Osun_State","checked":true},{"n":22,"id":"wikipedia-ikirun","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ikirun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikirun","checked":true},{"n":23,"id":"wikipedia-ila-orangun","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ila Orangun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ila_Orangun","checked":true},{"n":24,"id":"wikipedia-ilesa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ilesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilesa","checked":true},{"n":25,"id":"wikipedia-ijesha","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ijesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijesha","checked":true},{"n":26,"id":"wikipedia-ado-ekiti","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ado Ekiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ado_Ekiti","checked":true},{"n":27,"id":"wikipedia-ondo-city","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ondo City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondo_City","checked":true},{"n":28,"id":"wikipedia-ondo-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ondo Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondo_Kingdom","checked":true},{"n":29,"id":"wikipedia-owo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Owo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owo","checked":true},{"n":30,"id":"wikipedia-akure","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Akure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akure","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Ese Odo (Ondo) is left out: it is Ijaw. Badagry and the Yewa area (Lagos, Ogun) have Egun (Gun) communities not yet mapped.","No single paramount ruler: the Ooni of Ife and the Alaafin of Oyo are among the leading kings."],"kingdoms":[{"id":"ife","name":"Ife","peak":1300},{"id":"egba","name":"Egba","peak":1898},{"id":"oyo","name":"Oyo Empire","peak":1750},{"id":"ijebu","name":"Ijebu Kingdom","peak":1820},{"id":"lagos","name":"Kingdom of Lagos","peak":1800},{"id":"ibadan","name":"Ibadan","peak":1870},{"id":"ekitiparapo","name":"Ekitiparapo","peak":1880}]},{"id":"yungur","name":"Yungur","status":"published","searchAliases":["Yungur","Ebode","Ebina","Song"],"language":{"name":"Yungur","glottocode":"yung1254","family":{"name":"Adamawa","lineage":["Atlantic-Congo","Volta-Congo","North Volta-Congo","Central Adamawa"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Yungur live in Song, Guyuk and Gombi LGAs of Adamawa State, between Shelleng and Song. About 95,000 speakers in 1992.","refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},"areas":[{"lga":"adamawa-song","name":"Song","state":"Adamawa","presence":"core","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Wikipedia's table names Mboi and Yungur for Song. Bata (Bachama), Lala and Fulani also live there."}],"communities":[{"name":"Yungur of Song","lga":"adamawa-song","lgaName":"Song","state":"Adamawa","point":[12.622,9.8215],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"adamawa-song","point":[12.622,9.8215]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"adamawa-guyuk","name":"Guyuk","state":"Adamawa"},{"lga":"adamawa-gombi","name":"Gombi","state":"Adamawa"}],"refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-yung1254","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Yungur-Voro (yung1254)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/yung1254","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-adamawa-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Adamawa State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-bena-mboi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bena–Mboi languages (Yungur, Mboi, Lala-Roba with LGAs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bena%E2%80%93Mboi_languages","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"zaar","name":"Zaar","status":"published","searchAliases":["Sayawa","Saya","Zaar","Tafawa Balewa"],"language":{"name":"Zaar (Saya)","iso639_3":"say","glottocode":"saya1246","family":{"name":"Chadic","lineage":["Afro-Asiatic","Chadic"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Zaar (Sayawa) live in southern Bauchi State, around Tafawa Balewa and Bogoro, and speak a West Chadic language.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"bauchi-tafawa-balewa","name":"Tafawa-Balewa","state":"Bauchi","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-bogoro","name":"Bogoro","state":"Bauchi","presence":"core","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"bauchi-ganjuwa","name":"Ganjuwa","state":"Bauchi","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"communities":[{"name":"Tafawa Balewa and Bogoro","lga":"bauchi-tafawa-balewa","lgaName":"Tafawa-Balewa","state":"Bauchi","point":[9.7215,9.813],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"bauchi-tafawa-balewa","point":[9.7215,9.813]}],"alsoIn":[{"lga":"bauchi-bogoro","name":"Bogoro","state":"Bauchi"}],"refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-zaar","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Saya (Zaar) (saya1246)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/saya1246","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"udosen-2018","citation":"Udosen, Escor E. (2018). Linguistic Survey of Nigerian Languages: A Preliminary Report of the Languages of the North East Geopolitical Zone. JOLAN Supplement III (tables of languages by LGA for Bauchi, Borno, Gombe and Yobe)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/45/40","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]},{"id":"zarma","name":"Zarma (Zabarmawa)","status":"published","searchAliases":["Zarma","Zabarma","Zabarmawa","Djerma","Zerma"],"language":{"name":"Zarma","glottocode":"zarm1239","family":{"name":"Songhay","lineage":["Songhay","Eastern Songhay"]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"summary":{"text":"The Zarma (Zabarmawa in Hausa) are a Songhay-speaking people, mainly of Niger Republic, who settled in Kebbi from the 16th century. In Nigeria they live in the border LGAs of Sokoto and Kebbi States. Zarma is a Songhay language, unrelated to Hausa.","refs":[2,3,4,5],"confidence":"high"},"areas":[{"lga":"sokoto-kware","name":"Kware","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"high","note":"Amfani: Zarma 'is mainly spoken in Kware Local Government Area and Sokoto North'."},{"lga":"sokoto-sokoto-north","name":"Sokoto North","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"lga":"kebbi-argungu","name":"Argungu","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kebbi-birnin-kebbi","name":"Birnin Kebbi","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"kebbi-bunza","name":"Bunza","state":"Kebbi","presence":"minority","refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},{"lga":"sokoto-gada","name":"Gada","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[5,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"A border LGA where Wikipedia lists Zarma and Tuareg."},{"lga":"sokoto-gudu","name":"Gudu","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[5,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"A border LGA where Wikipedia lists Zarma and Tuareg."},{"lga":"sokoto-illela","name":"Illela","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[5,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"A border LGA where Wikipedia lists Zarma and Tuareg."},{"lga":"sokoto-sabon-birni","name":"Sabon Birni","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[5,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"A border LGA where Wikipedia lists Zarma and Tuareg."},{"lga":"sokoto-tangaza","name":"Tangaza","state":"Sokoto","presence":"minority","refs":[5,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"A border LGA where Wikipedia lists Zarma and Tuareg."}],"communities":[{"name":"Bagudo","lga":"kebbi-bagudu","lgaName":"Bagudu","state":"Kebbi","point":[3.9125,11.2895],"approximate":true,"villages":[],"markers":[{"lga":"kebbi-bagudu","point":[3.9125,11.2895]}],"alsoIn":[],"history":{"text":"Founded, as its name tells, by a Fulani herder called Wabudo; its people are mainly Fulani, Hausa and Zabarmawa (Zarma), on the borders of Niger and Benin.","refs":[6],"confidence":"medium"},"refs":[6],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"glottolog-zarma","citation":"Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian. Glottolog: Zarma-Kaado, Eastern Songhay (zarm1239)","url":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/zarm1239","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"amfani-2018","citation":"Amfani, Ahmed. (2018). Revisiting the Linguistic Situation in the North West Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. JOLAN Supplement III (languages of each state by LGA)","url":"https://jolan.com.ng/index.php/home/article/download/47/42","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"sokoto-state-gov-people","citation":"Sokoto State Government. People of Sokoto. Official website of Sokoto State Government","url":"https://sokotostate.gov.ng/history-of-sokoto/people-of-sokoto/","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-kebbi-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kebbi State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebbi_State","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-sokoto-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Sokoto State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_State","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-bagudo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bagudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagudo","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[],"kingdoms":[]}]