{"polities":[{"id":"benin","name":"Kingdom of Benin","kind":"kingdom","status":"published","otherNames":["Edo","Igodomigodo","Ubini"],"shortName":"Benin","color":"#8e2f3c","span":{"from":1000,"to":1897,"fromLabel":"c. 900–1000 (Ogiso era)","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"peak":1600,"summary":{"text":"The Edo kingdom of Benin grew from the Ogiso era into one of the great forest states of West Africa. Warrior Obas of the 15th and 16th centuries carried its rule west to Lagos and east to the Niger, and it traded with Portugal from 1485. A British force sacked Benin City in 1897 and looted the Benin Bronzes; the monarchy was restored in 1914.","refs":[1,3,10],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Oba (earlier Ogiso)","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"peoples":[{"id":"edo","name":"Edo"},{"id":"esan","name":"Esan"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba","lgas":26},{"id":"edo","name":"Edo","lgas":7},{"id":"afemai","name":"Afemai","lgas":5},{"id":"esan","name":"Esan","lgas":5},{"id":"urhobo","name":"Urhobo","lgas":5},{"id":"anioma","name":"Anioma (Enuani)","lgas":4},{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo","lgas":2},{"id":"ika","name":"Ika","lgas":2},{"id":"ukwuani","name":"Ukwuani (Ndokwa)","lgas":2},{"id":"ijaw","name":"Ijaw","lgas":1}],"snapshots":[{"year":1000,"yearLabel":"c. 1000","title":"Igodomigodo under the Ogiso","text":"The Ogiso, the \"kings of the sky\", rule a cluster of Edo communities in the forest around the future Benin City.","capital":{"name":"Igodomigodo (Benin City)","point":[5.627,6.335]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[5.5565,6.245],"bounds":[5.5565,6.144,5.652,6.358],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Ogiso traditions are oral; dates are estimates."},{"year":1180,"yearLabel":"c. 1180–1200","title":"Eweka I, the first Oba","text":"After the Ogiso line ends, Oranmiyan of Ife is invited and his son Eweka becomes the first Oba. Benin keeps ritual ties with Ife.","capital":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Ile-Ife","point":[4.56,7.47]},"label":"Dynastic and ritual ties with Ife","refs":[]}],"core":"medium","label":[5.652,6.144],"bounds":[5.5565,6.058,5.9945,6.4945],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1255,"yearLabel":"1255–1440","title":"Ewedo and Ubini","text":"Oba Ewedo, the fourth Oba, is the first to rule with real central power. He moves the palace from Usama to its present site, renames the state from Ile-Ibinu, “land of vexation”, to Ubini, and builds a palace bureaucracy. Excavations show the city flourishing around 1200–1300, and a network of earthen walls, 6,000 to 13,000 km of them, grows around its towns over the centuries.","capital":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Ile-Ife","point":[4.56,7.48]},"label":"Regalia from Ife; the Oba line's Ife tie","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[5.652,6.144],"bounds":[5.5565,6.058,5.9945,6.4945],"refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1440,"title":"Oba Ewuare the Great","text":"Ewuare rebuilds Benin City with great walls and moats and begins a century of conquest. The Esan chiefdoms come under Benin.","capital":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[5.907,6.4945],"bounds":[5.202,6.058,6.4715,7.257],"refs":[1,3,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1485,"yearLabel":"1485–1515","title":"The Portuguese arrive","text":"João Afonso de Aveiro reaches Benin City in 1485. From 1507 Portuguese merchants pay for ivory, pepper and captives in brass manillas from the Rhineland, which Benin's guild of brass-casters melts into the plaques and heads now called the Benin Bronzes; some plaques show the Portuguese themselves. Oba Ozolua reigns with Queen Idia, whose son Esigie will succeed him.","capital":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Forcados and Escravos river mouths","point":[5.36,5.36]},"label":"Pepper, ivory, cloth and captives for brass and guns","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"high","influence":"medium","label":[5.907,6.4945],"bounds":[5.202,6.058,6.4715,7.257],"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1515,"yearLabel":"1515–1516","title":"The Igala at the gates","text":"An Igala army crosses the Niger and invades, and for a time Benin itself is in danger. Oba Esigie calls out the whole war council; Queen Mother Idia raises her own troops, and Portuguese musketeers fight for Benin. A servant of Idia kills the Igala general, and after about two years the Igala forces are driven back across the Niger to Idah. Esigie's victory, and the doom-crying bird he had shot down, are still remembered in the Ugie Oro festival. Portuguese traders have used the port of Ughoton since 1485.","capital":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Ughoton (Gwato)","point":[5.43,6.24]},"label":"Portuguese trade at Ughoton","refs":[]}],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[5.907,6.4945],"bounds":[5.1805,5.507,6.667,7.257],"refs":[1,3,4],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1530,"yearLabel":"c. 1530–1580","title":"West to Allada and Lagos","text":"Benin's armies and traders reach Allada by about 1530, and its influence may reach as far as the Accra coast. In eastern Yorubaland Benin subdues Ado and other Ekiti states, sometimes replacing their dynasties, and makes Akure a trading base. Under Orhogbua in the mid-16th century Lagos Island becomes a Benin war camp, Eko. Western Igbo chiefdoms take Benin titles and need the Oba's confirmation.","capital":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Allada","point":[2.15,6.67]},"label":"Benin's reach to Allada (c. 1530)","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Accra","point":[-0.19,5.6]},"label":"Possible Benin influence near Accra","note":"It is unclear whether this was conquest, migration or contact.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[1]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ado-Ekiti","point":[5.22,7.62]},"label":"Ado and Ekiti states subdued","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Akure","point":[5.19,7.25]},"label":"Akure, Benin's base in eastern Yorubaland","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Ketu","point":[2.61,7.36]},"label":"Refugees from Ewuare's mourning laws reach Ketu","confidence":"disputed","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","influence":"disputed","label":[6.2515,6.47],"bounds":[3.3685,5.507,6.7975,7.63],"refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1580,"yearLabel":"c. 1580–1689","title":"The last warrior king","text":"Oba Ehengbuda, in the late 16th century, is the last of the warrior kings. Oyo's cavalry tries to invade but stalls in the Ekiti hills. After him the great officials grow stronger; many Obas reign briefly and turbulently, the father-to-son line from Eweka I may end with Ohuan's death in 1641, and cloth replaces pepper and ivory as the main export.","capital":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Otun Ekiti","point":[5.13,7.99]},"label":"Oyo's attack halted in the Ekiti hills","confidence":"medium","refs":[5]}],"core":"medium","influence":"disputed","label":[6.2515,6.47],"bounds":[3.3685,5.507,6.7975,7.63],"refs":[1,5],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1600,"yearLabel":"c. 1600","title":"From Lagos to the Niger","text":"Benin's power reaches west along the lagoon to Eko (Lagos), where a Benin-backed dynasty rules and pays tribute, and east to the Niger, where Onitsha's founders trace their origin to Benin. Owo, Akure and the southern Ekiti towns feel Benin's weight. Oba Ehengbuda is the last of the warrior kings. Benin’s rule shows in tribute and in royal representatives placed in subject towns, from the Anioma towns west of the Niger (Agbor, Ogwashi-Uku, Issele-Uku) to the Itsekiri, Urhobo and Ijaw country of the western Delta.","capital":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Eko (Lagos Island)","point":[3.394,6.455]},"label":"Eko (Lagos) pays tribute to Benin","refs":[]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Ughoton (Gwato)","point":[5.43,6.24]},"label":"European trade at Ughoton","refs":[]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Akure","point":[5.195,7.25]},"label":"Akure: an eastern Yoruba kingdom under Benin’s weight","confidence":"disputed","refs":[6,1]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Owo","point":[5.587,7.196]},"label":"Owo: tributary to Benin","confidence":"medium","refs":[6,1]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ado-Ekiti","point":[5.22,7.62]},"label":"Southern Ekiti towns: tribute to Benin","confidence":"disputed","refs":[6,1]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Agbor","point":[6.207,6.268]},"label":"Agbor: under Benin’s royal representatives","confidence":"medium","refs":[6,1]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ogwashi-Uku","point":[6.5157,6.1775]},"label":"Ogwashi-Uku: Anioma town under Benin","confidence":"medium","refs":[6,1]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Issele-Uku","point":[6.4629,6.2982]},"label":"Issele-Uku: Anioma town under Benin","confidence":"medium","refs":[6,1]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Onitsha","point":[6.785,6.145]},"label":"Onitsha: founded by the Umuezechima migrants from Benin","confidence":"medium","refs":[7]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Ode-Itsekiri (Big Warri)","point":[5.3,5.55]},"label":"Warri: its kings descend from Ginuwa, a Benin prince","confidence":"medium","refs":[8]}],"core":"medium","influence":"disputed","label":[6.2515,6.47],"bounds":[3.3685,5.507,6.7975,7.63],"refs":[1,3,9,6],"confidence":"medium","note":"How far Benin ruled, rather than raided or received tribute, is debated; the outer zone is drawn generously and marked disputed."},{"year":1700,"yearLabel":"c. 1690–1720","title":"Civil war and contraction","text":"Around 1689, as Oba Ewuakpe takes the throne, the Iyase Ode and lesser officials rebel; the Oba's imported troops fail and Benin City is sacked. The war lasts about ten years. Ewuakpe's sons Ozuere and Akenzua then fight for the succession until Akenzua and the Ezomo win a decisive battle in 1721. Benin keeps its Edo and Esan heartland and its ritual prestige, but its western reach shrinks.","capital":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Eko (Lagos Island)","point":[3.394,6.455]},"label":"Lagos tribute continues","refs":[]}],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[5.907,6.4945],"bounds":[3.3965,5.507,6.667,7.195],"refs":[1,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1730,"yearLabel":"1730–1815","title":"Akenzua's wealth","text":"After the civil war Oba Akenzua I, with the Ezomo's backing, spends ten years reconquering rebel districts, then grows rich on European trade; he is remembered as one of the wealthiest Obas. A disputed succession at Aboh is referred to the Oba early in the century, and Onitsha and Aboh keep Benin titles.","capital":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Aboh","point":[6.53,5.55]},"label":"Aboh's disputed succession referred to the Oba","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Onitsha","point":[6.785,6.145]},"label":"Onitsha's Benin titles and ruling line","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[5.907,6.4945],"bounds":[5.2925,6.058,6.4715,7.0465],"refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1815,"yearLabel":"c. 1815–1862","title":"Last campaigns in Yorubaland; palm oil","text":"Benin campaigns in eastern Yorubaland into the early 19th century: Owo beats back a Benin army, but Benin later takes Akure, pushes into Ekiti and defeats the town of Ewu, though it gives up a planned attack on Otun. At home palm oil booms, and the Oba narrows exports until palm oil is all that leaves the kingdom, to keep the Europeans at arm's length.","capital":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Owo","point":[5.59,7.2]},"label":"Owo repels Benin","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Akure","point":[5.19,7.25]},"label":"Akure captured","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[5.907,6.4945],"bounds":[5.2925,6.058,6.4715,7.0465],"refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1862,"yearLabel":"1862–1896","title":"Treaties refused, then signed","text":"Consul Richard Burton visits from Fernando Pó in 1862 and writes of a place “that stinks of death”, a picture that feeds British appetite for conquest. Treaty missions in 1884, 1885 and 1886 fail. In 1892 Vice-Consul Gallwey gets Oba Ovonramwen and his chiefs to sign a treaty that Britain later reads as making Benin a protectorate, though Gallwey's own account says the Oba hesitated.","capital":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Fernando Pó","point":[8.78,3.75]},"label":"Consul Burton's visit (1862)","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"high","label":[5.907,6.4945],"bounds":[5.2925,6.058,6.4715,7.0465],"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1897,"title":"The British sack Benin City","text":"In January 1897 Acting Consul-General Phillips sets out for Benin City during a festival when the Oba could not receive visitors, having already asked London for leave to depose him; the Oba's generals ambush the party and kill all but two Europeans and hundreds of porters. Admiral Rawson's 1,200-man punitive force takes the city; fire destroys the palace, and the Benin Bronzes are looted and sold to pay for the expedition. Ovonramwen is exiled to Calabar and dies there in 1914; resistance ends with the Benin Territories Expedition of 1899.","capital":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Duke Town (Atakpa)","point":[8.32,4.95]},"label":"Ovonramwen exiled to Calabar","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"high","label":[5.907,6.4945],"bounds":[5.2925,6.058,6.4715,6.8275],"refs":[1,3,1],"confidence":"high"}],"today":{"text":"The monarchy was restored in 1914 under Eweka II. The Oba of Benin reigns from his palace in Benin City, and looted bronzes have begun to return from Europe.","title":"Oba of Benin","seat":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-benin","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"egharevba-1968","citation":"Egharevba, Jacob. (1968). A Short History of Benin (4th edition). Ibadan University Press","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"ryder-1969","citation":"Ryder, A. F. C. (1969). Benin and the Europeans, 1485–1897. Longmans, London","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-igala-benin-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igala–Benin War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igala%E2%80%93Benin_War","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-oyo-empire","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Oyo Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-doc1","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Owner's notes on the reach of Igala, Benin, Oyo and Aro, the British conquests, and migrations (hintsPrompts/doc1.md)","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-onitsha","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Onitsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onitsha","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-warri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Warri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Warri","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"ajayi-crowder-1985","citation":"Ajayi, J. F. Ade; Crowder, Michael (editors). (1985). Historical Atlas of Africa. Cambridge University Press","checked":false},{"n":10,"id":"bradbury-1957","citation":"Bradbury, R. E. (1957). The Benin Kingdom and the Edo-Speaking Peoples of South-Western Nigeria. International African Institute, London","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["The c. 1600 outer zone (Lagos to Onitsha, Owo, Ekiti, Urhobo) is marked disputed. Ryder (1969) is more cautious than Egharevba (1968)."]},{"id":"bonny","name":"Bonny","kind":"city-state","status":"published","otherNames":["Ibani","Grand Bonny"],"shortName":"Bonny","color":"#2d7f8f","span":{"from":1000,"to":1886,"fromLabel":"c. 1000 (Ibani tradition)","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"peak":1830,"summary":{"text":"Grand Bonny (Ibani), on its island at the mouth of the Bonny river, was founded, by Ibani tradition, by Ijaw from Kolokuma in the central Delta, first at Orupiri and then at Okoloama, “curlew town”. Its first kings were the four founders Ndoli, Opuamakuba, Alagbariya and Asimini. With the Portuguese and then the Dutch and British it became one of the greatest slave ports on the Bight of Biafra, its trading houses fielding war canoes that carried 140 men and bow cannon. Perekule founded the Pepple dynasty in the 18th century. After 1807 Bonny turned to palm oil; British consuls deposed one king in 1854, a civil war between the Manilla Pepple and Anna Pepple houses drove Jaja out to found Opobo in 1869, and in 1886 Bonny accepted a British protectorate.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Amanyanabo (Pepple dynasty)","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"peoples":[{"id":"ijaw","name":"Ijaw"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo","lgas":3},{"id":"ijaw","name":"Ijaw","lgas":2},{"id":"ndoki","name":"Asa and Ndoki (Oyigbo)","lgas":1},{"id":"ibibio","name":"Ibibio","lgas":1},{"id":"obolo","name":"Obolo (Andoni)","lgas":1}],"snapshots":[{"year":1000,"yearLabel":"c. 1000–1450","title":"Okoloama, curlew town","text":"Ibani tradition says the founders came from the Kolokuma area of the central Delta, settled first at Orupiri and then on an island full of curlews, Okoloama. Four founders are remembered as the first kings: Ndoli, Opuamakuba, Alagbariya, the Okoloamakoromabo or founder of Bonny, and Asimini. Their descendants rule through twelve reigns.","capital":{"name":"Grand Bonny","point":[7.17,4.43]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Kolokuma","point":[6.17,5.08]},"label":"Founders from the Kolokuma (Ebeni-toru) country","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"core":"disputed","label":[7.2405,4.448],"bounds":[7.17,4.43,7.2405,4.448],"refs":[1],"confidence":"disputed"},{"year":1450,"yearLabel":"c. 15th century","title":"Grand Bonny","text":"Ibani settlers found Bonny near the sea. Portuguese ships arrive in the late 15th century.","capital":{"name":"Grand Bonny","point":[7.17,4.43]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[7.2405,4.448],"bounds":[7.17,4.43,7.2405,4.448],"refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1750,"yearLabel":"c. 1700–1807","title":"A great slave port","text":"Bonny is among the busiest slave ports in Africa. Its canoe houses buy captives at hinterland markets reached by the Imo river. King Perekule, crowned by Chief Adapa Alagbariya, founds the Pepple dynasty and a new class of house chiefs beginning with Allison; Bonny's canoe houses keep war canoes carrying up to 140 men with bow cannon.","capital":{"name":"Grand Bonny","point":[7.17,4.43]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Akwete","point":[7.36,4.97]},"label":"Imo river markets","refs":[]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Arochukwu","point":[7.91,5.39]},"label":"Aro trade","refs":[]}],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[7.2405,4.448],"bounds":[7.17,4.43,7.429,4.934],"refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1830,"yearLabel":"c. 1830–1860","title":"The palm-oil kingdom","text":"After 1807 Bonny turns to palm oil and stays the leading port of the Oil Rivers. Rival houses compete for the trade.","capital":{"name":"Grand Bonny","point":[7.17,4.43]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Akwete","point":[7.36,4.97]},"label":"Imo river markets","refs":[]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Azumini (approximate)","point":[7.45,5.06]},"label":"Azumini","refs":[]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Elem Kalabari (approximate)","point":[6.83,4.65]},"label":"Wars with Kalabari","refs":[]}],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[7.2405,4.448],"bounds":[7.17,4.43,7.623,5.1555],"refs":[4,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1854,"yearLabel":"1854–1869","title":"A king deposed; two houses at war","text":"King William Dappa Pepple, on the throne since 1830 and weakened by a stroke, is deported by the British in 1854. When his successor Dappo dies in 1855 the acting consul names a regency of chiefs. Oko Jumbo of the Manilla Pepple house becomes the real ruler, locked in rivalry with the Anna Pepple house under Jubo Jubogha, Jaja. William Dappa is restored in 1861 and dies in 1866; his English-educated son George, a Christian, declares in 1867 that the monitor lizard is no longer sacred. In 1869 the two houses fight a major battle and Jaja leaves to found Opobo.","capital":{"name":"Grand Bonny","point":[7.17,4.43]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Opobo","point":[7.54,4.51]},"label":"Jaja breaks away (1869)","confidence":"high","refs":[1,5]}],"core":"high","label":[7.2405,4.448],"bounds":[7.17,4.43,7.2405,4.448],"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1869,"title":"Jaja leaves for Opobo","text":"After a civil war between houses, Jaja of the Anna Pepple house leaves with most of the trade and founds Opobo, cutting Bonny off from the Imo markets. Bonny signs a British protection treaty in 1886.","capital":{"name":"Grand Bonny","point":[7.17,4.43]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Opobo","point":[7.54,4.51]},"label":"Split with Opobo","refs":[]}],"core":"high","label":[7.2405,4.448],"bounds":[7.17,4.43,7.2405,4.448],"refs":[2,6],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1873,"yearLabel":"1873–1886","title":"Wars with Kalabari; a protectorate","text":"Losing trade to Opobo, Bonny pushes up rivers that Kalabari has always held, sometimes with Nembe and Okrika at its side, while Opobo backs Kalabari. British consuls impose treaties in 1873 and 1882. King George is deposed in December 1883 and Oko Jumbo plots for his own sons. In February 1886 Bonny signs a protectorate treaty; George is restored with a ruling council, and Oko Jumbo is publicly degraded.","capital":{"name":"Grand Bonny","point":[7.17,4.43]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Elem Kalabari (approximate)","point":[6.83,4.65]},"label":"Wars with Kalabari (1873, 1882 treaties)","confidence":"high","refs":[1,7]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Okrika","point":[7.08,4.73]},"label":"Okrika at times Bonny's ally","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"core":"high","label":[7.2405,4.448],"bounds":[7.17,4.43,7.2405,4.448],"refs":[1,7],"confidence":"high"}],"today":{"text":"The Amanyanabo of Grand Bonny reigns on Bonny Island, Rivers State, now home to Nigeria's liquefied natural gas plant.","title":"Amanyanabo of Bonny","seat":{"name":"Grand Bonny","point":[7.17,4.43]},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-bonny-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Bonny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonny_Kingdom","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-bonny","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Bonny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bonny","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"jones-1963","citation":"Jones, G. I. (1963). The Trading States of the Oil Rivers: A Study of Political Development in Eastern Nigeria. Oxford University Press for the International African Institute","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"dike-1956","citation":"Dike, K. Onwuka. (1956). Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta, 1830–1885. Clarendon Press, Oxford","checked":false},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-jaja-of-opobo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jaja of Opobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaja_of_Opobo","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-opobo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Opobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opobo","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-kalabari-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kalabari Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabari_Kingdom","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Andoni (Obolo) was a rival and sometime enemy of Bonny, not a subject; the influence zone shows trade reach only."]},{"id":"daura","name":"Daura","kind":"kingdom","status":"published","otherNames":[],"shortName":"Daura","color":"#6c8a3a","span":{"from":1000,"to":1904,"fromLabel":"legendary origins","toLabel":"the British restore the Hausa line, 1904","refs":[10],"confidence":"disputed","note":"The Bayajidda legend has no firm date."},"peak":1000,"summary":{"text":"Daura is the “mother” of the Hausa states. In the Bayajidda legend a stranger from the east kills the snake that guards the Kusugu well, marries Queen Daurama, and their grandsons found Kano, Katsina, Zazzau, Gobir and Rano, the Hausa Bakwai. Its early rulers were queens. Too small to be a great power, it was a refuge: Kano's people fled there from Kwararafa in the 17th century. The jihad put a Fulani emir in Daura in 1805; the Hausa line held out at Zango and Baure until the British made Musa of Zango emir of Daura in 1904.","refs":[6,2,10],"confidence":"medium"},"ruler":{"title":"Sarkin Daura (in legend, a line of queens)","refs":[10],"confidence":"medium"},"peoples":[{"id":"hausa","name":"Hausa"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"hausa","name":"Hausa","lgas":7}],"snapshots":[{"year":1000,"yearLabel":"legend","title":"Queen Daurama and Bayajidda","text":"The founding legend of the Hausa states is set in Daura. Bayajidda, a prince said to have come from Baghdad by way of Bornu, kills the snake Sarki in the Kusugu well, which the people could use only once a week, and marries Queen Daurama. Their son Bawo has six sons who rule Daura, Katsina, Zazzau, Gobir, Kano and Rano; with Biram, son of Bayajidda's Bornu wife, these are the seven true Hausa states. Daura's king list begins with a line of queens. The well is still shown in the town.","capital":{"name":"Daura","point":[8.32,13.04]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"label":"Bagauda of Kano, from Daura","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"label":"Kumayo of Katsina, Bayajidda's grandson","confidence":"medium","refs":[3,2]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Zaria","point":[7.7,11.07]},"label":"Gunguma of Zazzau","confidence":"disputed","refs":[4,2]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Alkalawa (Gobir)","point":[6.25,13.57]},"label":"Gobir, through Bawo (one tradition)","confidence":"disputed","refs":[5,2]}],"core":"medium","label":[8.286,12.9715],"bounds":[8.0145,12.791,8.7875,13.1335],"refs":[6,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Legend, not dated history."},{"year":1600,"yearLabel":"c. 1600–1700","title":"A refuge from Kwararafa","text":"When Kwararafa invades Kano under Muhammad Zaki, and again under Dadi around 1671, the people of Kano and their Sarki take refuge at Daura.","capital":{"name":"Daura","point":[8.32,13.04]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"label":"Kano's people shelter at Daura","confidence":"high","refs":[7,8,9]}],"core":"high","label":[8.286,12.9715],"bounds":[8.0145,12.791,8.7875,13.1335],"refs":[7,8,6],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1805,"yearLabel":"1805–1904","title":"The jihad, and the Hausa line at Zango","text":"In 1805 the Fulani leader Malam Ishaku takes Daura and becomes its first emir. The Hausa kings set up rival states close by, at Zango and at Baure, and keep their claim alive for a century. In 1904 the British make Musa of the Zango line the emir of Daura, and the Hausa dynasty returns.","capital":{"name":"Zango (Hausa line)","point":[8.53,12.97]},"nodes":[{"name":"Daura (Fulani emir)","point":[8.32,13.04]},{"name":"Baure","point":[8.75,12.83]}],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Daura","point":[8.32,13.04]},"label":"Daura lost to Malam Ishaku","confidence":"high","refs":[6]}],"core":"medium","label":[8.5485,12.9545],"bounds":[8.32,12.791,8.7875,13.04],"refs":[6],"confidence":"medium"}],"today":{"text":"The Emir of Daura reigns in Daura, Katsina State.","title":"Emir of Daura","seat":{"name":"Daura","point":[8.32,13.04]},"refs":[10],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-sultanate-of-kano","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Kano","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-bayajidda","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bayajidda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayajidda","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-history-of-katsina","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Katsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Katsina","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-zazzau","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Zazzau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zazzau","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-gobir","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gobir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobir","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-daura-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Daura Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daura_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-muhammad-zaki","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muhammad Zaki (quotes Palmer’s Kano Chronicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zaki","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-dadi-kano","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Dadi (sultan) (quotes Palmer’s Kano Chronicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadi_(sultan)","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"wikipedia-kwararafa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kwararafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwararafa","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-hausa-kingdoms","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Hausa Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Daura's history between the legend and 1600 is not covered by any source checked so far.","Zango and Baure are placed at their LGA headquarters."]},{"id":"ife","name":"Ife","kind":"kingdom","status":"published","otherNames":["Ile-Ife"],"shortName":"Ife","color":"#a07c2c","span":{"from":1000,"to":1893,"fromLabel":"c. 1000 or earlier","refs":[10,1],"confidence":"medium"},"peak":1300,"summary":{"text":"Ile-Ife is the sacred city of the Yoruba, where Oduduwa is said to have founded the world's first kingdom. Out of a cluster of house-states a confederacy grew, and in the 10th–11th centuries Oduduwa's party walled the city after a war with the older people under Obatala. In its classical age (c. 1000–1420) Ife made its famous bronze and terracotta heads, glass beads traded as far as Mali and Mauritania, and a city of 70,000 or more; Ibn Battuta heard of it in 1352 as Yufi, one of the greatest kingdoms of the Sudan. Its princes, by tradition, founded Oyo, Benin's Oba dynasty and many other crowns. In the 19th-century wars it was sacked, rebuilt and locked in a long feud with its Oyo refugees at Modakeke.","refs":[3,8],"confidence":"medium"},"ruler":{"title":"Ooni","refs":[10],"confidence":"high"},"peoples":[{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba","lgas":12}],"snapshots":[{"year":1000,"yearLabel":"c. 1000","title":"The sacred city","text":"Ife began as house-societies that grew into mini-states and a confederacy. In the 10th–11th centuries a group led by Oduduwa, probably from the hill town of Oke Ora, built a wall about 7 km round the city and won a war against the older people led by Obatala; both leaders were later worshipped as gods. Tradition says that after a meeting at Ita Ijero the princes went out to found kingdoms of their own.","capital":{"name":"Ile-Ife","point":[4.56,7.47]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[4.5905,7.434],"bounds":[4.4475,7.173,4.5905,7.543],"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1300,"yearLabel":"c. 1100–1400","title":"Classical Ife","text":"In its classical age Ife builds a second wall, paves its streets with potsherds and holds 70,000–105,000 people. Its smiths cast life-size heads in copper and brass; it nearly monopolises the region's glass beads, which reach Gao, Essouk, Koumbi Saleh and Senegal. Ibn Battuta hears of it in Mali in 1352 as Yufi, and the Catalan Atlas of 1375 may show it as Organa. At its height in the 14th century Ife's realm runs about 300 km, from Owu, Jebba, Tada and Oyo in the north to Ijebu in the south.","capital":{"name":"Ile-Ife","point":[4.56,7.47]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"label":"Ritual ties with Benin","refs":[]},{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"label":"Oyo's founder Oranmiyan came from Ife","refs":[]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Gao","point":[-0.04,16.27]},"label":"Glass beads and goods up the Niger to Gao","confidence":"high","refs":[3]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Tada","point":[4.98,9.06]},"label":"Northern reach: Tada and Jebba","confidence":"medium","refs":[3]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ijebu-Ode","point":[3.92,6.82]},"label":"Southern reach: Ijebu","confidence":"medium","refs":[3]}],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[4.5905,7.434],"bounds":[4.187,6.991,5.113,7.641],"refs":[1,4,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1420,"yearLabel":"1420–1795","title":"The holy city","text":"After its classical age Ife's political reach shrinks, but it remains the spiritual home of the Yoruba: every Alaafin of Oyo swears never to attack it, and the Oba of Benin's coronation long turns on a ruler inland whom the Portuguese call Ogane. Its Ooni is honoured above the kings his ancestors' princes founded.","capital":{"name":"Ile-Ife","point":[4.56,7.47]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"label":"Benin's kings look to Ife","confidence":"medium","refs":[3]},{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"label":"Oyo's oath never to attack Ife","confidence":"high","refs":[5]}],"core":"medium","label":[4.5905,7.434],"bounds":[4.4475,7.173,4.5905,7.543],"refs":[3,5],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1795,"yearLabel":"1795–1845","title":"Apomu and the Owu war","text":"Oyo's general Afonja sacks Apomu, an Ife market town, in 1795, breaking the old oath. The quarrels over the Apomu market lead to the Owu war: from 1821 to about 1826 the armies of Ife and Ijebu, swelled by Oyo refugees, besiege and destroy Owu Ipole. The victorious camp at Ibadan grows into a new power, and an Egba chief's killing of an Ife chief there splits the allies.","capital":{"name":"Ile-Ife","point":[4.56,7.47]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Owu Ipole","point":[4.25,7.46]},"label":"Owu destroyed with Ijebu (1821–1826)","confidence":"high","refs":[6,7]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Apomu","point":[4.17,7.36]},"label":"Apomu sacked by Afonja (1795)","confidence":"high","refs":[5]}],"core":"high","label":[4.5905,7.434],"bounds":[4.4475,7.173,4.5905,7.543],"refs":[6,7,5],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1849,"title":"Ife in the wars","text":"In 1845 Ooni Abewela settles Oyo refugees in a separate town beside Ife, Modakeke, whose ruler takes the title Ogunsuwa; its fighters extend Ife's border towards Ijesa. The settlers stay apart, and the two towns' feud becomes one of the longest of the wars, while Ife is caught between Ibadan and the Ekitiparapo.","capital":{"name":"Ile-Ife","point":[4.56,7.47]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Modakeke","point":[4.58,7.46]},"label":"The Ife–Modakeke feud","confidence":"high","refs":[8]}],"core":"medium","label":[4.5905,7.434],"bounds":[4.4475,7.173,4.5905,7.543],"refs":[2,9,8],"confidence":"medium"}],"today":{"text":"The Ooni of Ife reigns at Ile-Ife, Osun State, and remains one of the most senior Yoruba kings.","title":"Ooni of Ife","seat":{"name":"Ile-Ife","point":[4.56,7.47]},"refs":[10],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"ogundiran-2020","citation":"Ogundiran, Akinwumi. (2020). The Yoruba: A New History. Indiana University Press","checked":false},{"n":2,"id":"smith-1988","citation":"Smith, Robert S. (1988). Kingdoms of the Yoruba (3rd edition). University of Wisconsin Press / James Currey","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-ife-empire","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ife Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ife_Empire","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-benin","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-oyo-empire","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Oyo Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-owu-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Owu Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owu_Kingdom","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-abeokuta","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Abeokuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeokuta","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-modakeke","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Modakeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modakeke","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"akintoye-1971","citation":"Akintoye, S. A. (1971). Revolution and Power Politics in Yorubaland, 1840–1893: Ibadan Expansion and the Rise of Ekitiparapo. Longman, London","checked":false},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-yorubaland","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Yorubaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorubaland","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Ife's political reach (as opposed to ritual reach) is not well known; influence is drawn small."]},{"id":"igala","name":"Igala Kingdom","kind":"kingdom","status":"published","otherNames":["Igala","Idah","Ata Igala"],"shortName":"Igala","color":"#c9822a","span":{"from":1000,"to":1900,"fromLabel":"Uhe (Ife), c. 600 BCE","toLabel":"1900","refs":[1,2,7],"confidence":"medium","note":"Igala tradition, as the owner gives it, places the Igala at Uhe (Ife) by about 600 BCE; the timeline itself starts at 1000 AD, so the first chapter stands for everything before. Dates before about 1500 are not known from written sources; the early stages show where the clans lived, not dated events."},"peak":1750,"summary":{"text":"The Igala were at Uhe (Ife), in today’s Omala, by about 600 BCE, on Igala tradition. The first Igala at Idah were the clans of the Igala-Ogba and the Igala-Mela, the nine clans who governed the land and still crown the king. Long before the war with Benin there were Attahs at Idah and at Ife in the north, whose ruler, the Ojogba Onu Ife, is still remembered as “he who almost became the Attah”. Igala elders also remember an early Attah Eri whose sons left Idah and founded Aguleri, the mother town of Nri. One reading of the king lists ties an early line at Idah to Benin. Abutu-Eje, who led the Igala within the Kwararafa confederacy, came home to the Igala-Ogba and the Igala-Mela after losing the contest for its throne, and his line rules still. In 1515 Igala armies invaded Benin and pressed it for two years until Benin, with Portuguese musketeers, drove them back across the Niger to Idah; Benin counts it a victory, but the kingdom was neither conquered nor made tributary. Attah Ayegba Oma-Idoko threw off Jukun overlordship, and at its height the Attah crowned the rulers of the northern Igbo states from Nsukka to Okpanam, while towns from Asaba to the Nupe court traced their founders to Idah.","refs":[1,2,28,14,9,5,3,6,21,7,8],"confidence":"disputed"},"ruler":{"title":"Attah Igala, crowned with the Igala-Mela as kingmakers","refs":[53,1],"confidence":"high"},"peoples":[{"id":"igala","name":"Igala"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"igala","name":"Igala","lgas":9},{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo","lgas":9},{"id":"idoma","name":"Idoma","lgas":7},{"id":"anioma","name":"Anioma (Enuani)","lgas":2},{"id":"afemai","name":"Afemai","lgas":1},{"id":"afo","name":"Afo (Eloyi)","lgas":1},{"id":"bassa","name":"Bassa","lgas":1},{"id":"ebira","name":"Ebira","lgas":1}],"snapshots":[{"year":1000,"yearLabel":"from c. 600 BCE","title":"Uhe (Ife) and Idah: where the Igala began","text":"Igala history begins at Uhe (Ife), in the north of the land in today’s Omala, where the Igala were present by about 600 BCE. Oral history recorded by the Yoruba historian Saburi Biobaku remembers the Igala and the Yoruba as once one people, who parted in the Ife area of Omala: the Igala stayed, and the Yoruba went on to found Ile-Ife. Uhe keeps its pride of place; its ruler, the Ojogba Onu Ife, is still “he who almost became the Attah”. On the high east bank of the Niger, Idah’s first people are the Igala-Ogba and the Igala-Mela, the nine founding clans, who govern together and keep the shrines of the land; the head of the Igala-Mela, the Achadu, leads the kingmakers. Igala elders remember an Attah Eri from these early times, whose sons left Idah and founded Aguleri on the Anambra.","capital":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.74,7.11]},"nodes":[{"name":"Uhe (Ife), Omala","point":[7.523,7.81]}],"links":[],"core":"disputed","label":[6.735,7.0665],"bounds":[6.735,7.0665,7.5375,7.818],"refs":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"confidence":"disputed","note":"The date c. 600 BCE for the Igala at Uhe (Ife) is the owner’s account; no written source gives a date. Biobaku (1983, as reported by Kigala) places the Igala–Yoruba parting in the Ife area of Omala, and linguists class Igala with Yoruba in one Yoruboid group (Akinkugbe). Wikipedia’s Yoruba timeline dates the founding of Ufẹ (Ile-Ife) to about 500 BCE or earlier, which fits a parting around then, though no source joins the two. Boston (1968) found clan government by the Igala-Mela before the kingship he could trace; Igala elders (Daily Trust 2022) place an Attah Eri at Idah around the 9th or 10th century. The Igala-Ogba come from the owner’s account and are not yet found in a written source."},{"year":1300,"yearLabel":"c. 13th–15th century","title":"Two early seats: Idah and Ife","text":"Long before the war with Benin there are two Attahs: one at Idah, among the Igala-Ogba and Igala-Mela, and one at Ife in the north, in today’s Omala. Ife remembers itself as one of the earliest and most influential Igala kingdoms; its ruler still bears the title Ojogba Onu Ife, “he who almost became the Attah”, and says “But for God, we would have been the Attah of Igala.” Between and around the two seats, Igala settlements spread through the wedge of land between the Niger and the Benue, the country early travellers called Akpoto: farming villages, fishing camps on the rivers and hunting grounds in the bush, tied together by clan and shrine.","capital":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.74,7.11]},"nodes":[{"name":"Ife (seat of the Ojogba Onu Ife), Omala","point":[7.523,7.81]}],"links":[],"core":"disputed","label":[6.9885,7.318],"bounds":[6.735,6.8285,7.6125,7.818],"refs":[2,1,9,6,3],"confidence":"disputed","note":"The two early Attahs, at Idah and Ife, follow the owner’s account. The Omala article supports an early and powerful Ife kingship and the Ojogba title, but ties Ife to Abutu-Eje’s coming from Kwararafa, which Sargent dates about 1630. How fast the Igala settled the whole angle is not dated; the extent is an estimate drawn from Igala-speaking land and the Akpoto traditions."},{"year":1500,"yearLabel":"c. 1500–1540","title":"Idah and Ife before the war","text":"By now Attahs have reigned at Idah and at Ife for generations. One reading of the king lists places a royal line at Idah with ties to Benin, its best-remembered ruler Aji-Atta, said to be a younger brother of the Oba. The Igala-Mela are the kingmakers, and no Attah can reign without them. Across the Niger, the riverbank opposite Idah where Agenebode now stands is remembered as Igala land.","capital":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.74,7.11]},"nodes":[{"name":"Ife (seat of the Ojogba Onu Ife), Omala","point":[7.523,7.81]}],"links":[{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"label":"Early royal ties with Benin (one tradition)","confidence":"disputed","refs":[2,11]}],"core":"disputed","influence":"disputed","label":[6.9885,7.318],"bounds":[6.5825,6.8285,7.6125,7.818],"refs":[2,11,1,12,13,9,6],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Boston argued for a Benin origin of the kingship, Clifford for a Jukun one; Sargent proposed both, one after the other. The owner holds that Attahs reigned at Idah and Ife long before either. The west bank (Etsako East) is drawn as Igala on the owner’s account that Agenebode was Igala land before the war, and on 101 Last Tribes, which puts “parts of Etsakor in the west” inside the kingdom at its 16th-century height; Benin tradition instead founds Agenebode as its own garrison after the war."},{"year":1515,"yearLabel":"1515","title":"The invasion of Benin","text":"An Igala army crosses the Niger and marches on Benin. The danger is so great that Benin's whole war council takes the field, Queen Mother Idia raises her own troops, and Oba Esigie hires Portuguese musketeers. Benin tradition remembers a bird crying doom over the army as it set out; Esigie had it shot down, and the Ugie Oro festival still recalls it. Behind the army the riverbank opposite Idah, where Agenebode stands, stays Igala land while the Igala push into northern Benin territory for two years.","capital":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.74,7.11]},"nodes":[{"name":"Ife (seat of the Ojogba Onu Ife), Omala","point":[7.523,7.81]}],"links":[],"core":"medium","influence":"disputed","campaign":"disputed","label":[6.9885,7.318],"bounds":[5.907,6.0655,7.6125,7.818],"refs":[14,15,16,2,12,17],"confidence":"medium","note":"The sources agree the invasion threatened Benin itself but do not record the army's route. The cross-hatched zone is the land between the Niger crossing and Benin City that an army would have crossed, not a mapped campaign. The riverbank opposite Idah stays Igala until the war is lost, on the owner’s account (disputed)."},{"year":1517,"yearLabel":"1516–1517","title":"Driven back to Idah","text":"A servant of Queen Idia kills the Igala general, and Benin’s archers and Portuguese guns stop the advance. After about two years of war the Igala forces are driven back across the Niger to Idah. It is no conquest: Benin does not cross the river, the Attah owes it no tribute, and Igala tradition does not count the war a defeat, though Benin remembers a victory. Benin does take the riverbank opposite Idah and posts a guard at Agenebode, “the camp of the guard”, to watch Idah across the water, and gains sway over trade on the river. Igala memory keeps Princess Inikpi, buried alive at Idah so that the kingdom would survive; some place her sacrifice in this war, others in the later Jukun war.","capital":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.74,7.11]},"nodes":[{"name":"Ife (seat of the Ojogba Onu Ife), Omala","point":[7.523,7.81]}],"links":[],"core":"disputed","label":[6.9885,7.318],"bounds":[6.735,6.8285,7.6125,7.818],"refs":[14,18,2,19,20,12,21],"confidence":"disputed","note":"A letter of Duarte Pacheco Pereira to King Manuel I of Portugal is the contemporary source for the war’s length and Portuguese part, as cited in the Wikipedia article, which calls it a Benin victory. The owner (2026-10-10) tells it as the Igala forces driven back to Idah, not a defeat; both readings are kept."},{"year":1630,"yearLabel":"c. 1630","title":"Abutu-Eje's line comes home from Kwararafa","text":"A new royal line takes the throne. Abutu-Eje, the Igala representative at the Kwararafa court, lost the contest for the confederacy's throne to his Jukun rival and led his people home down the Benue. At Agatu he consolidated them, Igala, Idoma and Alago, into one kingship under the Igala title Àtá, and fell there when Kwararafa attacked. His line came on to the Igala-Ogba and the Igala-Mela at Idah, where his daughter Ebulejonu became the first Attah of his line, followed by her brother Agenapoje and then Idoko. The Igala-Mela keep their place as kingmakers and keepers of the land. Wukari still claims Idah: in one reading Idah pays tribute to the Aku Uka until Ayegba ends it.","capital":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.74,7.11]},"nodes":[{"name":"Ife (seat of the Onu Ife), Omala","point":[7.523,7.81]},{"name":"Otutubatu (Omagede), Omala","point":[7.636,8.015]}],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Wukari","point":[9.78,7.87]},"label":"Tribute to the Aku Uka of Wukari (one reading)","note":"Clifford and Yusufu have Idah paying tribute to Wukari until Ayegba; on the owner's account Abutu-Eje had already broken with Kwararafa.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[22,2]}],"core":"disputed","label":[6.9885,7.318],"bounds":[6.735,6.8285,7.636,8.015],"refs":[23,24,2,22,11,1,3,9],"confidence":"disputed","note":"The date c. 1630 is Sargent's, as cited by Yusufu (2020). The owner and Kigala make Abutu-Eje Igala; Clifford (1936) called him a Jukun noble and treated his line as the start of Igala history, while Boston (1968) shows the Igala-Mela were there long before. The tribute to Wukari is Clifford's and Yusufu's reading; on the owner's account Abutu-Eje had broken with Kwararafa."},{"year":1700,"yearLabel":"c. late 17th century","title":"Ayegba Oma-Idoko breaks free","text":"Attah Ayegba, son of Idoko, refuses the Jukun tribute and defeats the army sent to punish him, helped by the Igala-Mela and the people of the land. Tradition says the victory cost the life of his daughter Inikpi. Igala is now a sovereign kingdom, and the royal clans that rule it to this day descend from Ayegba. In the Omambala tradition, the family of Ogbe, son of the Idah warrior Ajida, flees the Apa (Jukun) wars down the Niger, and his children settle Nzam, Anam, Anaku, Ilushi and Okpanam.","capital":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.74,7.11]},"nodes":[{"name":"Ife (seat of the Onu Ife), Omala","point":[7.523,7.81]}],"links":[{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Anam","point":[6.8332,6.3336]},"label":"Anam: founded by the children of Ogbe, son of the Idah warrior Ajida","note":"Omambala tradition: Ogbe’s family lived near Ankpa and fled down the Niger through the Ibaji forest when the Apa (Jukun) invaded; his children Nzam, Anam, Anaku, Ulossi and Okpanam settled along the way. The Anam speak Igbo today. Placed at Umueze Anam.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[25]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Anaku","point":[6.931,6.4672]},"label":"Anaku: founded by a child of Ogbe, son of Ajida","note":"Anaku’s own history also names settlers from Nkanu, Ossomala, Ogbosu, Ogidi, Awka and Olumbanasa.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[25]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Nzam","point":[6.702,6.472]},"label":"Nzam: its Igala-speaking people descend from Ajida","note":"One Nzam history says Ajida invaded the town rather than his line founding it; another makes its first people aboriginal Igbo.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[25,26]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Ilushi (Uloshi)","point":[6.6292,6.6697]},"label":"Ilushi: Ogbe’s child Ulossi in the Ajida–Ogbe tradition","confidence":"disputed","refs":[25,27]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Okpanam","point":[6.6484,6.2396]},"label":"Okpanam: Ogbe’s child in the Ajida–Ogbe tradition","confidence":"disputed","refs":[25]}],"core":"medium","label":[6.9885,7.318],"bounds":[6.5985,6.42,7.6125,8.145],"refs":[2,18,1,9,25],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1750,"yearLabel":"c. 1750","title":"The height: from Nsukka to Koton Karfe","text":"The Attah's power reaches far beyond Igala-speaking land. The rulers of the northern Igbo states (Enugu-Ezike, Akpugo, Nkpologu, Ibagwa and Opi) and the Onu-Oda of Ette must travel to Idah for their staff of office, beads and horse, and return to pay tribute; Igala priests, the Attama, keep the shrines in their towns. North of the Benue confluence, Igu (Koton Karfe), the Kakanda and the first Ebira chiefdom at Panda hold their staffs from the Attah, as does Igumale in western Idoma, and the Chronicle of Abuja, as later writers cite it, carries Idah’s influence up to Umaisha, Toto and Abaji. Igala sway runs down the Niger through Okpanam to Asaba, and towns well beyond the kingdom trace their founders to Idah. To the east, the western Idoma kingdoms (Otukpa, Ugboju, Onyagede, Adoka, Agila, Igumale, Ugbokolo and their neighbours) send tribute, and their rulers need the Idah court’s confirmation. Inside the kingdom, Ankpa, Anyigba and Dekina are its great towns, and districts from Ofu to Ibaji are ruled by Onu answerable to the Attah.","capital":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.74,7.11]},"nodes":[{"name":"Ankpa","point":[7.625,7.37]},{"name":"Anyigba","point":[7.1726,7.4993]},{"name":"Dekina","point":[7.044,7.689]},{"name":"Ugwolawo (Ofu)","point":[6.9205,7.2356]},{"name":"Ejule","point":[7.1011,7.3598]},{"name":"Egume","point":[7.2336,7.4675]},{"name":"Abejukolo (Omala)","point":[7.5137,7.8825]},{"name":"Okpo (Olamaboro)","point":[7.5598,7.213]},{"name":"Ife (seat of the Onu Ife), Omala","point":[7.523,7.81]}],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Enugu-Ezike","point":[7.4306,6.9543]},"label":"Enugu-Ezike: its Eze crowned at Idah","refs":[28]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ette","point":[7.4691,7.0775]},"label":"Ette: ruled by an Igala king, the Onu-Oda, confirmed by the Attah","refs":[29,30]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ibagwa-Aka","point":[7.403,6.9496]},"label":"Ibagwa: its Igwe takes his staff from the Attah","refs":[31,28]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Opi","point":[7.4443,6.7563]},"label":"Opi: its Eze crowned at Idah","refs":[28]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Akpugo","point":[7.2816,6.7028]},"label":"Akpugo: its Eze crowned at Idah","note":"Located at Akpugo in Uzo-Uwani; other Akpugos exist in Enugu State.","refs":[28]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Nkpologu","point":[7.2538,6.7685]},"label":"Nkpologu: settled from Idah, its rulers staffed by the Attah","refs":[5,28]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ogurugu","point":[6.9505,6.7871]},"label":"Ogurugu: Onoja Oboni’s walled war camp","refs":[5,32,33]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Okpanam","point":[6.6484,6.2396]},"label":"Okpanam: under Igala sway, founded by a child of Ogbe","confidence":"disputed","refs":[28,25]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Anam","point":[6.8332,6.3336]},"label":"Anam: the children of Ogbe, son of Ajida of Idah","note":"The Anam speak Igbo today. Placed at Umueze Anam.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[25]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Anaku","point":[6.931,6.4672]},"label":"Anaku: a child of Ogbe, son of Ajida of Idah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[25]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Nzam","point":[6.702,6.472]},"label":"Nzam: Igala-speaking, descended from Ajida","confidence":"disputed","refs":[25,26]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Igu (Koton Karfe)","point":[6.7981,8.0891]},"label":"Igu (Koton Karfe): vassal of the Attah","confidence":"medium","refs":[13,34]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Panda","point":[7.5628,8.7037]},"label":"Panda: first Ebira chiefdom, staff from the Attah","note":"Allen (1841) records the chief of Fandah paying the Attah a small tribute. Placed at Panda in Nasarawa LGA; the old Ebira Panda town was destroyed in the 19th century and its exact site is uncertain.","confidence":"medium","refs":[13,34]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Budon (Kakanda)","point":[6.5289,8.3558]},"label":"Budon: chief town of the Kakanda, tributary to the Attah","note":"Allen’s Buddu, on the right bank above the confluence, often burned by the Filatahs; placed at Tsho Budon in Lokoja LGA.","confidence":"medium","refs":[34]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Umaisha","point":[7.1878,8.0067]},"label":"Umaisha: under the influence of Idah","note":"Abbah (2020) says the Chronicle of Abuja speaks of Idah’s deep influence over Umaisha, Toto, Koton Karfi and Abaji. The Chronicle itself has not been read.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[35,36]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Toto","point":[7.0772,8.3901]},"label":"Toto: under the influence of Idah","note":"From the Chronicle of Abuja as cited by Abbah (2020); the Chronicle itself has not been read.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[35,36]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Abaji","point":[6.9395,8.4568]},"label":"Abaji: the far edge of Idah’s influence","note":"From the Chronicle of Abuja as cited by Abbah (2020); the Chronicle itself has not been read. Abaji’s own tradition, the Ona of Abaji’s kingdom, may tell it differently.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[35,36]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Igumale","point":[7.9641,6.7784]},"label":"Igumale: western Idoma under the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[13]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Asaba","point":[6.7193,6.2056]},"label":"Asaba: Igala descent in one founding tradition","note":"Asaba's own tradition names Nnebisi, from Nteje, as founder. An Igala tradition makes his father, or his mother (a daughter of Attah Ayegba), Igala.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[3,28]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Illah","point":[6.649,6.4246]},"label":"Illah: Igala one of its three founding lines","confidence":"medium","refs":[37]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Ebu","point":[6.6061,6.4786]},"label":"Ebu: an Igala-speaking town west of the Niger","confidence":"high","refs":[38]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Ilushi (Uloshi)","point":[6.6292,6.6697]},"label":"Ilushi, Edo: an Igala-speaking town","note":"The Ajida–Ogbe tradition counts Ulossi among Ogbe’s children.","confidence":"medium","refs":[27,25]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Ifeku","point":[6.6037,6.8314]},"label":"Ifeku, Edo: an Igala-speaking town","confidence":"medium","refs":[27]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Gbara (Nupe court)","point":[6.05,8.9]},"label":"Nupe: Tsoede, founder of the kingdom, a son of an Attah","confidence":"medium","refs":[13,39]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Otukpa","point":[7.66,7.09]},"label":"Otukpa: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ugboju","point":[8.0531,7.3515]},"label":"Ugboju: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Onyagede","point":[8.2065,6.9325]},"label":"Onyagede: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","note":"GRID3 places two Onyagede settlements in Obi LGA; the western one is shown.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Adoka","point":[7.9439,7.4768]},"label":"Adoka: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Agila","point":[7.9207,6.7619]},"label":"Agila: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ugbokolo","point":[7.7969,7.1613]},"label":"Ugbokolo: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Okokolo","point":[8.0888,7.8682]},"label":"Okokolo: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Aila","point":[8.0047,7.872]},"label":"Aila: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","note":"Placed at Olege Aila in Agatu.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Igah (Okpaya)","point":[7.8834,7.5359]},"label":"Igah (Okpaya): western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Nsugbe","point":[6.805,6.2185]},"label":"Nsugbe: Anambra river towns under Igala sway","confidence":"disputed","refs":[4]}],"core":"medium","influence":"disputed","label":[6.9885,7.318],"bounds":[6.5825,6.0655,8.1595,8.9325],"refs":[28,1,31,5,13,40,4,9,34,35,25,36],"confidence":"medium","note":"Investiture and tribute are attested for the northern Igbo states; the outer zone (Okpanam, Asaba, Etsako, western Idoma) rests on fewer and weaker sources and is marked disputed. The western Idoma tributaries follow an Idoma timeline (tribute to Idah from about 1740) and the owner’s notes; whole Idoma LGAs are drawn as disputed reach, not rule."},{"year":1820,"yearLabel":"c. 1820","title":"The north still holds","text":"The jihad has swept Hausaland and Fulani rulers are taking hold of Nupe, but the Attah’s reach is still whole. His northern tributaries, Igu (Koton Karfe), the Kakanda at Budon and the Ebira chiefdom at Panda, still hold their staffs from Idah, and his influence still runs up to Umaisha, Toto and Abaji. When a jihadist force comes down the Niger, Igala tradition says the Attah’s army destroys it at Koto, while the Koto and the Ebira defend their own land. South and east, the northern Igbo states, the western Idoma and the river towns down to Okpanam and Asaba still look to Idah. The raids from Rabbah will burn Igu and empty Adda Kuddu, but the Attah keeps his northern reach until Masaba’s raid of 1853.","capital":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.74,7.11]},"nodes":[{"name":"Ankpa","point":[7.625,7.37]},{"name":"Anyigba","point":[7.1726,7.4993]},{"name":"Dekina","point":[7.044,7.689]},{"name":"Ugwolawo (Ofu)","point":[6.9205,7.2356]},{"name":"Ejule","point":[7.1011,7.3598]},{"name":"Egume","point":[7.2336,7.4675]},{"name":"Abejukolo (Omala)","point":[7.5137,7.8825]},{"name":"Okpo (Olamaboro)","point":[7.5598,7.213]},{"name":"Ife (seat of the Onu Ife), Omala","point":[7.523,7.81]}],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Igu (Koton Karfe)","point":[6.7981,8.0891]},"label":"Koton Karfe holds: the jihad is turned back","confidence":"disputed","refs":[41,42,43]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Enugu-Ezike","point":[7.4306,6.9543]},"label":"Enugu-Ezike: its Eze crowned at Idah","refs":[28]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ette","point":[7.4691,7.0775]},"label":"Ette: ruled by an Igala king, the Onu-Oda, confirmed by the Attah","refs":[29,30]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ibagwa-Aka","point":[7.403,6.9496]},"label":"Ibagwa: its Igwe takes his staff from the Attah","refs":[31,28]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Opi","point":[7.4443,6.7563]},"label":"Opi: its Eze crowned at Idah","refs":[28]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Akpugo","point":[7.2816,6.7028]},"label":"Akpugo: its Eze crowned at Idah","note":"Located at Akpugo in Uzo-Uwani; other Akpugos exist in Enugu State.","refs":[28]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Nkpologu","point":[7.2538,6.7685]},"label":"Nkpologu: settled from Idah, its rulers staffed by the Attah","refs":[5,28]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ogurugu","point":[6.9505,6.7871]},"label":"Ogurugu: Onoja Oboni’s walled war camp","refs":[5,32,33]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Okpanam","point":[6.6484,6.2396]},"label":"Okpanam: under Igala sway, founded by a child of Ogbe","confidence":"disputed","refs":[28,25]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Anam","point":[6.8332,6.3336]},"label":"Anam: the children of Ogbe, son of Ajida of Idah","note":"The Anam speak Igbo today. Placed at Umueze Anam.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[25]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Anaku","point":[6.931,6.4672]},"label":"Anaku: a child of Ogbe, son of Ajida of Idah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[25]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Nzam","point":[6.702,6.472]},"label":"Nzam: Igala-speaking, descended from Ajida","confidence":"disputed","refs":[25,26]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Igu (Koton Karfe)","point":[6.7981,8.0891]},"label":"Igu (Koton Karfe): vassal of the Attah","confidence":"medium","refs":[13,34]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Panda","point":[7.5628,8.7037]},"label":"Panda: first Ebira chiefdom, staff from the Attah","note":"Allen (1841) records the chief of Fandah paying the Attah a small tribute. Placed at Panda in Nasarawa LGA; the old Ebira Panda town was destroyed in the 19th century and its exact site is uncertain.","confidence":"medium","refs":[13,34]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Budon (Kakanda)","point":[6.5289,8.3558]},"label":"Budon: chief town of the Kakanda, tributary to the Attah","note":"Allen’s Buddu, on the right bank above the confluence, often burned by the Filatahs; placed at Tsho Budon in Lokoja LGA.","confidence":"medium","refs":[34]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Umaisha","point":[7.1878,8.0067]},"label":"Umaisha: under the influence of Idah","note":"Abbah (2020) says the Chronicle of Abuja speaks of Idah’s deep influence over Umaisha, Toto, Koton Karfi and Abaji. The Chronicle itself has not been read.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[35,36]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Toto","point":[7.0772,8.3901]},"label":"Toto: under the influence of Idah","note":"From the Chronicle of Abuja as cited by Abbah (2020); the Chronicle itself has not been read.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[35,36]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Abaji","point":[6.9395,8.4568]},"label":"Abaji: the far edge of Idah’s influence","note":"From the Chronicle of Abuja as cited by Abbah (2020); the Chronicle itself has not been read. Abaji’s own tradition, the Ona of Abaji’s kingdom, may tell it differently.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[35,36]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Igumale","point":[7.9641,6.7784]},"label":"Igumale: western Idoma under the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[13]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Asaba","point":[6.7193,6.2056]},"label":"Asaba: Igala descent in one founding tradition","note":"Asaba's own tradition names Nnebisi, from Nteje, as founder. An Igala tradition makes his father, or his mother (a daughter of Attah Ayegba), Igala.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[3,28]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Illah","point":[6.649,6.4246]},"label":"Illah: Igala one of its three founding lines","confidence":"medium","refs":[37]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Ebu","point":[6.6061,6.4786]},"label":"Ebu: an Igala-speaking town west of the Niger","confidence":"high","refs":[38]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Ilushi (Uloshi)","point":[6.6292,6.6697]},"label":"Ilushi, Edo: an Igala-speaking town","note":"The Ajida–Ogbe tradition counts Ulossi among Ogbe’s children.","confidence":"medium","refs":[27,25]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Ifeku","point":[6.6037,6.8314]},"label":"Ifeku, Edo: an Igala-speaking town","confidence":"medium","refs":[27]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Gbara (Nupe court)","point":[6.05,8.9]},"label":"Nupe: Tsoede, founder of the kingdom, a son of an Attah","confidence":"medium","refs":[13,39]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Otukpa","point":[7.66,7.09]},"label":"Otukpa: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ugboju","point":[8.0531,7.3515]},"label":"Ugboju: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Onyagede","point":[8.2065,6.9325]},"label":"Onyagede: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","note":"GRID3 places two Onyagede settlements in Obi LGA; the western one is shown.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Adoka","point":[7.9439,7.4768]},"label":"Adoka: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Agila","point":[7.9207,6.7619]},"label":"Agila: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ugbokolo","point":[7.7969,7.1613]},"label":"Ugbokolo: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Okokolo","point":[8.0888,7.8682]},"label":"Okokolo: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Aila","point":[8.0047,7.872]},"label":"Aila: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","note":"Placed at Olege Aila in Agatu.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Igah (Okpaya)","point":[7.8834,7.5359]},"label":"Igah (Okpaya): western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Nsugbe","point":[6.805,6.2185]},"label":"Nsugbe: Anambra river towns under Igala sway","confidence":"disputed","refs":[4]}],"core":"medium","influence":"disputed","label":[6.9885,7.318],"bounds":[6.5825,6.0655,8.1595,8.9325],"refs":[28,1,31,5,13,40,4,9,34,35,25,36,41,43],"confidence":"medium","note":"Drawn as the height still standing, as the owner directs (2026-10-11): the northern reach holds until the jihad-era raids of the 1830s. Investiture and tribute are attested for the northern Igbo states; the outer zone (Okpanam, Asaba, Etsako, western Idoma) rests on fewer and weaker sources and is marked disputed. The western Idoma tributaries follow an Idoma timeline (tribute to Idah from about 1740) and the owner’s notes; whole Idoma LGAs are drawn as disputed reach, not rule."},{"year":1841,"title":"Lokoja ceded; pressure from the north","text":"The raids from Rabbah have reached the confluence. In 1838 the Filatahs, the Fulani-led armies of Nupe, marched down on the Attah’s district below the confluence and drove the people of Adda Kuddu across the river; in 1841 the British find the town in ruins and the enemy camped at Koto’n Kàrafi. The Attah tells them so at Idah, and grants them land around Adda Kuddu, at Lokoja, for a farm and a fort: an ally on his northern frontier. Even now the chiefs of Panda, Koton Karfe and the Kakanda pay him tribute, and his reach still runs up to Toto and Abaji. To the south nothing has changed: the rulers of the northern Igbo states still go to Idah for their staffs, and the western Idoma and the river towns still look to the Attah.","capital":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.74,7.11]},"nodes":[{"name":"Ife (seat of the Onu Ife), Omala","point":[7.523,7.81]}],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Enugu-Ezike","point":[7.4306,6.9543]},"label":"Enugu-Ezike: its Eze crowned at Idah","refs":[28]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ette","point":[7.4691,7.0775]},"label":"Ette: ruled by an Igala king, the Onu-Oda, confirmed by the Attah","refs":[29,30]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ibagwa-Aka","point":[7.403,6.9496]},"label":"Ibagwa: its Igwe takes his staff from the Attah","refs":[31,28]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Opi","point":[7.4443,6.7563]},"label":"Opi: its Eze crowned at Idah","refs":[28]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Akpugo","point":[7.2816,6.7028]},"label":"Akpugo: its Eze crowned at Idah","note":"Located at Akpugo in Uzo-Uwani; other Akpugos exist in Enugu State.","refs":[28]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Nkpologu","point":[7.2538,6.7685]},"label":"Nkpologu: settled from Idah, its rulers staffed by the Attah","refs":[5,28]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ogurugu","point":[6.9505,6.7871]},"label":"Ogurugu: Onoja Oboni’s walled war camp","refs":[5,32,33]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Okpanam","point":[6.6484,6.2396]},"label":"Okpanam: under Igala sway, founded by a child of Ogbe","confidence":"disputed","refs":[28,25]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Anam","point":[6.8332,6.3336]},"label":"Anam: the children of Ogbe, son of Ajida of Idah","note":"The Anam speak Igbo today. Placed at Umueze Anam.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[25]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Anaku","point":[6.931,6.4672]},"label":"Anaku: a child of Ogbe, son of Ajida of Idah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[25]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Nzam","point":[6.702,6.472]},"label":"Nzam: Igala-speaking, descended from Ajida","confidence":"disputed","refs":[25,26]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Igumale","point":[7.9641,6.7784]},"label":"Igumale: western Idoma under the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[13]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Asaba","point":[6.7193,6.2056]},"label":"Asaba: Igala descent in one founding tradition","note":"Asaba's own tradition names Nnebisi, from Nteje, as founder. An Igala tradition makes his father, or his mother (a daughter of Attah Ayegba), Igala.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[3,28]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Illah","point":[6.649,6.4246]},"label":"Illah: Igala one of its three founding lines","confidence":"medium","refs":[37]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Ebu","point":[6.6061,6.4786]},"label":"Ebu: an Igala-speaking town west of the Niger","confidence":"high","refs":[38]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Ilushi (Uloshi)","point":[6.6292,6.6697]},"label":"Ilushi, Edo: an Igala-speaking town","note":"The Ajida–Ogbe tradition counts Ulossi among Ogbe’s children.","confidence":"medium","refs":[27,25]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Ifeku","point":[6.6037,6.8314]},"label":"Ifeku, Edo: an Igala-speaking town","confidence":"medium","refs":[27]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Otukpa","point":[7.66,7.09]},"label":"Otukpa: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ugboju","point":[8.0531,7.3515]},"label":"Ugboju: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Onyagede","point":[8.2065,6.9325]},"label":"Onyagede: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","note":"GRID3 places two Onyagede settlements in Obi LGA; the western one is shown.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Adoka","point":[7.9439,7.4768]},"label":"Adoka: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Agila","point":[7.9207,6.7619]},"label":"Agila: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ugbokolo","point":[7.7969,7.1613]},"label":"Ugbokolo: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Okokolo","point":[8.0888,7.8682]},"label":"Okokolo: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Aila","point":[8.0047,7.872]},"label":"Aila: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","note":"Placed at Olege Aila in Agatu.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Igah (Okpaya)","point":[7.8834,7.5359]},"label":"Igah (Okpaya): western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Nsugbe","point":[6.805,6.2185]},"label":"Nsugbe: Anambra river towns under Igala sway","confidence":"disputed","refs":[4]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Adda Kuddu (approximate)","point":[6.735,7.72]},"label":"Adda Kuddu: emptied by the Filatahs, 1838; in ruins in 1841","confidence":"high","refs":[34]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Igu (Koton Karfe)","point":[6.7981,8.0891]},"label":"Koton Karfe: burned c. 1833 and threatened, but still paying tribute to the Attah","note":"Allen records the Filatahs “still at Egòh, or at Koto’n Kàrafi”, and the chief of Kattam-Kàrafi paying the Attah a small tribute, in the same year.","confidence":"high","refs":[34,44]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Panda","point":[7.5628,8.7037]},"label":"Panda (Fandah): still paying tribute to the Attah","confidence":"high","refs":[34]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Budon (Kakanda)","point":[6.5289,8.3558]},"label":"Budon (Buddu): often burned by the Filatahs, still paying tribute to the Attah","confidence":"high","refs":[34]}],"core":"medium","influence":"disputed","label":[7.065,7.0605],"bounds":[6.5825,6.0655,8.1595,8.9325],"refs":[1,45,13,9,34,46,35,36],"confidence":"medium","note":"Allen (1841) records tribute from Panda, Koton Karfe and the Kakanda; Toto and Abaji are kept in the reach on the owner’s direction (2026-10-11) and Abbah (2020)."},{"year":1854,"yearLabel":"after 1853","title":"The north is lost; the heartland holds","text":"Masaba’s raid of 1853 breaks the Attah’s hold on the north. Toto, Abaji, Panda and the Kakanda no longer send tribute to Idah, and Koton Karfe, never conquered, fights on alone against Bida and Ilorin. Lokoja becomes a town between the powers: Nupe, Oworo, Bassa-Nge, Hausa and Igala, around Baikie’s settlement of 1857, looking to Masaba for protection from 1869 but never simply his. Refugees from the north, the Bassa-Nge, the Bassa-Komo and the Ebira of Mozum, cross the Benue, and Attah Amaga lets them stay. Mainland Igala is never conquered, and no emir is ever set over it. The south and east are untouched: the rulers of the northern Igbo states from Nsukka to Ette are still crowned at Idah, Ogurugu and the Anambra river towns still answer to the Attah, and the western Idoma still look to Idah; as late as the 1910s Ahebi Ugbabe of Enugu-Ezike went to the Attah to be made king. British rule comes in 1900.","capital":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.74,7.11]},"nodes":[{"name":"Ife (seat of the Onu Ife), Omala","point":[7.523,7.81]}],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Enugu-Ezike","point":[7.4306,6.9543]},"label":"Enugu-Ezike: its Eze crowned at Idah","refs":[28]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ette","point":[7.4691,7.0775]},"label":"Ette: ruled by an Igala king, the Onu-Oda, confirmed by the Attah","refs":[29,30]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ibagwa-Aka","point":[7.403,6.9496]},"label":"Ibagwa: its Igwe takes his staff from the Attah","refs":[31,28]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Opi","point":[7.4443,6.7563]},"label":"Opi: its Eze crowned at Idah","refs":[28]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Akpugo","point":[7.2816,6.7028]},"label":"Akpugo: its Eze crowned at Idah","note":"Located at Akpugo in Uzo-Uwani; other Akpugos exist in Enugu State.","refs":[28]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Nkpologu","point":[7.2538,6.7685]},"label":"Nkpologu: settled from Idah, its rulers staffed by the Attah","refs":[5,28]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ogurugu","point":[6.9505,6.7871]},"label":"Ogurugu: Onoja Oboni’s walled war camp","refs":[5,32,33]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Okpanam","point":[6.6484,6.2396]},"label":"Okpanam: under Igala sway, founded by a child of Ogbe","confidence":"disputed","refs":[28,25]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Anam","point":[6.8332,6.3336]},"label":"Anam: the children of Ogbe, son of Ajida of Idah","note":"The Anam speak Igbo today. Placed at Umueze Anam.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[25]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Anaku","point":[6.931,6.4672]},"label":"Anaku: a child of Ogbe, son of Ajida of Idah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[25]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Nzam","point":[6.702,6.472]},"label":"Nzam: Igala-speaking, descended from Ajida","confidence":"disputed","refs":[25,26]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Igumale","point":[7.9641,6.7784]},"label":"Igumale: western Idoma under the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[13]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Asaba","point":[6.7193,6.2056]},"label":"Asaba: Igala descent in one founding tradition","note":"Asaba's own tradition names Nnebisi, from Nteje, as founder. An Igala tradition makes his father, or his mother (a daughter of Attah Ayegba), Igala.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[3,28]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Illah","point":[6.649,6.4246]},"label":"Illah: Igala one of its three founding lines","confidence":"medium","refs":[37]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Ebu","point":[6.6061,6.4786]},"label":"Ebu: an Igala-speaking town west of the Niger","confidence":"high","refs":[38]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Ilushi (Uloshi)","point":[6.6292,6.6697]},"label":"Ilushi, Edo: an Igala-speaking town","note":"The Ajida–Ogbe tradition counts Ulossi among Ogbe’s children.","confidence":"medium","refs":[27,25]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Ifeku","point":[6.6037,6.8314]},"label":"Ifeku, Edo: an Igala-speaking town","confidence":"medium","refs":[27]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Otukpa","point":[7.66,7.09]},"label":"Otukpa: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ugboju","point":[8.0531,7.3515]},"label":"Ugboju: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Onyagede","point":[8.2065,6.9325]},"label":"Onyagede: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","note":"GRID3 places two Onyagede settlements in Obi LGA; the western one is shown.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Adoka","point":[7.9439,7.4768]},"label":"Adoka: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Agila","point":[7.9207,6.7619]},"label":"Agila: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ugbokolo","point":[7.7969,7.1613]},"label":"Ugbokolo: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Okokolo","point":[8.0888,7.8682]},"label":"Okokolo: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Aila","point":[8.0047,7.872]},"label":"Aila: western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","note":"Placed at Olege Aila in Agatu.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Igah (Okpaya)","point":[7.8834,7.5359]},"label":"Igah (Okpaya): western Idoma, tributary to the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[40,4]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Nsugbe","point":[6.805,6.2185]},"label":"Nsugbe: Anambra river towns under Igala sway","confidence":"disputed","refs":[4]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Igu (Koton Karfe)","point":[6.7981,8.0891]},"label":"Koton Karfe: never conquered, holding out on its own","confidence":"medium","refs":[47,43]}],"core":"medium","influence":"disputed","label":[7.065,7.0605],"bounds":[6.5825,6.0655,8.1595,7.8875],"refs":[48,49,44,50,51,47,36,52,28],"confidence":"medium","note":"When exactly each northern town stopped paying tribute is not recorded; the loss is placed after Masaba’s raid of 1853, as the owner directs (2026-10-11). Lokoja is left unshaded, as a multi-ethnic town between the powers (see the Lokoja town)."}],"today":{"text":"The Attah Igala reigns at Idah, Kogi State, over nine traditional councils, still crowned with the Igala-Mela as kingmakers. Igala is spoken from Idah to Ebu and Ilushi west of the Niger, and to Ogurugu and Ette in Enugu.","title":"Attah Igala","seat":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.74,7.11]},"refs":[53,1],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"boston-1968","citation":"Boston, J. S. (1968). The Igala Kingdom. Oxford University Press for the Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, Ibadan","checked":false},{"n":2,"id":"yusufu-2020","citation":"Yusufu, Abdullahi Musa. (2020). Historicizing the Myriad of Traditions on the Origin of Igala of Central Nigeria. FUWukari Journal of Politics and Development 4(2): 87–99","url":"https://www.fuwjpd.com.ng/download-pdf-article/82","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-igala-history","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: the Igala-Mela and the Igala Ogba group lived at Idah before Abutu-Eje consolidated the kingdom; Asaba and some Benin groups trace Igala ancestry","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-doc1","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Owner's notes on the reach of Igala, Benin, Oyo and Aro, the British conquests, and migrations (hintsPrompts/doc1.md)","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"dailytrust-2022-igala-enugu","citation":"Daily Trust. (2022). Igala footprints in Enugu","url":"https://dailytrust.com/igala-footprints-in-enugu/","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"owner-2026-10-10-ife-idah","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: there were Attahs at Ife and at Idah long before the Igala–Benin war; the Igala at Idah were the Igala-Ogba and Igala-Mela clans","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"owner-2026-10-10-uhe","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: the Igala were present at Uhe (Ife) by about 600 BCE","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"kigala-igala-origins","citation":"Kigala. Claims on Igala origin (citing Biobaku 1983, Akinkugbe 1976 and 1978)","url":"https://ki-gala.com/traditions-on-igala-origins-latest","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"wikipedia-omala","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Omala, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omala,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-timeline-yoruba-history","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Timeline of Yoruba history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Yoruba_history","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"sargent-1999","citation":"Sargent, R. A. (1999). Politics and Economy in the Benue Basin c. 1300–1700 (cited in Yusufu 2020 for the two Idah dynasties and the Abutu-Eje date of c. 1630)","checked":false},{"n":12,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-agenebode","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Agenebode was Igala land before the Igala–Benin war, after which Benin took it","checked":true},{"n":13,"id":"lasttribes-igala","citation":"101 Last Tribes. Igala (tribal profile: extent at its height, vassals at Panda, Igu and Kakanda, the Tsoede tradition)","url":"https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/igala.html","checked":false},{"n":14,"id":"wikipedia-igala-benin-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igala–Benin War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igala%E2%80%93Benin_War","checked":true},{"n":15,"id":"ryder-1969","citation":"Ryder, A. F. C. (1969). Benin and the Europeans, 1485–1897. Longmans, London","checked":false},{"n":16,"id":"egharevba-1968","citation":"Egharevba, Jacob. (1968). A Short History of Benin (4th edition). Ibadan University Press","checked":false},{"n":17,"id":"owner-2026-10-08-agenebode","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: before and during the Igala–Benin war Agenebode was Igala land; it was lost when the Igala forces were pushed back after two years of pushing into northern Benin territory","checked":true},{"n":18,"id":"wikipedia-princess-inikpi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Princess Inikpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Inikpi","checked":false},{"n":19,"id":"wikipedia-agenebode","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Agenebode (name from Edo Ago-ni-ba-ode, “camp of the guard”; Uwanno people tracing descent to Benin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenebode","checked":true},{"n":20,"id":"shaibu-2024","citation":"Shaibu, Margaret Aladi. (2024). Warfares and Weaponry of Pre-Colonial Igala Land 1500–1900: A Historical Analysis. NIU Journal of Humanities 9(3): 49–63","url":"https://www.kampalajournals.ac.ug/ojs/index.php/niuhums/article/download/1951/2730","checked":true},{"n":21,"id":"owner-2026-10-10-benin-war","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: the Igala–Benin war was not an Igala defeat; the Igala forces were driven back to Idah","checked":true},{"n":22,"id":"clifford-1936","citation":"Clifford, Miles. (1936). A Nigerian Chiefdom: Some Notes on the Igala Tribe in Southern Nigeria and Their \"Divine King\". Journal of the Royal African Society 35 (cited in Yusufu 2020 for the Jukun tradition of Abutu-Eje)","checked":false},{"n":23,"id":"owner-2026-10-08-abutu-eje","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Abutu-Eje was not a Jukun but the Igala representative at the Wukari court; after a dispute over who would next rule the confederacy he came back to his fellow Igala of the Igala-Ogba and the Igala-Mela","checked":true},{"n":24,"id":"kigala-2020-abutu-eje","citation":"Kigala. (2020). Igala History: Àbùtù Ẹ̀jẹ̀ (drawing on R. A. Sargent, Politics, Economics and Social Change in the Benue Basin, 1300–1700, PhD thesis, 1984)","url":"https://ki-gala.com/igala-kingship-history","checked":true},{"n":25,"id":"wikipedia-anaku-town","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Anaku Town (the Ajida–Ogbe genealogy: Ogbe’s children Nzam, Anam, Anaku, Ulossi and Okpanam)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaku_Town","checked":true},{"n":26,"id":"tribune-2021-nzam","citation":"Adeoye, Faith. (2021). Igala-speaking community protests marginalisation in Anambra. Nigerian Tribune","url":"https://tribuneonlineng.com/igala-speaking-community-protests-marginalisation-in-anambra/","checked":true},{"n":27,"id":"owner-2026-10-06","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Anambra West, Ifeku and Ilushi are Igala speaking, and most people in those communities are Igala","checked":true},{"n":28,"id":"igala-colonisation-northern-igbo","citation":"Igala Project (author not named in the copy seen). (2017). Igala Colonisation of Northern Igbo States (1450–18th century)","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319687582_IGALA_COLONISATION_OF_NORTHERN_IGBO_STATES_1450-18th_century","checked":false},{"n":29,"id":"chukwudi-opone-2024-eteh","citation":"Chukwudi, Usman; Opone, Paul Oshagwu. (2024). Eteh in Pre-Colonial Nigeria: Origin and Social History. Abraka Journal of Humanities, Law & Social Sciences 1 (1): 21-30","url":"https://gagdm.com/index.php/AJHLSSFOADELSU/article/download/20/17","checked":true},{"n":30,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-ette","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Etteh is ruled by an Igala king, its people are mostly Igala and Idoma, and Igbo settlement there is small","checked":true},{"n":31,"id":"dailytrust-2017-igala-enugu","citation":"Daily Trust. (2017). 500 years of Igalas in Enugu","url":"https://dailytrust.com/500-years-of-igalas-in-enugu/","checked":true},{"n":32,"id":"afigbo-1981","citation":"A. E. Afigbo. (1981). Ropes of Sand: Studies in Igbo History and Culture. University Press, Ibadan","checked":false},{"n":33,"id":"owner-2026-10-10-ogurugu","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Onoja Oboni’s war camp was at Ogurugu","checked":true},{"n":34,"id":"allen-thomson-1848","citation":"Allen, William; Thomson, T. R. H. (1848). A Narrative of the Expedition sent by Her Majesty’s Government to the River Niger in 1841, vol. I, chapters XII (the conference with the Attàh), XIV (Adda Kuddu) and XV (conquests of the Filatahs). Richard Bentley, London (transcribed by P. Davis)","url":"https://www.pdavis.nl/Niger_Contents.htm","checked":true},{"n":35,"id":"abbah-2020-indebtedness","citation":"Abbah, Theophilus. (2020). Nigeria’s indebtedness to Igala Kingdom (cites the Chronicle of Abuja for Idah’s influence over Umaisha, Toto, Koton Karfi and Abaji). Sahara Reporters, republished by LawCare Nigeria","url":"https://lawcarenigeria.com/nigerias-indebtedness-to-igala-kingdom-by-theophilus-abbah/","checked":true},{"n":36,"id":"owner-2026-10-11-north","citation":"Direction from the HistoNaija owner: the Attah’s northern reach (Abaji, Toto, Umaisha and the rest) held until the jihad-era campaigns","checked":true},{"n":37,"id":"wikipedia-illah","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Illah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illah","checked":true},{"n":38,"id":"wikipedia-igala-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igala people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igala_people","checked":true},{"n":39,"id":"nadel-1942","citation":"Nadel, S. F. (1942). A Black Byzantium: The Kingdom of Nupe in Nigeria. Oxford University Press for the International African Institute","checked":false},{"n":40,"id":"okopi-idoma-timeline","citation":"Okopi, Jonathan. Timeline of Idoma History (from pre-history to 1960). Opinion Nigeria","url":"https://www.opinionnigeria.com/timeline-of-idoma-history-from-pre-history-to-1960-by-okopi-jonathan/","checked":true},{"n":41,"id":"ayegba-2020-summit","citation":"Ayegba A. A. (2020). Many kings fell during Usman Danfodio struggle but Attah Igala sat firmly on his throne. Summit Post News","url":"https://summitnewspaper.wordpress.com/2020/05/05/many-kings-fell-during-usman-danfodio-struggle-but-attah-igala-sat-firmly-on-his-throne/","checked":true},{"n":42,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-igu","citation":"Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Igala forces fought and defeated invading jihadist forces at Igu (Koton Karfe)","checked":true},{"n":43,"id":"owner-2026-10-11-koto","citation":"Direction from the HistoNaija owner: Koton Karfe was never taken, because the Igala, the Ebira and the Koto people fought the jihad’s advance","checked":true},{"n":44,"id":"abbah-2018-igala-fulani","citation":"(2018). Igala–Hausa/Fulani Relations (1818–2018): Past, Present and What Future?. Igala Project","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323295840_IGALA-HAUSAFULANI_RELATIONS_PAST_PRESENT_AND_WHAT_FUTURE_1818-2018","checked":true},{"n":45,"id":"wikipedia-niger-expedition-1841","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Niger expedition of 1841","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_expedition_of_1841","checked":true},{"n":46,"id":"trotter-1843-report","citation":"Trotter, H. D. (1843). Report of Proceedings from Captain Trotter, First Commissioner, to Lord Stanley (Parliamentary Papers No. 52, 1843): the land bought “on the right bank of the river near Adda-Kuddu, and embracing Baraga or Beaufort Island”. House of Commons (transcribed by P. Davis)","url":"https://www.pdavis.nl/PP_Niger_3.htm","checked":true},{"n":47,"id":"wikipedia-ebira-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ebira people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebira_people","checked":true},{"n":48,"id":"james-2017-igala","citation":"James, Favor Ojochegbe. (2017). A brief history of the Igala kingdom, part 3. Nigeria Tribal Languages (blog)","url":"https://nigeriatriballanguages.blogspot.com/2017/06/a-brief-history-of-igala-kingdom-part-3.html","checked":true},{"n":49,"id":"ntl-igala-part3","citation":"A Brief History of the Igala Kingdom, Part 3. Nigeria Tribal Languages","url":"https://nigeriatriballanguages.blogspot.com/2017/06/a-brief-history-of-igala-kingdom-part-3.html","checked":true},{"n":50,"id":"crowther-1872","citation":"Crowther, Samuel Adjai. (1872). Bishop Crowther’s Report of the Overland Journey from Lokoja to Bida, on the River Niger, and thence to Lagos (introduction: Lokoja’s community asks Masaba, “whose dominions surround Lokoja”, for protection after 1869). Church Missionary Society (Project Canterbury transcription)","url":"https://anglicanhistory.org/africa/crowther/niger1872.html","checked":true},{"n":51,"id":"wikipedia-lokoja","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Lokoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokoja","checked":true},{"n":52,"id":"wikipedia-ahebi-ugbabe","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ahebi Ugbabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahebi_Ugbabe","checked":true},{"n":53,"id":"wikipedia-igala-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igala Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igala_Kingdom","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["No written source was found for Benin (Bini) groups of Igala descent beyond the Igala-speaking towns of Ilushi and Ifeku in Edo State. The owner mentioned Bini groups: please name them so they can be researched and added.","Dates before 1500 are estimates. Sargent's two-dynasty chronology (a Benin-linked line c. 1510–1540, Abutu-Eje's from c. 1630) is one reading of the king lists, cited through Yusufu (2020).","The 1515 campaign zone is the land an army from Idah would have crossed to reach Benin; the route itself is not recorded.","Asaba's descent from Igala is a contested tradition (Asaba's own tradition gives Nnebisi from Nteje); kept disputed.","The Igala Colonisation of Northern Igbo States article was read only in search summaries; check the full text and author before publishing.","Ajaka, Onyedega (Ibaji) and Okenyi, named in the owner’s notes, could not be located in the GRID3 settlement names; please give their LGAs.","The owner’s notes date the height of Igala reach to about the 16th century; the snapshots here follow Boston and Shelton, who put the northern Igbo conquests in the 18th century.","Ife (Onu Ife’s town) and Otutubatu in Omala are placed from GRID3 (Igah Onu Ife; Omagede Otutubatu). The Omala article is the only source so far.","The Igala-Ogba come from the owner’s account (2026-10-07 and 2026-10-10); no written source found yet. A name, spelling or reference would let them be cited.","The early Attahs at Idah and Ife before 1515 follow the owner (2026-10-10). Written support so far: the Omala article (an early Ife kingdom; the Ojogba “almost became the Attah”) and Igala elders quoted by Daily Trust (an Attah Eri at Idah, 9th–10th century). Boston (1968) traced no kingship that early. A written Igala king list naming the early Attahs of Ife would let this be firmed up.","The Igala–Benin war is told as the owner asked (2026-10-10): the Igala forces were driven back to Idah, not defeated. Benin’s and Wikipedia’s reading, a Benin victory, is kept beside it.","Umaisha, Toto and Abaji follow the owner (2026-10-11) and Abbah (2020), who cites the Chronicle of Abuja (Hassan and Na’ibi, 1952) without quoting it. Reading the Chronicle would show whether it means tribute or looser influence. They are drawn as links only, not as shaded land.","The c. 1820 snapshot repeats the height on the owner’s direction (2026-10-11) that the northern reach held until the jihad-era raids. Allen (1841) supports it: Panda, Koton Karfe and the Kakanda still paid the Attah tribute in 1841.","The Ajida–Ogbe tradition (Anam, Anaku, Nzam, Ilushi, Okpanam) comes from community histories on Wikipedia; Oguagha and Okpoko (1984) on Igbo–Igala relations in the Anambra valley is the scholarly source to check. The 1700 placement follows its Apa (Jukun) wars setting.","Clifford (1936), as quoted online, lists Igbirra Panda, Igbirra Igu (Koton Karifi) and Ishabe (Kakanda) as the Attah’s external fiefs; the quote could not be checked at its source, so Clifford is not cited for it yet.","Chapter one follows the owner (2026-10-10): the Igala at Uhe (Ife) by about 600 BCE. A written source for the date, or for Uhe as the Igala name of Ife, would let it be firmed up."]},{"id":"kanem-bornu","name":"Kanem-Bornu","kind":"empire","status":"published","otherNames":["Kanem","Bornu","Borno"],"shortName":"Kanem-Bornu","color":"#9c5a2c","span":{"from":1000,"to":1902,"fromLabel":"c. 700 (Kanem)","toLabel":"1902","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"The empire began in Kanem, east of Lake Chad, around 700; the timeline picks it up at 1000."},"peak":1580,"summary":{"text":"One of the longest lived states in Africa. It began in Kanem, east of Lake Chad, moved west into Bornu after about 1380, and at its height under Mai Idris Alooma reached from Hausaland to the Fezzan in the Sahara. It survived the Fulani jihad under the al-Kanemi Shehus and was divided between Britain, France and Germany in 1902.","refs":[1,2,12],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Mai (Sayfawa kings), then Shehu (from 1814)","refs":[1,12],"confidence":"high"},"peoples":[{"id":"kanuri","name":"Kanuri"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"hausa","name":"Hausa","lgas":26},{"id":"kanuri","name":"Kanuri","lgas":19},{"id":"bade","name":"Bade","lgas":2},{"id":"bolewa","name":"Bolewa","lgas":1},{"id":"dghwede","name":"Dghwede","lgas":1},{"id":"glavda","name":"Glavda","lgas":1},{"id":"karai-karai","name":"Karai-Karai","lgas":1},{"id":"lamang","name":"Lamang (Gwoza)","lgas":1}],"snapshots":[{"year":1000,"yearLabel":"c. 1000","title":"Kanem, east of Lake Chad","text":"The kingdom of Kanem is ruled from Njimi, a capital whose site has never been found. Its kings, the Mai, are about to convert to Islam (11th century), and the Sayfawa dynasty will soon replace the older Duguwa line.","capital":{"name":"Njimi (site not located)","point":[15.4,14.15]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[15.600000000000003,14.457142857142857],"bounds":[13.6,12.9,17.6,16],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Kanem lies in today's Chad, so nothing is drawn inside Nigeria yet."},{"year":1250,"yearLabel":"c. 1250","title":"Mai Dunama Dibalemi: Kanem at its first height","text":"Kanem controls the Kawar oases and the Fezzan as far as Waddan, the southern end of a Saharan trade route to the Mediterranean. Bornu, west of the lake, is a tributary province.","capital":{"name":"Njimi (site not located)","point":[15.4,14.15]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Fezzan (Murzuq)","point":[13.92,25.92]},"label":"Trans-Saharan route to the Fezzan","refs":[]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Bilma (Kawar oases)","point":[12.92,18.69]},"label":"Kawar oases (salt)","refs":[]}],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[15.600000000000003,14.457142857142857],"bounds":[12,11.8785,18.4,26.6],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1380,"yearLabel":"c. 1380","title":"Driven out of Kanem","text":"The Bilala drive the Sayfawa out of Kanem. The court moves west into Bornu and wanders for about a century without a fixed capital. The royal chronicle says the Bilala, allied with the Tubu, killed Mai Dawud; al-Maqrizi, writing around 1400, says Kanem's people had “renounced the faith” while Bornu stayed Muslim.","nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Lake Fitri (the Bilala)","point":[17.5,12.83]},"label":"Driven out by the Bilala","confidence":"high","refs":[3,1]}],"core":"medium","label":[12.7685,12.658],"bounds":[11.095,12.207,13.8315,13.3355],"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Extent during the era of instability is poorly known."},{"year":1472,"title":"Ngazargamu founded","text":"Mai Ali Gaji builds Ngazargamu, a walled capital on the Komadugu Yobe river. Bornu becomes a settled state again; his son Idris Katagarmabe retakes Kanem in the early 1500s.","capital":{"name":"Ngazargamu","point":[12.367,13.083]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Lake Fitri (the Bilala)","point":[17.5,12.83]},"label":"Idris Katagarmabe retakes Kanem from the Bilala","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,3]}],"core":"high","label":[12.6445,12.207],"bounds":[10.038,11.5185,15.2,14.4],"refs":[1,4],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1580,"yearLabel":"c. 1580","title":"Idris Alooma: the imperial height","text":"Mai Idris Alooma (c. 1570–1603) ends the long war with the Bilala, brings the Tuareg of Aïr and the Tubu of Bilma and Tibesti under Bornu, and so commands the central Saharan routes. He sets up qadi courts independent of the court, arms his army with Turkish musketeers, and plays the Ottomans against Morocco over the Fezzan, whose Ottoman garrison is massacred in the 1580s. His chief imam, Ahmad ibn Fartuwa, records his first twelve years. Kano pays tribute; in 1614 Bornu installs a king of Mandara.","capital":{"name":"Ngazargamu","point":[12.367,13.083]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"label":"Kano pays tribute to Bornu","refs":[]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Fezzan (Murzuq)","point":[13.92,25.92]},"label":"Fezzan and Tripoli (Ottoman alliance)","refs":[]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Lake Fitri (the Bilala)","point":[17.5,12.83]},"label":"The Bilala wars ended","confidence":"high","refs":[5]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Agadez","point":[7.99,16.97]},"label":"Tuareg of Aïr brought under Bornu","confidence":"high","refs":[5]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Bilma (Kawar oases)","point":[12.92,18.69]},"label":"Tubu of Bilma and the salt road","confidence":"high","refs":[5]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Fezzan (Murzuq)","point":[13.92,25.92]},"label":"Envoys to Istanbul and Morocco over the Fezzan","confidence":"high","refs":[5]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"label":"Hausaland under Bornu's influence","confidence":"medium","refs":[5,6]}],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[11.8485,12.2265],"bounds":[8.845,10.6,18.4,26.6],"refs":[5,1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1650,"yearLabel":"c. 1650–1780","title":"Kwararafa at the gates; Katsina's patron","text":"Mai Ali ibn Umar (c. 1645–1680), who makes the pilgrimage three times, finds Ngazargamu besieged by Kwararafa and the Tuareg together, sets the two armies against each other and beats both. Katsina sends every new king's tribute of a hundred slaves, and by the late 18th century even Kwararafa pays Bornu tribute. Famines, remembered by names such as Dala Dama, strike the long reign.","capital":{"name":"Ngazargamu","point":[12.367,13.083]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Kwararafa (Biepi, near Ibi)","point":[9.75,8.18]},"label":"Kwararafa's siege broken","confidence":"high","refs":[7]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"label":"100 slaves from each new Sarkin Katsina","confidence":"high","refs":[6]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Kwararafa (Biepi, near Ibi)","point":[9.75,8.18]},"label":"Kwararafa's tribute (late 18th century)","confidence":"medium","refs":[8]}],"core":"medium","label":[11.8485,12.2265],"bounds":[9.7285,10.6,17.6,16],"refs":[7,6,1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1781,"yearLabel":"c. 1781–1808","title":"Beaten by Mandara","text":"Around 1781 the Mandara kingdom, once installed by Bornu, defeats a Bornu army in a major battle and takes tribute from some 15 chiefdoms of its own. Bornu's grip on its edges loosens just as the Fulani of its western provinces begin to stir.","capital":{"name":"Ngazargamu","point":[12.367,13.083]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Dulo (Mandara)","point":[14.07,11.02]},"label":"Defeated by Mandara (c. 1781)","confidence":"high","refs":[9]}],"core":"medium","label":[11.8485,12.2265],"bounds":[9.7285,10.6,17.6,16],"refs":[9,1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1808,"title":"The jihad takes Ngazargamu","text":"Fulani in Daura and Bornu's western provinces rise for the jihad. Mai Ahmad sends help to Daura and writes to Usman dan Fodio that his people are Muslims; dan Fodio's side replies with war. In 1808 the Fulani take Ngazargamu and the blind mai abdicates. At Ngala a scholar from Kanem, Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi, beats off the jihadists with his students and Kanembu and Shuwa Arab soldiers, then helps Mai Dunama win back the capital. Hadejia, Katagum and Misau are lost to Sokoto for good.","nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Sokoto","point":[5.24,13.06]},"label":"War with the Sokoto jihad","refs":[]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Ngala","point":[14.18,12.34]},"label":"Al-Kanemi holds Ngala","confidence":"high","refs":[10]}],"core":"high","label":[12.7685,12.658],"bounds":[10.038,11.5185,15.2,14.4],"refs":[10,1],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1814,"title":"Kukawa and the Shehus","text":"Al-Kanemi founds Kukawa as his seat and takes the title Shehu. The old Mai survive as figureheads until 1846, when the office ends. Kukawa grows into one of the great cities of the Sahel.","capital":{"name":"Kukawa","point":[13.57,12.93]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Sokoto","point":[5.24,13.06]},"label":"Al-Kanemi's war of letters and arms with Sokoto","confidence":"medium","refs":[10,11]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"label":"Al-Kanemi's army fails before the walls of Kano","confidence":"medium","refs":[11]}],"core":"high","influence":"medium","label":[12.6445,12.207],"bounds":[10.038,10.6,15.2,14.4],"refs":[1,12],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1846,"yearLabel":"1846–1893","title":"The end of the Sayfawa","text":"Mai Ibrahim tries to win back power from Shehu Umar Kura with an army from Wadai, which captures and destroys Kuka. Ibrahim and his son are defeated, the old mai's capital Kafela is razed, and the thousand-year Sayfawa line ends. Umar Kura rebuilds his seat as Kukawa, twin towns inside a six-metre wall, home to 60,000 or more people at the end of the trade road to Tripoli; Barth visits in 1851.","capital":{"name":"Kukawa","point":[13.57,12.93]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Abeche (Wadai)","point":[20.83,13.83]},"label":"Wadai's army sacks Kuka","confidence":"high","refs":[13]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Fezzan (Murzuq)","point":[13.92,25.92]},"label":"The caravan road to Tripoli","confidence":"high","refs":[13]}],"core":"high","label":[12.6445,12.207],"bounds":[10.038,10.6,15.2,14.4],"refs":[13,10,1],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1893,"title":"Rabih az-Zubayr conquers Bornu","text":"Rabih az-Zubayr, a Sudanese warlord whose army of rifles had grown from 400 men to thousands, destroys Kukawa in May 1893 and rules Bornu from Dikwa with a brutal tax system. He kills a French column at Togbao in 1899, and on 22 April 1900 a French army with Bagirmi allies kills him at Kousséri. The al-Kanemi shehus return under French, then British and German rule, and in 1902 Bornu is split: British Borno at Kukawa and later Maiduguri, German Borno at Dikwa.","capital":{"name":"Dikwa","point":[13.92,12.03]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Kousseri","point":[15.03,12.08]},"label":"Rabih killed by the French (1900)","confidence":"high","refs":[14,15]}],"core":"high","label":[12.6445,12.207],"bounds":[10.038,11.141,15.2,14.4],"refs":[15,14,13,16],"confidence":"high"}],"today":{"text":"The Shehu of Borno reigns from Maiduguri, and the Emir of Dikwa from Dikwa, both traditional rulers in Borno State.","title":"Shehu of Borno","seat":{"name":"Maiduguri","point":[13.16,11.85]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kanem-bornu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kanem–Bornu Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"barkindo-1980","citation":"Barkindo, Bawuro M. (1980). The early states of the Central Sudan: Kanem, Borno and some of their neighbours to c. 1500 A.D. (in Ajayi and Crowder, eds., History of West Africa, vol. 1, 3rd edition, 1985). Longman","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-bilala","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bilala people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilala","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-ngazargamu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ngazargamu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngazargamu","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-idris-alooma","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Idris Alooma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_Alooma","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-history-of-katsina","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Katsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Katsina","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-ali-iii-bornu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ali III Walamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_III_Walamma","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-kwararafa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kwararafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwararafa","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"wikipedia-mandara","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Mandara Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandara_kingdom","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-al-kanemi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Amin_al-Kanemi","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"wikipedia-ibrahim-dabo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ibrahim Dabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Dabo","checked":true},{"n":12,"id":"brenner-1973","citation":"Brenner, Louis. (1973). The Shehus of Kukawa: A History of the al-Kanemi Dynasty of Bornu. Clarendon Press, Oxford","checked":false},{"n":13,"id":"wikipedia-kukawa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kukawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukawa","checked":true},{"n":14,"id":"wikipedia-battle-of-kousseri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Battle of Kousséri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kousséri","checked":true},{"n":15,"id":"wikipedia-rabih","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Rabih az-Zubayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabih_az-Zubayr","checked":true},{"n":16,"id":"wikipedia-dikwa-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Dikwa Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikwa_Emirate","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Njimi has never been located; the capital point is a placeholder in Kanem.","Outside Nigeria the rings are rough, drawn from text descriptions (Kanem, Kawar, Fezzan). Check them against Ajayi and Crowder's Historical Atlas of Africa before publishing.","Lake Fitri, Bilma, Murzuq, Abeche and Dulo are placed at modern towns or lakes outside Nigeria; Tripoli is beyond the map, so Murzuq stands for the road north."]},{"id":"kano","name":"Kano","kind":"kingdom","status":"published","otherNames":["Kano Sultanate","Kano Kingdom","Dala"],"shortName":"Kano","color":"#b07a2a","span":{"from":1000,"to":1807,"fromLabel":"c. 999 (Bagauda)","refs":[2,8],"confidence":"medium","note":"The Kano Chronicle dates Bagauda's accession to 999; early dates are traditional."},"peak":1470,"summary":{"text":"One of the seven Hausa states, Kano grew from the iron-working community at Dala hill, where Daura immigrants under Bagauda founded a ruling line around 999. Its kings fought the old priests of Tsumburbura and Cibiri for three centuries, took Islam from Mali's Wangarawa scholars under Yaji, and grew rich on the kola road from Gonja to Bornu, to which they paid tribute from 1438. Muhammad Rumfa gave it its walls, palace and Kurmi market; his grandson Kisoki threw off Bornu and, the Kano Chronicle says, ruled all Hausaland. Kwararafa emptied the city three times in the 17th century, and the Fulani jihad ended the Hausa line in 1807.","refs":[1,2,3,8],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Sarki (Sarkin Kano)","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"peoples":[{"id":"hausa","name":"Hausa"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"hausa","name":"Hausa","lgas":56}],"snapshots":[{"year":1000,"yearLabel":"c. 999–1095","title":"Bagauda at Dala hill","text":"Dala hill has been an iron-working settlement since about the 7th century, its people led by priests of the god Tsumburbura such as Barbushe. Immigrants from Daura arrive at the end of the 10th century; one band, led by Bagauda, a descendant of Bayajidda, makes him the first Sarkin Kano. He and his son Warisi die at Sheme, 65 km north-west of the hill.","capital":{"name":"Dala hill","point":[8.506,12.01]},"nodes":[{"name":"Sheme (approximate)","point":[8.25,12.45]}],"links":[{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Daura","point":[8.32,13.04]},"label":"Bagauda's people came from Daura","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2]}],"core":"medium","label":[8.5205,11.985],"bounds":[8.25,11.918,8.5735,12.45],"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"The Kano Chronicle dates Bagauda's accession to 999; early dates are traditional."},{"year":1095,"yearLabel":"1095–1349","title":"Walls, land tax and the war with Santolo","text":"Gijimasu (1095–1134) settles at the foot of Dala and begins the city walls. The old inhabitants refuse to marry the newcomers or share their rites. His successors push west to Karaye and Farin Ruwa and south to Kura and Tsangaya, and Naguji (1194–1247) is the first to take a land tax of one-eighth of the crop. But Santolo, the great shrine town south-east of the city, beats Kano twice. Tsamiya (1307–1343) destroys the Cibiri sanctuary in the city and splits its priests into three chiefships under him.","capital":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Santolo (approximate)","point":[8.55,11.9]},"label":"Gijimasu and Naguji beaten at Santolo","note":"Santolo is said to lie 16 km south-east of Kano, near Tsakuwa; the point is approximate.","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,3]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Karaye","point":[8.01,11.78]},"label":"Yusa attacks Karaye","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[8.4855,11.9765],"bounds":[7.9955,11.666,8.7215,12.4515],"refs":[1,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1349,"yearLabel":"1349–1390","title":"Sarki Yaji: Islam, Rano and Santolo","text":"Wangarawa scholars from Mali bring Islam, and Yaji makes them imam, muezzin and judge. He drives the king of Rano from his capital, then with Mandinka soldiers destroys Santolo, the last stronghold of the old religion, and puts its people to the sword. He conquers the Warjawa and the land from Bere to Panda and besieges Kwararafa at Tagara for seven months.","capital":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Santolo (approximate)","point":[8.55,11.9]},"label":"Santolo destroyed","confidence":"high","refs":[4,1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Rano","point":[8.58,11.55]},"label":"Rano's king driven out","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Panda","point":[7.563,8.704]},"label":"Conquests as far as Panda","confidence":"medium","refs":[4,1]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Mali (via the Wangarawa)","point":[-3,13.5]},"label":"Wangarawa scholars and traders from Mali","note":"The point stands in for Mali at the edge of the map.","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[8.5095,11.918],"bounds":[8.326,11.493,8.7215,12.1895],"refs":[1,4,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1390,"yearLabel":"1390–1421","title":"Kanajeji: armour and the war on Zazzau","text":"Kanajeji takes tribute of 200 slaves from Kwararafa and trades horses for more. Beaten by the 'Mbutu in their rocky country, he gives his horsemen quilted armour (lifidi), iron helmets and mail, starves 'Mbutu out after two years and takes 4,000 captives. Defeated by Zazzau, he returns to the old Cibiri cult; the next year he kills Zazzau's king. His successor Umaru gives up the throne to live as a scholar in Bornu.","capital":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Zaria","point":[7.7,11.07]},"label":"Zazzau besieged, then its king killed","confidence":"high","refs":[1,5]}],"core":"medium","label":[8.5095,11.918],"bounds":[8.326,11.493,8.7215,12.1895],"refs":[1,5,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1421,"yearLabel":"1421–1438","title":"A Bornu prince in Kano","text":"Uthman Kalnama, a deposed mai of Bornu, arrives with horses, drums, trumpets, flags, guns and scholars, and Sarki Dauda welcomes him. As the Dagachi he grows rich and governs Kano while Dauda campaigns against Zazzau. His Kanuri scholars teach Kano's people to read and write.","capital":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Bornu","point":[12.367,13.083]},"label":"Uthman Kalnama and his scholars from Bornu","note":"Ngazargamu stands for Bornu; it was founded later in the century.","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,6]}],"core":"medium","label":[8.5095,11.918],"bounds":[8.326,11.493,8.7215,12.1895],"refs":[1,6],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1438,"yearLabel":"1438–1463","title":"Abdullahi Burja: tribute to Bornu and the kola road","text":"Burja is “the first in Hausaland to give Bornu tribute”. In return the road from Bornu to Gonja, in today's Ghana, opens, and kola nuts become Kano's great trade; camels reach Kano. He conquers Dutse and Miga. His Galadima Dauda raids the peoples to the south for seven years, sending a thousand captives a month, and on his way home founds 21 towns of slaves, a thousand people in each.","capital":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Bornu","point":[12.367,13.083]},"label":"First Hausa tribute to Bornu","confidence":"high","refs":[1,6,3]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Gonja (Salaga)","point":[-0.52,8.55]},"label":"The kola road to Gonja","confidence":"high","refs":[1,6]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Dutse","point":[9.34,11.76]},"label":"Dutse conquered","confidence":"high","refs":[6]}],"core":"medium","label":[8.6595,11.821],"bounds":[8.326,11.288,9.6905,12.2145],"refs":[1,6,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1463,"yearLabel":"1463–1499","title":"Muhammad Rumfa","text":"Guided by the scholar al-Maghili, Rumfa remakes Kano as a Muslim state: he extends the walls, builds the Gidan Rumfa palace that still stands, opens the Kurmi market, sets up the council of the Nine of Kano, appoints slaves and eunuchs to office and celebrates Eid in state. He fights Kano's first war with Katsina, eleven years long and inconclusive. Kano still pays tribute to Bornu.","capital":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ngazargamu","point":[12.367,13.083]},"label":"Tribute to Bornu","confidence":"high","refs":[2,1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"label":"Eleven years of war with Katsina","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[8.5095,11.918],"bounds":[7.8375,10.7815,10.0125,12.78],"refs":[1,7,8],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1509,"yearLabel":"1509–1565","title":"Kisoki's Kano empire","text":"Muhammad Kisoki, Rumfa's grandson, reigns 56 years. While Songhai and Bornu are torn by strife, he marches into Bornu, beats off the mai's reprisal and ends Bornu's overlordship. The Kano Chronicle says he “ruled over all Hausaland, east and west, north and south”: the only time one Hausa state held all the others. A second war with Katsina is inconclusive. Scholars from Bornu and Songhai, among them Askia Muhammad's former vizier Ali Fulan, settle in Kano.","capital":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Ngazargamu","point":[12.367,13.083]},"label":"Expedition into Bornu; the mai's reprisal beaten","confidence":"medium","refs":[9]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"label":"Second war with Katsina","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Zaria","point":[7.7,11.07]},"label":"Hausaland under Kano (Kano Chronicle)","note":"The Chronicle's claim; Zazzau and Katsina traditions do not confirm it.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[9]}],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[8.5095,11.918],"bounds":[7.8375,10.7815,10.0585,12.78],"refs":[9,1,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1565,"yearLabel":"1565–1650","title":"Civil war and the first Kwararafa invasion","text":"Kisoki's death opens Kano's first civil war among the Rumfawa. Under Muhammad Zaki (1582–1618) Kwararafa invades; the people flee to Daura while the invaders strip the countryside, and Katsina harries the weakened state. In 1623 the Kutumbawa line replaces the Rumfawa.","capital":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Kwararafa (Biepi, near Ibi)","point":[9.75,8.18]},"label":"Kwararafa invades","confidence":"high","refs":[10,3]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"label":"Katsina harries Kano","confidence":"high","refs":[10]}],"core":"medium","label":[8.5095,11.918],"bounds":[7.8375,10.7815,9.1485,12.4515],"refs":[10,7,9,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1650,"yearLabel":"c. 1650–1703","title":"Kwararafa raids","text":"Kano and Katsina make peace against Kwararafa around 1650. In the 1650s Sarkin Kwararafa Adashu batters down the Kofan Kawayi gate; under Dadi (c. 1671) the Kwararafa break in by the Kofan Gadon Kaya and fight to the Kurmi market, and the Sarki flees to Daura. A second civil war follows Kutumbi's death in 1648. Kano's trade recovers each time.","capital":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Kwararafa (Biepi, near Ibi)","point":[9.75,8.18]},"label":"Kwararafa sacks Kano","confidence":"high","refs":[11,12,13]}],"core":"medium","label":[8.5095,11.918],"bounds":[7.8375,10.7815,9.1485,12.4515],"refs":[13,11,12,14,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1703,"yearLabel":"1703–1781","title":"Fulani clans, taxes and musketeers","text":"Muhammad Sharefa and Kumbari fight the Fulani clans that now press on the state; Kumbari's heavy taxes on the Kurmi market drive traders and Tuareg away, and Katsina overtakes Kano as the leading Hausa market. Babba Zaki (1768–1776) breaks the power of his own officials, crushes Auyo and Burum-Burum, and is the first Sarki with a guard of musketeers. The chief of Bebeji is one of his five war captains.","capital":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"nodes":[{"name":"Bebeji","point":[8.265,11.663]}],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Auyo","point":[9.98,12.36]},"label":"Babba Zaki attacks Birnin Auyo","confidence":"high","refs":[15]}],"core":"medium","label":[8.5095,11.918],"bounds":[7.8375,10.7815,9.1485,12.4515],"refs":[1,15,16],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1781,"yearLabel":"1781–1807","title":"Alwali and the jihad","text":"Muhammad Alwali II reigns over a state worn by famine, taxes and feuds between the royal lines. He breaks open the Dirki, Kano's sacred bundle, and his people murmur. When Usman dan Fodio's jihad begins in Gobir, Alwali stands with Gobir. The Jobawa Fulani under Muhammadu Bakatsine rise, drive him from Kano in 1805 and kill him at Burum-Burum in 1807.","capital":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Alkalawa (Gobir)","point":[6.26,13.613]},"label":"Alwali sides with Gobir","confidence":"medium","refs":[14]}],"core":"high","label":[8.5095,11.918],"bounds":[7.8375,10.7815,9.1485,12.4515],"refs":[14,1,17],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1807,"title":"Fulani take Kano","text":"Jihad forces hold Kano; Suleiman becomes the first Fulani emir under Sokoto. From 1819 Ibrahim Dabo rebuilds the old court and regalia, beats off an invasion from Bornu, and founds the dynasty that still reigns.","capital":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"high","label":[8.5095,11.918],"bounds":[7.8375,10.7815,9.1485,12.4515],"refs":[2,17,18],"confidence":"high"}],"today":{"text":"The Emir of Kano reigns from the Gidan Rumfa palace, and Kano is Nigeria's second largest city. Since 2019 the old emirate has been split into several emirates by state law, a change still contested.","title":"Emir of Kano","seat":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"refs":[2],"confidence":"medium","note":"The status of the emirate council has changed several times since 2019."},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-sultanate-of-kano","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Kano","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-hausa-kingdoms","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Hausa Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"palmer-1908-kano-chronicle","citation":"Palmer, H. R. (translator). (1908). The Kano Chronicle. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 38: 58–98","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-yaji-i","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Yaji I (quotes Palmer’s Kano Chronicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaji_I","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-kanajeji","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kanajeji (quotes Palmer’s Kano Chronicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanajeji","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-abdullahi-burja","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Abdullahi Burja (quotes Palmer’s Kano Chronicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullahi_Burja","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-muhammad-rumfa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muhammad Rumfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Rumfa","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"palmer-1928","citation":"Palmer, H. R. (translator). (1928). Sudanese Memoirs, vol. 3 (includes the Kano Chronicle). Government Printer, Lagos","checked":false},{"n":9,"id":"wikipedia-muhammad-kisoki","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muhammad Kisoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Kisoki","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-muhammad-zaki","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muhammad Zaki (quotes Palmer’s Kano Chronicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zaki","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"wikipedia-muhammad-kukuna","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muhammad Kukuna (quotes Palmer’s Kano Chronicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Kukuna","checked":true},{"n":12,"id":"wikipedia-dadi-kano","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Dadi (sultan) (quotes Palmer’s Kano Chronicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadi_(sultan)","checked":true},{"n":13,"id":"wikipedia-kwararafa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kwararafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwararafa","checked":true},{"n":14,"id":"wikipedia-muhammad-alwali-ii","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muhammad Alwali II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Alwali_II","checked":true},{"n":15,"id":"wikipedia-babba-zaki","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Babban Zaki (quotes Palmer’s Kano Chronicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babba_Zaki","checked":true},{"n":16,"id":"wikipedia-muhammad-sharefa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muhammad Sharefa (quotes Palmer’s Kano Chronicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Sharefa","checked":true},{"n":17,"id":"wikipedia-sokoto-caliphate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Sokoto Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate","checked":true},{"n":18,"id":"wikipedia-ibrahim-dabo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ibrahim Dabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Dabo","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Using all of Kano State for the core after 1463 is a simplification.","Santolo is placed roughly 16 km south-east of Kano, and Sheme roughly near Kunchi; neither site has been checked.","Rano, Karaye, Dutse and Auyo are placed at their LGA headquarters."]},{"id":"nri","name":"Nri","kind":"network","status":"published","otherNames":["Kingdom of Nri","Nri hegemony"],"shortName":"Nri","color":"#7a5c99","span":{"from":1000,"to":1911,"fromLabel":"9th–11th century","refs":[2,6],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Founding dates range from the 9th to the 16th century."},"peak":1550,"summary":{"text":"Nri was founded by Nri, a son of Eri, who left his father’s war camp at Aguleri and set up his own kingdom at Agukwu. Prince M. C. M. Idigo of the Aguleri royal family wrote in The History of Aguleri (1955) that Eri was an Igala warrior who came down from Idah, and the colonial writers Meek (1937) and Boston (1960) heard the same; Igala elders remember him as an Attah Eri whose sons left Idah. Nri’s own tradition says Eri came down from the sky. Nri was not a kingdom of conquest. Its priest-king, the Eze Nri, and his travelling agents cleansed abominations, crowned titled men and settled disputes, a ritual authority without an army. From the Umueri towns around Aguleri its reach grew to about a quarter of Igboland by the 16th century, then shrank in the 18th, under the slave trade, the Aro network and Igala and Benin pressure, until the British broke it between 1907 and 1911: they forced the Eze Nri out to the court at Awka, made him annul the taboo codes that bound the towns to Nri, and had the warrant chiefs denounce him. The bronzes of Igbo-Ukwu, from about the 9th century, are linked to its early history.","refs":[2,6,1,4,11,12,13,3,8,14,5,10],"confidence":"disputed"},"ruler":{"title":"Eze Nri","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"peoples":[{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo","lgas":36},{"id":"anioma","name":"Anioma (Enuani)","lgas":4}],"snapshots":[{"year":1000,"yearLabel":"c. 900–1100","title":"Igbo-Ukwu and early Nri","text":"At Igbo-Ukwu, a burial of a titled man and a store of ritual bronzes, cast with great skill around the 9th century, show a wealthy ritual centre linked to long-distance trade.","capital":{"name":"Agukwu Nri","point":[6.98,6.15]},"nodes":[{"name":"Igbo-Ukwu","point":[7.02,6.02]},{"name":"Oreri (approximate)","point":[7.08,6.08]},{"name":"Aguleri","point":[6.88,6.32]}],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[7.0165,6.088],"bounds":[6.88,5.981,7.092,6.32],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1225,"yearLabel":"c. 1225–1550","title":"Nri founds his own kingdom","text":"Nri, a son of Eri, leaves his father’s camp at Aguleri and founds his own kingdom at Agukwu, while his brother Agulu stays to found Aguleri. Nri’s king list makes Ifikuanim the first Eze Nri, perhaps around 1225. At first its ritual reach covers the Umueri towns that trace their descent to Eri: Aguleri, Igbariam, Umuleri, Nando, Nteje, Awkuzu, Ogbunike, Amanuke and Ogboli in Onitsha. The Eze Nri is a priest-king with ritual, not military, power. He is chosen after an interregnum of at least seven years, while the dead king’s signs are read, and is installed after a journey to Aguleri on the Anambra river, where he sits on Eri’s throne, then returns to Nri for a symbolic burial and rising. Nri’s agents, the ndi Nri, marked with ichi scars and carrying staffs of peace, travel to cleanse abominations; local men who buy the ozo and nze titles become mbùríchi, the Eze Nri’s representatives.","capital":{"name":"Agukwu Nri","point":[6.98,6.15]},"nodes":[{"name":"Igbo-Ukwu","point":[7.02,6.02]},{"name":"Oreri (approximate)","point":[7.08,6.08]},{"name":"Aguleri","point":[6.88,6.32]}],"links":[{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Aguleri","point":[6.87,6.33]},"label":"The new Eze Nri's coronation journey to Aguleri","confidence":"high","refs":[2]}],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[7.0165,6.088],"bounds":[6.7975,5.981,7.092,6.6225],"refs":[2,3,4,5],"confidence":"medium","note":"The first ritual zone is drawn over the LGAs of the Umueri towns named as Eri’s descendants (Wikipedia, Eri); it is not a mapped territory."},{"year":1400,"yearLabel":"c. 14th–15th century","title":"Nri’s agents travel further","text":"Nri’s reach grows by ritual, not war. Its agents carry the omu palm frond and the staff of peace from town to town, cleansing abominations and crowning titled men, and more towns around Awka, Nnewi and the Udi hills take the Nri oath. The Eze Nri’s representatives, the mbùríchi, now live far from Agukwu.","capital":{"name":"Agukwu Nri","point":[6.98,6.15]},"nodes":[{"name":"Igbo-Ukwu","point":[7.02,6.02]},{"name":"Oreri (approximate)","point":[7.08,6.08]},{"name":"Aguleri","point":[6.88,6.32]},{"name":"Awka","point":[7.07,6.21]}],"links":[],"core":"disputed","influence":"disputed","label":[7.0165,6.088],"bounds":[6.77,5.944,7.6055,6.6225],"refs":[6,2,5],"confidence":"disputed","note":"A step between the founding and the height, drawn so the reach can be seen to grow. The sources describe the height and the decline, not the stages between; these edges are estimates."},{"year":1550,"yearLabel":"c. 1500–1700","title":"The height of Nri's ritual reach","text":"At its height, from the fourth to the ninth Eze Nri, Nri's ritual authority reaches about a quarter of Igboland and beyond: northern and central Igboland, Igbo towns west of the Niger and communities under Benin's sway. Allegiance comes by oath, not force; anyone carrying the omu palm frond travels safe. The peace Nri keeps lets trade flourish: horses and seashells appear in its bronzes and ivory in its burials.","capital":{"name":"Agukwu Nri","point":[6.98,6.15]},"nodes":[{"name":"Igbo-Ukwu","point":[7.02,6.02]},{"name":"Oreri (approximate)","point":[7.08,6.08]},{"name":"Aguleri","point":[6.88,6.32]},{"name":"Awka","point":[7.07,6.21]}],"links":[{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Igbo towns west of the Niger","point":[6.55,6.25]},"label":"Ritual reach west of the Niger","refs":[]}],"core":"medium","influence":"disputed","label":[7.0165,6.088],"bounds":[6.481,5.6785,7.6055,6.6865],"refs":[2,6,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Ritual reach is not rule. The zone shows where Nri agents worked, as described by Onwuejeogwu; its edges are uncertain."},{"year":1650,"yearLabel":"c. 1650–1750","title":"A sanctuary for the enslaved","text":"From the reign of the tenth Eze Nri any slave who sets foot on Nri soil is free, and Nri holds no slaves itself. At the Igu Aro festival, the counting of the year, Nri's communities send tribute and receive yam medicine and blessings; violence is held to pollute the earth, and the Eze Nri's weapon is ritual exclusion. But from the tenth to the fourteenth reigns quarrels grow, probably fed by the slave trade around Nri. Its reach begins to draw in: the towns west of the Niger look more to Benin, and the farthest Orlu towns slip away.","capital":{"name":"Agukwu Nri","point":[6.98,6.15]},"nodes":[{"name":"Igbo-Ukwu","point":[7.02,6.02]},{"name":"Oreri (approximate)","point":[7.08,6.08]},{"name":"Aguleri","point":[6.88,6.32]},{"name":"Awka","point":[7.07,6.21]}],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Awka","point":[7.07,6.21]},"label":"Igu Aro: communities bring tribute at the year's counting","confidence":"medium","refs":[2]}],"core":"medium","influence":"disputed","label":[7.0165,6.088],"bounds":[6.77,5.706,7.6055,6.6865],"refs":[2,6,5],"confidence":"medium","note":"The edges are drawn as a gradual retreat between the attested height and the 18th-century decline; the steps themselves are not recorded."},{"year":1750,"yearLabel":"18th century","title":"Decline","text":"The slave trade, the Aro network and pressure from Igala and Benin weaken Nri’s ritual authority. In the north, Igala armies led by Onoja Oboni from his walled war camp at Ogurugu take the northern Igbo towns as far as Opi, and their rulers now take their staffs from the Attah at Idah. In the south the Aro oracle at Arochukwu draws pilgrims and tribute away. Nri’s reach shrinks to the towns around Awka and the Anambra.","capital":{"name":"Agukwu Nri","point":[6.98,6.15]},"nodes":[{"name":"Igbo-Ukwu","point":[7.02,6.02]},{"name":"Oreri (approximate)","point":[7.08,6.08]},{"name":"Aguleri","point":[6.88,6.32]}],"links":[],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[7.0165,6.088],"bounds":[6.869,5.981,7.162,6.6225],"refs":[2,7,8,9,5],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1850,"yearLabel":"c. 1800–1900","title":"A ritual reach drawn in","text":"Nri’s agents still travel and each new Eze Nri still makes his journey to Eri’s throne at Aguleri, but fewer towns heed the ritual sanctions. The Aro now dominate the trade of most of Igboland, and Onitsha and the Niger towns deal directly with European traders. Nri’s reach is little more than Awka and the Anambra towns.","capital":{"name":"Agukwu Nri","point":[6.98,6.15]},"nodes":[{"name":"Igbo-Ukwu","point":[7.02,6.02]},{"name":"Oreri (approximate)","point":[7.08,6.08]},{"name":"Aguleri","point":[6.88,6.32]}],"links":[{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Aguleri","point":[6.87,6.33]},"label":"The new Eze Nri’s coronation journey to Aguleri","confidence":"high","refs":[2]}],"core":"disputed","influence":"disputed","label":[7.0165,6.088],"bounds":[6.869,5.981,7.092,6.6225],"refs":[2,5],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Drawn as a further step in the shrinking the sources describe; the exact towns still under the oath are not recorded."},{"year":1911,"yearLabel":"1907–1911","title":"The British end Nri's power","text":"When the British take over the administration of the Igbo in 1907, officials and missionaries set out to break Nri’s ritual rule. They force Eze Nri Òbalíke, against an ancient taboo, to leave Nri for the native court at Awka under threat of mass killing, and make him annul the codes of taboo and abomination that bind the towns to Nri. In 1911, under the new warrant chiefs, the town leaders are forced to denounce him and he renounces the ritual power of the ìkénga. Nri ends as a political power; its ritual reach shrinks to the kingship’s nearest kin. The title survives as a traditional throne, revived since 1974.","capital":{"name":"Agukwu Nri","point":[6.98,6.15]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[7.0165,6.088],"bounds":[6.98,6.088,7.0165,6.15],"refs":[10,2,6],"confidence":"medium"}],"today":{"text":"The Eze Nri still reigns at Agukwu Nri, Anaocha LGA, Anambra State, as a traditional ruler.","title":"Eze Nri","seat":{"name":"Agukwu Nri","point":[6.98,6.15]},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"shaw-1970","citation":"Shaw, Thurstan. (1970). Igbo-Ukwu: An Account of Archaeological Discoveries in Eastern Nigeria. Faber and Faber, London","checked":false},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-nri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Nri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-eri-king","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Eri (king)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eri_(king)","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"idigo-1955","citation":"M. C. M. Idigo. (1955). The History of Aguleri. Nicholas Printing and Publishing Co., Yaba","checked":false},{"n":5,"id":"owner-2026-10-10-nri","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Eri came from Igala, as Prince M. C. M. Idigo of the Aguleri royal family wrote; Nri, his son, founded his own kingdom","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"onwuejeogwu-1981","citation":"Onwuejeogwu, M. Angulu. (1981). An Igbo Civilization: Nri Kingdom and Hegemony. Ethnographica, London","checked":false},{"n":7,"id":"shaibu-2024","citation":"Shaibu, Margaret Aladi. (2024). Warfares and Weaponry of Pre-Colonial Igala Land 1500–1900: A Historical Analysis. NIU Journal of Humanities 9(3): 49–63","url":"https://www.kampalajournals.ac.ug/ojs/index.php/niuhums/article/download/1951/2730","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"dailytrust-2022-igala-enugu","citation":"Daily Trust. (2022). Igala footprints in Enugu","url":"https://dailytrust.com/igala-footprints-in-enugu/","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"owner-2026-10-10-ogurugu","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Onoja Oboni’s war camp was at Ogurugu","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-obalike","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Òbalíke (15th recorded Eze Nri, 1889–1936): forced out of Nri to the Awka native court, made to annul the taboo codes, denounced under the warrant chiefs (1911)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92bal%C3%ADke","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"meek-1937","citation":"C. K. Meek. (1937). Law and Authority in a Nigerian Tribe: A Study in Indirect Rule. Oxford University Press","checked":false},{"n":12,"id":"boston-1960","citation":"J. S. Boston. (1960). Notes on contact between the Igala and the Ibo. Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 2 (1)","checked":false},{"n":13,"id":"adojoh-2024","citation":"Ayegba Abdullahi Adojoh, Izoduwa Amowie Imasuen, Omede Abdul Solomon and Onucheyo Sunday. (2024). Examining the Interwoven Relationship Between Igala, Benin, Ika, Urhobo, Isoko and Ijaw (quotes Idigo 1955, Meek 1937 and Boston 1960 on Eri). International Journal of Trend in Research and Development 11 (1)","url":"https://www.ijtrd.com/papers/IJTRD28300.pdf","checked":true},{"n":14,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-eri","citation":"Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Eri is of Igala origin, according to Prince Michael Idigo of the Aguleri royal family","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Oreri's point is approximate.","The Nri reach is drawn as a ritual zone, not a territory.","Eri’s origin is contested. The Igala origin follows Idigo (1955), as the owner asked on 2026-10-07 and again on 2026-10-10; the sky origin is Nri’s own tradition. Both are kept, and the event \"Eri comes down from Igala\" is marked disputed.","The owner asked (2026-10-10) to show Nri’s reach growing and then shrinking. Only the height (Onwuejeogwu) and the 18th-century decline are described in sources; the 1225, 1400, 1650 and 1850 zones are estimated steps between them."]},{"id":"zazzau","name":"Zazzau","kind":"kingdom","status":"published","otherNames":["Zazzau","Zegzeg","Zaria","Abuja (in exile)"],"shortName":"Zazzau","color":"#b0473a","span":{"from":1010,"to":1902,"fromLabel":"c. 1010 (Zazzau king list)","toLabel":"the British occupy Abuja, 1902","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"The regnal list dates Gunguma to 1010; Abdullahi Smith thought the Hausa city-states much older than any single state."},"peak":1576,"summary":{"text":"The southernmost of the seven Hausa states grew from rival city-states, Turunku and Kufena chief among them. In the 1530s Bakwa of Turunku took Kufena and built a new capital, Zaria, named after her daughter. Her other daughter Amina became the most famous general in Hausa history, campaigning for decades as far as Nupe and Kwararafa and walling the towns she took. Zazzau gathered captives from the south for the markets of Kano and Katsina, and was at times subject to Songhai, Bornu and Kwararafa. The jihad took Zaria in 1808; its Hausa kings held out at Abuja, today's Suleja, until the British came in 1902.","refs":[1,5,8],"confidence":"medium"},"ruler":{"title":"Sarkin Zazzau","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"peoples":[{"id":"hausa","name":"Hausa"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"hausa","name":"Hausa","lgas":10},{"id":"gbagyi","name":"Gbagyi","lgas":4},{"id":"adara","name":"Adara (Kadara)","lgas":1},{"id":"atsam","name":"Atsam (Chawai)","lgas":1},{"id":"atyap","name":"Atyap","lgas":1},{"id":"ham","name":"Ham (Hyam)","lgas":1},{"id":"jarawa","name":"Jarawa (Jhar)","lgas":1},{"id":"kambari","name":"Kambari","lgas":1},{"id":"koro","name":"Koro","lgas":1},{"id":"reshe","name":"Reshe (Gungawa)","lgas":1}],"snapshots":[{"year":1010,"yearLabel":"c. 1010–1390","title":"Turunku and Kufena","text":"Tradition makes Gunguma, a descendant of Bayajidda, the first king of Zazzau. Historians see instead a cluster of Hausa city-states, of which Turunku and Kufena were the strongest and held authority over the rest. The capital moved between Turunku, Wuciciri, Rikoci and Kawar.","capital":{"name":"Turunku (approximate)","point":[7.684,10.805]},"nodes":[{"name":"Kufena hill","point":[7.665,11.076]}],"links":[{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Daura","point":[8.32,13.04]},"label":"Gunguma, a descendant of Bayajidda","confidence":"disputed","refs":[1]}],"core":"disputed","label":[7.6875,11.048],"bounds":[7.32,10.765,7.702,11.1655],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"disputed"},{"year":1390,"yearLabel":"1390–1456","title":"Wars with Kano","text":"Kano's Kanajeji besieges the capital and is beaten, then returns the next year, kills the king of Zazzau and routs his army. Sarki Dauda of Kano campaigns against Zazzau again in the 1420s and 30s. The Kano Chronicle places Amina in Dauda's time; Zazzau's own tradition puts her a century and a half later.","capital":{"name":"Turunku (approximate)","point":[7.684,10.805]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"label":"Kanajeji's siege and victory","confidence":"high","refs":[3,4]}],"core":"medium","label":[7.702,11.1655],"bounds":[7.32,10.765,8.174,11.299],"refs":[4,3,5],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1456,"yearLabel":"1456–1536","title":"Islam arrives slowly","text":"The Zaria chronicle dates the coming of Islam to about 1456, but it spreads slowly and the old rites continue at court until the Fulani conquest. Zazzau falls at times under the overlordship of Songhai and Bornu.","capital":{"name":"Turunku (approximate)","point":[7.684,10.805]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[7.702,11.1655],"bounds":[7.32,10.765,8.174,11.299],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1536,"yearLabel":"1536–1576","title":"Bakwa Turunku builds Zaria","text":"Bakwa, ruler of Turunku, takes power at Kufena and builds a new capital just east of it, named Zaria after her daughter. Her son Ibrahim (1539–1566) and her younger brother Karama (1566–1576) begin the expansion, with Bakwa's daughter Amina rising as Karama's leading general.","capital":{"name":"Zaria","point":[7.7,11.07]},"nodes":[{"name":"Turunku","point":[7.684,10.805]}],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[7.702,11.1655],"bounds":[7.32,10.765,8.174,11.299],"refs":[1,5],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1576,"yearLabel":"1576–1610","title":"Amina's wars","text":"Some traditions make Amina queen after Karama; others say she was a princess who ruled the lands she conquered. For 34 years her army, said to be 20,000 foot and 1,000 horse, campaigns south-east and south-west, since Kano, Katsina and the Jos Plateau block the other ways. She reaches Kwararafa and Nupe and takes Bauchi and Yauri; the Nupe king sends her 40 eunuchs and 10,000 kola nuts. Earthen walls, ganuwar Amina, ring her camps and towns. Sultan Bello later claimed Kano and Katsina paid her tribute. She is said to have died in battle at Attaagar, perhaps near Idah.","capital":{"name":"Zaria","point":[7.7,11.07]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Gbara (Nupe)","point":[5.852,8.938]},"label":"40 eunuchs and 10,000 kola nuts from Nupe","confidence":"medium","refs":[5,1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Kwararafa (Biepi, near Ibi)","point":[9.75,8.18]},"label":"Campaigns as far as Kwararafa","confidence":"medium","refs":[5,6]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Yauri","point":[4.77,10.8]},"label":"Yauri taken","confidence":"medium","refs":[5]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Attaagar (perhaps near Idah)","point":[6.74,7.11]},"label":"Amina dies in battle at Attaagar","note":"Dan Tafa names Attaagar; Hogben places it near Idah, others at Vom near Jos.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[5]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"label":"Tribute from Kano and Katsina (Sultan Bello's claim)","note":"Historians doubt the claim.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[5]}],"core":"medium","influence":"disputed","label":[7.6875,11.048],"bounds":[4.7475,8.8365,9.896,11.299],"refs":[5,1,7],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1610,"yearLabel":"1610–1800","title":"Slaves for the northern markets","text":"After Amina, Zazzau is the great collecting point for captives taken from the southern peoples and sold in Kano and Katsina for Saharan salt. Kwararafa attacks it around 1680, and like its neighbours it falls at times under Kwararafa and Bornu. Amina's sister Zaria is said to succeed her.","capital":{"name":"Zaria","point":[7.7,11.07]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"label":"Captives to the Kano market","confidence":"high","refs":[1,5]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"label":"Captives to the Katsina market","confidence":"high","refs":[1,5]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Kwararafa (Biepi, near Ibi)","point":[9.75,8.18]},"label":"Kwararafa attacks Zazzau (c. 1680)","confidence":"medium","refs":[6]}],"core":"medium","label":[7.6875,11.048],"bounds":[7.239,10.2605,8.5655,11.299],"refs":[1,5,6],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1808,"yearLabel":"1808–1828","title":"The jihad takes Zaria","text":"In December 1808 jihad forces under Malam Musa take Zaria. The Hausa king Muhammadu Makau leads much of the nobility south to the Koro town of Zuba, among chiefdoms that had paid Zazzau tribute, and goes on calling himself Sarkin Zazzau.","capital":{"name":"Zuba (in exile)","point":[7.216,9.091]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Zaria","point":[7.7,11.07]},"label":"Zaria lost to the jihad","confidence":"high","refs":[8,1]}],"core":"medium","label":[7.161,9.2205],"bounds":[7.028,9.071,7.2535,9.2325],"refs":[8,1],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1828,"yearLabel":"1828–1902","title":"The Hausa kingdom at Abuja","text":"Makau's brother Abu Ja (Jatau) founds Abuja in 1828 and walls it the next year, ruling as Sarkin Zazzau. The little kingdom beats off Fulani Zaria's attacks and stays an independent Hausa refuge; under Abu Kwaka (1851–1877) it opens trade with Bida and Zaria. In 1902, when Abuja's men cut the road from Lokoja to Zaria, the British occupy the town.","capital":{"name":"Abuja (now Suleja)","point":[7.18,9.18]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Zaria","point":[7.7,11.07]},"label":"Holds off Fulani Zaria","confidence":"high","refs":[8]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Bida","point":[6.01,9.085]},"label":"Trade with Bida from the 1850s","confidence":"high","refs":[8]}],"core":"medium","label":[7.2535,9.2325],"bounds":[7.028,9.071,7.4865,9.242],"refs":[8],"confidence":"high"}],"today":{"text":"Two thrones carry Zazzau's name: the Emir of Zazzau at Zaria, of the Fulani dynasty, and the Emir of Suleja, heir of the Hausa kings who fled in 1808 and still styled Sarkin Zazzau.","title":"Emir of Zazzau; Emir of Suleja","seat":{"name":"Zaria","point":[7.7,11.07]},"refs":[1,8],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-zazzau","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Zazzau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zazzau","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-zaria","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Zaria (Zazzau)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazzau","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kanajeji","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kanajeji (quotes Palmer’s Kano Chronicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanajeji","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-sultanate-of-kano","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Kano","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-amina-zazzau","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Amina of Zazzau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina_of_Zazzau","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-kwararafa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kwararafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwararafa","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-history-of-katsina","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Katsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Katsina","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-suleja-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Suleja Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleja_Emirate","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Amina's dates follow Abdullahi Smith (after 1576); the Kano Chronicle places her in the 1420s–30s.","Amina's southern influence is drawn loosely and marked disputed; it rests on traditions written down centuries later.","Turunku's point is GRID3's Turunku ward in Igabi."]},{"id":"katsina","name":"Katsina","kind":"kingdom","status":"published","otherNames":[],"shortName":"Katsina","color":"#7d5aa6","span":{"from":1015,"to":1900,"fromLabel":"c. 1015 (Katsina king list)","toLabel":"the Maradi kingdom in exile, to colonial rule","refs":[1,6],"confidence":"medium"},"peak":1700,"summary":{"text":"Katsina began with the Durbawa priest-kings at Durbi ta Kusheyi. In the mid-15th century the scholar-wrestler Muhammadu Korau killed the last of them and founded the walled city at a crossroads of trade, making it a Muslim kingdom whose Gobarau mosque drew scholars from Timbuktu. Songhai ruled it from 1512 to 1554; then it turned to Bornu, sending each new king's tribute of a hundred slaves to Ngazargamu. It outlasted Kano's wars and Kwararafa's raids to become, in the 18th century, the leading market and seat of learning in Hausaland. The jihad took it in 1806–7, and its Hausa kings carried on at Maradi, in today's Niger.","refs":[1,6],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Sarkin Katsina","refs":[7],"confidence":"high"},"peoples":[{"id":"hausa","name":"Hausa"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"hausa","name":"Hausa","lgas":29}],"snapshots":[{"year":1015,"yearLabel":"c. 1015–1445","title":"The Durbawa at Durbi ta Kusheyi","text":"Tradition makes Kumayo, a grandson of Bayajidda, the first king, ruling from Durbi ta Kusheyi near Mani, 18 miles south-east of today's city. The Durbawa, its first people, married into the line, and seven burial mounds there are said to hold early kings such as Kumayo, Ramba-Ramba and Sanau. A Katsina account has its king fighting Kwararafa in 1260.","capital":{"name":"Durbi ta Kusheyi (approximate)","point":[7.83,12.83]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Daura","point":[8.32,13.04]},"label":"Kumayo, grandson of Bayajidda","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Kwararafa","point":[10.953,9.982]},"label":"War with Kwararafa (1260)","note":"Pindiga stands for Kwararafa's early, unlocated seat.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[2,3]}],"core":"medium","label":[7.7185,12.852],"bounds":[7.5115,12.4525,7.882,13.009],"refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1445,"yearLabel":"c. 1445–1493","title":"Korau founds the walled city","text":"Muhammadu Korau, a scholar from Yandoto, challenges King Sanau to a wrestling match at a feast, wins once Sanau's wife has stolen his charm, and stabs him. Korau builds the walled city of Katsina at a crossroads of trade near an iron mine and a shrine, is its first Muslim king, and takes tribute in iron bars from the chiefs around, the start of the haraji tax. He campaigns against Nupe and Kwararafa, founds the Gobarau mosque, and hosts al-Maghili in 1493.","capital":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"nodes":[{"name":"Gobarau mosque","point":[7.601,12.989]}],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Gbara (Nupe)","point":[5.852,8.938]},"label":"Campaigns against Nupe","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Kwararafa (Biepi, near Ibi)","point":[9.75,8.18]},"label":"Campaigns against Kwararafa","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[7.573,12.8765],"bounds":[7.254,12.4525,7.882,13.173],"refs":[1,4],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1493,"yearLabel":"1493–1512","title":"Prayer or prison","text":"Ibrahim Sura takes Kwiambana and Koton Koro and orders his subjects to pray or go to prison; here, unlike in Kano, the common people take up Islam. Ali Murabus builds the city's outer walls. Kano's Rumfa fights an eleven-year war with Katsina.","capital":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"label":"Eleven years of war with Kano","confidence":"high","refs":[5,1]}],"core":"medium","label":[7.7185,12.852],"bounds":[7.2435,12.44,8.1525,13.173],"refs":[1,5],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1512,"yearLabel":"1512–1554","title":"Under Songhai","text":"Askia Muhammad of Songhai conquers Katsina, which becomes a vassal of Gao. Timbuktu scholars come to teach, and one, Muhammad bin Ahmed, stays as judge. In 1554 400 Katsina horsemen meet 24 Songhai riders under the Hi-Koi Ali Dudo at Karfata; the Songhai fight so bravely that the victors send the wounded survivors home with honour. Katsina is free again.","capital":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Gao (Songhai)","point":[-0.04,16.27]},"label":"Vassal of Songhai","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Gao (Songhai)","point":[-0.04,16.27]},"label":"Battle of Karfata (1554)","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"high","label":[7.7185,12.852],"bounds":[7.2435,12.44,8.1525,13.173],"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1554,"yearLabel":"1554–1650","title":"Free, then Bornu's client","text":"In the 1570s Katsina strikes Kano and reaches its gates; Kano raids back at the end of the century. As Songhai falls, Katsina turns to Bornu: every new Sarki sends the mai a hundred slaves, and Bornu in return protects it. The city grows to a circuit of seven or eight miles, with quarters for people from Bornu, Gobir, Mali, Songhai and Agadez, and the leather craft of Agadez takes root.","capital":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ngazargamu","point":[12.367,13.083]},"label":"100 slaves from each new Sarki","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"label":"To the gates of Kano (1570s)","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"high","label":[7.7185,12.852],"bounds":[7.2435,12.44,8.1525,13.173],"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1650,"yearLabel":"c. 1650–1690","title":"Kwararafa in the city","text":"Under Uban-Yari Katsina beats Kano repeatedly, killing several of its kings, then makes alliance with Kano against Kwararafa. Kwararafa still breaches Katsina's walls and holds the western city, throwing many people into a pit remembered as Giwa-Rano, but withdraws when its general falls dead; tradition credits the prayers of Dan Masani. Bornu's Mai Ali later drives Kwararafa out of Hausaland, and Katsina's poet Dan Marina celebrates it.","capital":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Kwararafa (Biepi, near Ibi)","point":[9.75,8.18]},"label":"Kwararafa breaches the walls","confidence":"high","refs":[1,3]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ngazargamu","point":[12.367,13.083]},"label":"Bornu's client","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"high","label":[7.7185,12.852],"bounds":[7.2435,12.44,8.1525,13.173],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1700,"yearLabel":"c. 1700–1750","title":"Commercial height","text":"Katsina is the leading market of Hausaland for the Saharan caravans, taking the place Kano once held. Scholars prefer it to Timbuktu; Muhammad al-Kishwani teaches at Gobarau, and Yandoto and Birnin Katsina are known for mathematics and the science of magic squares. Barth later judged the city must once have held a hundred thousand people, and its Hausa the purest and its manners the finest. Its influence runs north to Maradi, west to Zamfara and south to Birnin Gwari.","capital":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ngazargamu","point":[12.367,13.083]},"label":"Still Bornu's client","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Agadez","point":[7.99,16.97]},"label":"Saharan caravans","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[7.6395,12.2435],"bounds":[6.5,11.304,8.2,14],"refs":[1,6],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1750,"yearLabel":"c. 1750–1805","title":"Agwaragi beats Gobir","text":"In the mid-18th century Sarkin Katsina Agwaragi defeats Yakubu of Gobir and takes his sword, Bebe, “the deaf one”, still among Katsina's regalia. The tribute of slaves to Bornu goes on until Agwaragi's reign (1784/5–1801/2).","capital":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Alkalawa (Gobir)","point":[6.26,13.613]},"label":"Yakubu of Gobir defeated","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[7.6395,12.2435],"bounds":[7.08,11.304,8.1525,13.173],"refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1806,"yearLabel":"1806–1900","title":"The jihad, and a kingdom at Maradi","text":"Sullubawa Fulani take up the jihad. Umaru Dallaji marches from Radda to Sabon Birni and kills Sarkin Katsina Mahmudu; some 30,000 Katsinawa withdraw to Dankama and fail to win the city back, and Sarki Halidu throws himself into a well. The rest go north and found Maradi, in today's Niger, from which the Hausa kings of Katsina raid the new emirate for the rest of the century.","capital":{"name":"Maradi","point":[7.1,13.5]},"nodes":[{"name":"Dankama","point":[7.798,13.305]}],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"label":"Katsina lost to Umaru Dallaji","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[7.2,13.5],"bounds":[6.6,13.1,7.8,13.9],"refs":[1,6],"confidence":"medium"}],"today":{"text":"The Emir of Katsina, of the Fulani Dallazawa dynasty, reigns at Katsina; the Hausa line rules as Sarkin Katsina Maradi in the Republic of Niger. Korau's short sword, Gajere, is still the emblem of Katsina.","title":"Emir of Katsina","seat":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-history-of-katsina","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Katsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Katsina","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kwararafa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kwararafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwararafa","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-jukun","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jukun people (West Africa)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukun_people_(West_Africa)","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-gobarau-minaret","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gobarau Minaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobarau_Minaret","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-sultanate-of-kano","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Kano","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"usman-1981","citation":"Usman, Yusufu Bala. (1981). The Transformation of Katsina, 1400–1883. Ahmadu Bello University Press, Zaria","checked":false},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-hausa-kingdoms","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Hausa Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Durbi ta Kusheyi is placed roughly near Mani. Kwiambana, Koton Koro and Karfata are not located.","The 1260 war with Kwararafa conflicts with Korau's 15th-century dates; it is marked disputed.","The Maradi ring after 1806 is rough and lies wholly in Niger."]},{"id":"gobir","name":"Gobir","kind":"kingdom","status":"published","otherNames":[],"shortName":"Gobir","color":"#5b7b9a","span":{"from":1150,"to":1900,"fromLabel":"12th century, in Asben","toLabel":"the Hausa line at Tibiri, to colonial rule","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"peak":1764,"summary":{"text":"The northernmost Hausa state was Hausaland's shield against the Tuareg. Its kings traced their line through Bana Turmi to the Copts, and they first ruled in Asben, perhaps at Marandet. Tuareg pressure and the rise of Agadez drove them south, to Goran Rami and Birnin Lalle. In the 18th century Gobir became the terror of its neighbours: Soba raided as far as Ilorin, and Babari destroyed Birnin Zamfara and built Alkalawa. It was in Gobir that Usman dan Fodio preached, and Gobir's war on him in 1804 began the jihad. Alkalawa fell in 1808; the Hausa line fought on from Tibiri in today's Niger.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"ruler":{"title":"Sarkin Gobir","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"peoples":[{"id":"hausa","name":"Hausa"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"hausa","name":"Hausa","lgas":9}],"snapshots":[{"year":1150,"yearLabel":"12th–15th century","title":"Gobir in Asben","text":"The Gobir ruling house traces its migration from Arabia by way of Bilma, where its first king Bana Turmi died, to Asben (Aïr), where it allied with the Hausa of the Adrar against the Tuareg. The kingdom may have centred on the trading town of Marandet. Leo Africanus later describes Gobir's herders, weavers and its shoes “made like those of the ancient Romans”, sold as far as Timbuktu and Gao.","nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Gao (Songhai)","point":[-0.04,16.27]},"label":"Cloth and shoes to Timbuktu and Gao","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[6.233333333333333,15.166666666666666],"bounds":[4.8,13.8,7.8,16.6],"refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1450,"yearLabel":"15th–17th century","title":"Driven south by Agadez","text":"The Tuareg found the Sultanate of Agadez early in the 15th century and replace Gobir in Aïr. The Gobirawa move south, first to Maigali and then to Goran Rami near today's Sabon Birni; some stay behind as the Adarawa. Gobir is held to guard its sister states from the desert raiders.","capital":{"name":"Goran Rami (approximate)","point":[6.48,13.62]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Agadez","point":[7.99,16.97]},"label":"Pushed out of Aïr by Agadez","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[6.266,13.494],"bounds":[5.4,13.212,7.4,14.5],"refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1715,"yearLabel":"c. 1715–1742","title":"Soba's wars","text":"With Zamfara and Agadez, Gobir helps throw off Kebbi's overlordship around 1715. Gobirawa settle in Zamfara's farmlands. Then Sarki Soba besieges Zabarma for three years, crosses the Niger to ravage Gurma and raids south as far as Ilorin, where Gobirawa stay and still have their Sarkin Gobir. He besieges Katsina's Maradi for seven years; Agadez attacks Goran Rami in his absence, and Zamfara saves it by fencing the Agadez army in with thorns at night. Soba's men at last desert him and he dies fighting Agadez.","capital":{"name":"Goran Rami (approximate)","point":[6.48,13.62]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Surame (Kebbi)","point":[4.899,13.088]},"label":"Revolt against Kebbi (c. 1715)","confidence":"high","refs":[1,2]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Zabarma","point":[3.19,13.05]},"label":"Three-year siege of Zabarma","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Ilorin","point":[4.55,8.5]},"label":"Raids to Ilorin; Gobirawa settle there","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Maradi","point":[7.1,13.5]},"label":"Seven-year siege of Maradi","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Agadez","point":[7.99,16.97]},"label":"Soba killed fighting Agadez","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[6.266,13.494],"bounds":[5.4,13.212,7.4,14.5],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1742,"yearLabel":"1742–1777","title":"Babari: Birnin Zamfara destroyed, Alkalawa built","text":"Babari murders his father to take the throne and raids Katsina, Kano and Shirra. After fifteen years he turns on his ally Zamfara, though his sister is its queen; Zamfara's captains abandon their king, and Gobir sacks Birnin Zamfara around 1756–1762. Babari builds his new walled capital, Alkalawa, on the Rima, on farmland Zamfara had once given Gobir's settlers. In the same years Katsina's Agwaragi beats Sarki Yakubu and takes his sword.","capital":{"name":"Alkalawa","point":[6.25,13.57]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Birnin Zamfara","point":[6.45,13.18]},"label":"Birnin Zamfara sacked","confidence":"high","refs":[1,2]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"label":"Raids on Katsina","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"label":"Raids on Kano","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[5.833,13.4185],"bounds":[5.321,12.8015,7.4,14.5],"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1777,"yearLabel":"1777–1797","title":"Bawa Jan Gwarzo","text":"Bawa Jan Gwarzo besieges Zamfara's last king in his hill fortress of Kiawa for fifteen years, takes him and hangs his head on a fig tree. Bawa invites the young Fulani scholar Usman dan Fodio to Gobir; dan Fodio settles at Degel, preaches, and teaches Bawa's nephew Yunfa. The Coptic origin of the dynasty may be Bawa's invention, to stop paying tribute to Bornu.","capital":{"name":"Alkalawa","point":[6.25,13.57]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Kiawa","point":[6.88,12.6]},"label":"Fifteen-year siege of Kiawa","confidence":"medium","refs":[2]}],"core":"medium","label":[5.7535,12.9765],"bounds":[5.1125,12.494,7.4,14.5],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1797,"yearLabel":"1797–1808","title":"Yunfa and the jihad","text":"Nafata (1797–1798) reverses Bawa's tolerance and fears the arms of dan Fodio's community. Yunfa, once dan Fodio's pupil, tries to kill him and drives him from Degel in 1804. Dan Fodio's Fulani and Hausa followers rise; Gobir wins at Tsuntua, but the jihad spreads across Hausaland, and on 3 October 1808 Alkalawa falls and Yunfa is killed.","capital":{"name":"Alkalawa","point":[6.25,13.57]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Gudu (approximate)","point":[4.9,13.65]},"label":"Dan Fodio's hijra and the war","confidence":"high","refs":[4,1]}],"core":"high","label":[5.833,13.4185],"bounds":[5.321,12.8015,7.4,14.5],"refs":[1,4],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1808,"yearLabel":"1808–1900","title":"Fighting on from Tibiri","text":"Sarki Ali dan Yakubu and then Mayaki keep up the fight in the north-east. With the Hausa king of Katsina at Maradi, Mayaki builds a new capital at Tibiri in 1836; the same year Sultan Bello crushes a Gobir rising at Gawakuke. The Gobirawa scatter to Birnin Kadaye, Gawon Bazau and Tibiri, and in 1853 a party under Dan Halima founds Sabon Birnin Dan Halima on the Bunsuru.","capital":{"name":"Tibiri","point":[7.06,13.56]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Gawakuke","point":[6.39,13.28]},"label":"Bello crushes Gobir at Gawakuke (1836)","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Sokoto","point":[5.24,13.06]},"label":"Wars with the Caliphate","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[7.1,13.549999999999999],"bounds":[6.6,13.2,7.6,13.9],"refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"}],"today":{"text":"Several Sarkin Gobir reign today: at Sabon Birni, Isa and Gatawa in Sokoto State, in Kebbi, Katsina and Kwara (Ilorin) States, and at Tibiri in Niger.","title":"Sarkin Gobir","seat":{"name":"Sabon Birni","point":[6.48,13.62]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-gobir","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gobir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobir","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-zamfara-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Zamfara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamfara_Kingdom","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-history-of-katsina","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Katsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Katsina","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-sokoto-caliphate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Sokoto Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Marandet, Maigali and Birnin Lalle are not placed; Goran Rami is placed at Sabon Birni.","The Asben ring before 1450 is rough and lies in Niger."]},{"id":"kwararafa","name":"Kwararafa","kind":"confederacy","status":"published","otherNames":["Kororofa","Jukun kingdom","Apa","Wukari Federation"],"shortName":"Kwararafa","color":"#8c3d3d","span":{"from":1260,"to":1900,"fromLabel":"c. 1250 (Bornu and Katsina traditions)","toLabel":"British rule, c. 1900","refs":[2,1,4,14],"confidence":"medium","note":"A Bornu tradition puts the Kwona section of the Jukun on the Gongola by about 1250, and a Katsina account has its king fighting Kwararafa in 1260. Wikipedia dates the first capital, Santolo, to about 1000, but the Kano Chronicle places Santolo near Kano and calls it a Hausa shrine town, so the timeline starts at 1260."},"peak":1650,"summary":{"text":"A many-peopled confederacy of the Benue valley, rich from the salt of Keana, Awe and Arufu, whose divine king, the Aku, was held to be the son of God. It began on the Gongola, paid tribute to Kano and Zazzau, and after a defeat by Bornu moved its capital to Biepi near Ibi. In the 17th century its cavalry turned north: it emptied Kano three times and besieged Ngazargamu, the Bornu capital. Igala, Idoma, Alago and others marched in its armies or trace their kings to it. It declined in the 18th century, lost Idah, was struck by the Chamba and then hemmed in by the jihad emirates. The Jukun kingdom of Wukari carried its name to British rule.","refs":[2,1,21,4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Almost everything about Kwararafa's wars comes from its enemies' chronicles (Kano, Katsina, Bornu). Benue valley traditions barely mention the northern raids, and a few historians doubt that one state ever stood behind the name. The link between the Kano Chronicle's 'Kororofa' and the Jukun was first drawn by H. R. Palmer."},"ruler":{"title":"Aku (Aku Uka at Wukari)","refs":[21,4],"confidence":"high"},"peoples":[{"id":"jukun","name":"Jukun"},{"id":"alago","name":"Alago"},{"id":"idoma","name":"Idoma"},{"id":"igala","name":"Igala"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"idoma","name":"Idoma","lgas":3},{"id":"alago","name":"Alago","lgas":2},{"id":"goemai","name":"Goemai","lgas":2},{"id":"chamba","name":"Chamba (Sama)","lgas":1},{"id":"jukun","name":"Jukun","lgas":1},{"id":"karimjo","name":"Karimjo (Kiyu)","lgas":1},{"id":"kuteb","name":"Kuteb","lgas":1},{"id":"mumuye","name":"Mumuye","lgas":1},{"id":"pan","name":"Pan (Kofyar)","lgas":1},{"id":"tarok","name":"Tarok","lgas":1},{"id":"wurkun","name":"Wurkun","lgas":1}],"snapshots":[{"year":1260,"yearLabel":"c. 1250–1349","title":"The Kwona on the Gongola","text":"A Bornu tradition places the Kwona, a section of the Jukun, along the Gongola river by about 1250, after a long migration from the east. Jukun tradition says hunters led them: Gidi-Gidi founded Pindiga. Kwararafa already fights its northern neighbours: a Katsina account has King Korau at war with it in 1260.","nodes":[{"name":"Pindiga","point":[10.953,9.982]}],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"label":"War with Korau of Katsina (1260)","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2]}],"core":"disputed","label":[11.0375,10.1085],"bounds":[10.8515,9.982,11.4305,10.8065],"refs":[1,2,3,4],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Where this early Kwararafa lay is not known. The Gongola land around Pindiga and Kalam is drawn because the Kwona tradition and Pindiga's founding point there."},{"year":1349,"yearLabel":"1349–1410","title":"Tribute to Kano","text":"Sarki Yaji of Kano marches on Kwararafa. Its people abandon their town for the hill of Tagara, and after a seven-month siege they buy him off with a hundred slaves. His son Kanajeji demands tribute again and gets two hundred. Then a trade settles in: Kano sends horses, Kwararafa sends slaves. The horses will one day carry Kwararafa's cavalry north.","nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"label":"100 slaves to Yaji, 200 to Kanajeji","confidence":"high","refs":[5,6,7]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"label":"Kano horses for Kwararafa slaves","confidence":"medium","refs":[6]}],"core":"disputed","label":[11.0375,10.1085],"bounds":[10.8515,10.1085,11.4305,10.8065],"refs":[5,6,2,7],"confidence":"medium","note":"The hill of Tagara has not been located; Wikipedia says the centre moved there in about 1380."},{"year":1450,"yearLabel":"15th century","title":"Under Zazzau, then broken by Bornu","text":"Zazzau's armies under Amina reach Kwararafa, and for much of the century it pays tribute to Zazzau. Late in the century Bornu inflicts a crushing defeat. The old dynasty, which Hausa tradition remembers as the Abakwariga Kutumbuwa, falls, and the capital moves south to Biepi on the Benue.","nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Zaria","point":[7.7,11.07]},"label":"Tribute to Zazzau","note":"The Kano Chronicle places Amina in the 1420s–30s; Zazzau tradition puts her reign in 1576–1610.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[2,8,7]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Ngazargamu","point":[12.367,13.083]},"label":"Defeated by Bornu","confidence":"medium","refs":[2]}],"core":"disputed","label":[10.8455,9.202],"bounds":[10.2115,9.0775,11.4305,10.2425],"refs":[2,8],"confidence":"disputed"},{"year":1500,"yearLabel":"c. 1500–1600","title":"Biepi and the salt of the Benue","text":"From Biepi, near today's Ibi, the confederacy holds the Benue's salt: the brine flats of Keana, Awe and Arufu. Salt buys horses from the north, and slaves are sold on towards the coast, where Calabar is remembered as the “port of Kwararafa”. Refugees from the Muslim north swell its towns. Alago kings at Doma and Keana and Idoma lineages at Apa trace their founders to this Kwararafa.","capital":{"name":"Kwararafa (Biepi, near Ibi)","point":[9.75,8.18]},"nodes":[{"name":"Keana (salt)","point":[8.834,8.217]},{"name":"Awe (salt)","point":[9.147,8.057]},{"name":"Arufu (salt)","point":[9.248,7.834]}],"links":[{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Doma","point":[8.357,8.393]},"label":"Alago kings of Doma come from Kwararafa","confidence":"medium","refs":[9]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Keana","point":[8.834,8.217]},"label":"Alago of Keana","confidence":"medium","refs":[10,9]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Duke Town (Atakpa)","point":[8.32,4.95]},"label":"Slaves to the coast: Calabar, “port of Kwararafa”","confidence":"medium","refs":[2]}],"core":"medium","label":[9.756,8.2425],"bounds":[8.7885,7.834,10.557,8.4735],"refs":[2,4,9,10],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1600,"yearLabel":"c. 1600–1650","title":"Kenjo's court and the first march on Kano","text":"Under Adi Agbu Kenjo the confederacy is at its richest, and new Jukun migrants arrive from the south-east. Its armies turn north: in Muhammad Zaki's reign they strip the Kano countryside and drive its people to Daura. At the court the Igala representative, Abutu-Eje, loses the succession to Kenjo and goes home to unite the Igala, Idoma and Alago migrants at Agatu.","capital":{"name":"Kwararafa (Biepi, near Ibi)","point":[9.75,8.18]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"label":"Invasion under Muhammad Zaki (1582–1618)","confidence":"high","refs":[11,7]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Agatu (Abutu-Eje's seat)","point":[7.857,7.888]},"label":"Igala, Idoma and Alago under the Aku","note":"J. M. Fremantle says Kwararafa held sovereignty over the Idoma, Igbira and Igala at times. The owner holds that Abutu-Eje was Igala, not Jukun.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[1,12,13]}],"core":"medium","influence":"disputed","label":[9.756,8.2425],"bounds":[7.857,7.622,10.557,9.0775],"refs":[2,11,12,14],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1650,"yearLabel":"c. 1650–1690","title":"Raids across the north","text":"The height of Kwararafa's power. Kano and Katsina sign a treaty against it in about 1650, but in the 1650s Sarkin Kwararafa Adashu breaks the Kofan Kawayi gate of Kano, and under Dadi (c. 1671) its army fights through Kano to the Kurmi market. Katsina is invaded between 1670 and 1684. With Tuareg allies it besieges Ngazargamu, but Mai Ali of Bornu sets the two armies against each other and beats both. Sultan Bello of Sokoto later counted Kwararafa among the seven great kingdoms of the Sudan.","capital":{"name":"Kwararafa (Biepi, near Ibi)","point":[9.75,8.18]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"label":"Kano sacked (1650s, c. 1671)","confidence":"high","refs":[15,16,2]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"label":"Katsina invaded (1670–1684)","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Zaria","point":[7.7,11.07]},"label":"Zazzau attacked (c. 1680)","confidence":"medium","refs":[2]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Ngazargamu","point":[12.367,13.083]},"label":"Siege of Ngazargamu with the Tuareg","confidence":"medium","refs":[17,2,1]}],"core":"medium","influence":"disputed","label":[9.756,8.2425],"bounds":[7.857,6.8105,11.414,9.202],"refs":[2,1,4,7],"confidence":"medium","note":"Idoma and other Benue peoples trace origins to Kwararafa; whether it ruled them is debated."},{"year":1700,"yearLabel":"c. 1700","title":"Idah breaks away","text":"Kwararafa sends an army to make Idah pay tribute again. Attah Ayegba Oma-Idoko defeats it, and the Igala are free of the Aku for good. The Idoma and Alago settlements to the west drift out of the confederacy's reach.","capital":{"name":"Kwararafa (Biepi, near Ibi)","point":[9.75,8.18]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.74,7.11]},"label":"Beaten by Attah Ayegba","confidence":"medium","refs":[18,19]}],"core":"medium","influence":"disputed","label":[9.756,8.2425],"bounds":[8.242,7.4035,10.557,9.0775],"refs":[18,19,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1750,"yearLabel":"c. 1720–1780","title":"Decline: drought, quarrels and new Jukun","text":"Through the 18th century more Jukun migrants arrive, quarrels split the ruling houses, and drought hits the valley. The coast's slave trade, which fed Kwararafa's wealth, starts to give way to palm oil. The court leaves Biepi for Uka and then Puje, close to today's Wukari, and by the century's end Kwararafa itself pays tribute to Bornu.","capital":{"name":"Puje (near Wukari)","point":[9.783,7.869]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ngazargamu","point":[12.367,13.083]},"label":"Tribute to Bornu (late 18th century)","confidence":"medium","refs":[2]}],"core":"medium","label":[9.825,7.9145],"bounds":[8.7885,7.4035,10.1645,8.2425],"refs":[2,1,20],"confidence":"medium","note":"Uka has not been located. Puje is a ward of Wukari today, and GRID3 has a “Kwararafa Area” inside it."},{"year":1780,"yearLabel":"c. 1780–1810","title":"The Aku crowns Lafia; the Chamba strike","text":"The Aku's sacred authority still reaches far: in about 1780 Dunama, leader of Kanuri migrants from Bornu, asks the Aku Uka to confirm his rule at Lafia, and is made Sarkin Lafia Bare-Bari. But Chamba warbands pushing west down the Benue invade the heartland, and the last king of the old Kwararafa, Adi Matswen, is driven into exile.","capital":{"name":"Puje (near Wukari)","point":[9.783,7.869]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Lafia","point":[8.517,8.494]},"label":"The Aku Uka confirms Sarkin Lafia Bare-Bari","confidence":"medium","refs":[21,22]}],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[9.825,7.9145],"bounds":[8.764,7.4035,10.1645,8.6035],"refs":[2,21,23],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1812,"yearLabel":"1812–1854","title":"The jihad on every side","text":"The Fulani jihad reaches the Benue. Buba Yero of Gombe makes war on the Jukun of Pindiga and Kalam from 1815. Hamman Ruwa founds Muri in 1817 on Jukun land, and Muri's armies fight the Jukun of Kona for the rest of the century. Fulani under Giwa settle Wase beside the Jukun in 1813 and make it a jihad outpost. Angyu Zikenyu (r. 1820–1854) holds the Wukari heartland, now Jukun alone, and the Tiv join the Jukun against the Fulani.","capital":{"name":"Puje (near Wukari)","point":[9.783,7.869]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Pindiga","point":[10.953,9.982]},"label":"Gombe makes war on the Pindiga Jukun","confidence":"medium","refs":[24,3]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Kona","point":[11.329,8.981]},"label":"Muri against the Jukun of Kona","confidence":"high","refs":[25]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Wase","point":[9.951,9.081]},"label":"Wase becomes a Fulani outpost","confidence":"medium","refs":[26]}],"core":"medium","label":[9.825,7.9145],"bounds":[9.756,7.4035,10.1645,8.2425],"refs":[24,25,26,21,14],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1855,"yearLabel":"1855–1900","title":"Wukari, between Muri, the Tiv and the Company","text":"The court settles at Wukari in 1855 and the kingdom takes its name. Wukari is a regional power again, on the caravan road from Bauchi to Kano and Bornu, trading slaves, salt and ivory. Tiv farmers press in from the south. In 1883 the Royal Niger Company plants a station at Ibi; it burns Jibu in 1884, 1888 and 1891 and takes Kona in 1892. Around 1900 Wukari passes under British rule.","capital":{"name":"Wukari","point":[9.768,7.866]},"nodes":[{"name":"Ibi (Company station, 1883)","point":[9.745,8.18]},{"name":"Jibu","point":[9.98,7.255]}],"links":[{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Bauchi","point":[9.84,10.31]},"label":"Caravan road to Bauchi, Kano and Bornu","confidence":"medium","refs":[21]}],"core":"medium","label":[9.825,7.9145],"bounds":[9.745,7.255,10.1645,8.2425],"refs":[21,25,27,14],"confidence":"medium","note":"Wikipedia says a Jukun dynasty held Wukari by 1820; rulers.org dates the move of the centre to Wukari to 1855."}],"today":{"text":"The Aku Uka, king of the Jukun, reigns at Wukari in Taraba State and is still crowned at Biepi (Byepi), the old capital. The Andoma of Doma and the Osana of Keana, Alago kings, remember Kwararafa as their origin.","title":"Aku Uka of Wukari","seat":{"name":"Wukari","point":[9.768,7.866]},"refs":[20,28,10,9],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-jukun","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jukun people (West Africa)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukun_people_(West_Africa)","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kwararafa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kwararafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwararafa","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-pindiga","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Pindiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindiga_Town","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"meek-1931","citation":"Meek, C. K. (1931). A Sudanese Kingdom: An Ethnographical Study of the Jukun-Speaking Peoples of Nigeria. Kegan Paul, London","checked":false},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-yaji-i","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Yaji I (quotes Palmer’s Kano Chronicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaji_I","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-kanajeji","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kanajeji (quotes Palmer’s Kano Chronicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanajeji","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"palmer-1908-kano-chronicle","citation":"Palmer, H. R. (translator). (1908). The Kano Chronicle. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 38: 58–98","checked":false},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-amina-zazzau","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Amina of Zazzau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina_of_Zazzau","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"wikipedia-doma","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Doma, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doma,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-keana","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Keana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keana","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"wikipedia-muhammad-zaki","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muhammad Zaki (quotes Palmer’s Kano Chronicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zaki","checked":true},{"n":12,"id":"kigala-2020-abutu-eje","citation":"Kigala. (2020). Igala History: Àbùtù Ẹ̀jẹ̀ (drawing on R. A. Sargent, Politics, Economics and Social Change in the Benue Basin, 1300–1700, PhD thesis, 1984)","url":"https://ki-gala.com/igala-kingship-history","checked":true},{"n":13,"id":"owner-2026-10-08-abutu-eje","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Abutu-Eje was not a Jukun but the Igala representative at the Wukari court; after a dispute over who would next rule the confederacy he came back to his fellow Igala of the Igala-Ogba and the Igala-Mela","checked":true},{"n":14,"id":"rulers-org-nigeria-traditional","citation":"Cahoon, Ben. Nigerian traditional polities (ruler lists)","url":"https://www.rulers.org/nigatrad.html","checked":true},{"n":15,"id":"wikipedia-muhammad-kukuna","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muhammad Kukuna (quotes Palmer’s Kano Chronicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Kukuna","checked":true},{"n":16,"id":"wikipedia-dadi-kano","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Dadi (sultan) (quotes Palmer’s Kano Chronicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadi_(sultan)","checked":true},{"n":17,"id":"wikipedia-ali-iii-bornu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ali III Walamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_III_Walamma","checked":true},{"n":18,"id":"shaibu-2024","citation":"Shaibu, Margaret Aladi. (2024). Warfares and Weaponry of Pre-Colonial Igala Land 1500–1900: A Historical Analysis. NIU Journal of Humanities 9(3): 49–63","url":"https://www.kampalajournals.ac.ug/ojs/index.php/niuhums/article/download/1951/2730","checked":true},{"n":19,"id":"yusufu-2020","citation":"Yusufu, Abdullahi Musa. (2020). Historicizing the Myriad of Traditions on the Origin of Igala of Central Nigeria. FUWukari Journal of Politics and Development 4(2): 87–99","url":"https://www.fuwjpd.com.ng/download-pdf-article/82","checked":true},{"n":20,"id":"wikipedia-wukari","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Wukari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wukari","checked":true},{"n":21,"id":"wikipedia-wukari-federation","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Wukari Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wukari_Federation","checked":true},{"n":22,"id":"wikipedia-lafia","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Lafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafia","checked":true},{"n":23,"id":"wikipedia-chamba-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Chamba people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamba_people","checked":true},{"n":24,"id":"wikipedia-gombe-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gombe Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":25,"id":"wikipedia-muri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muri, Taraba State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muri,_Taraba_State","checked":true},{"n":26,"id":"wikipedia-wase","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Wase, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wase,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":27,"id":"wikipedia-ibi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ibi, Taraba State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibi,_Taraba_State","checked":true},{"n":28,"id":"wikipedia-kuvyon-ii","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kuvyon II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvyon_II","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Kwararafa's early capitals (Santolo, Tagara, Uka) are placed in different areas by different writers and are left off the map. The Gongola core before 1500 is a guess from the Kwona tradition and Pindiga's founding, marked disputed.","The Aku Uka list before 1820 (Agbu Kenjo to Ashu Manu I) is undated in rulers.org; Kenjo's reign is put at c. 1610 by Wikipedia.","Bauchi's point is the modern city."]},{"id":"egba","name":"Egba","kind":"confederacy","status":"published","otherNames":["Abeokuta","Egba United Government"],"shortName":"Egba","color":"#4f8a6b","span":{"from":1300,"to":1914,"fromLabel":"Orile Egba, c. 13th century (tradition)","refs":[4,8],"confidence":"medium"},"peak":1898,"summary":{"text":"The Egba lived in a confederacy of forest towns, Orile Egba, founded by tradition when the first Alake and Eso Ikoyi chiefs left early Oyo. Under Oyo's overlordship they rose under Lisabi and drove its agents out. When the 19th-century wars destroyed their towns, refugees under Sodeke founded Abeokuta beneath Olumo Rock around 1830, a federation of townships inside one wall. Abeokuta beat Dahomey's armies in 1851 and 1864, fought Ibadan, Ijebu and Ijaye, expelled the missionaries in 1867, and as the Egba United Government kept its independence until 1914.","refs":[1,2,6],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Alake","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},"peoples":[{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba","lgas":7}],"snapshots":[{"year":1300,"yearLabel":"c. 13th century–1780","title":"Orile Egba","text":"Samuel Johnson's history says the first Alake left the young Oyo kingdom with Eso Ikoyi chiefs and founded a confederacy of towns in the Egba forest, Orile Egba, which Oyo later ruled through its Ilari agents.","nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"label":"The first Alake leaves early Oyo","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"label":"Under Oyo's Ilari","confidence":"medium","refs":[3]}],"core":"medium","label":[3.4875,7.0235],"bounds":[3.186,6.9565,3.5545,7.2955],"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1780,"yearLabel":"c. 1780s","title":"Lisabi frees the Egba","text":"The Egba war chief Lisabi organises the farmers' mutual-help societies into a secret army; they kill the Oyo Ilari stationed among them and drive off the punitive force Oyo sends.","nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"label":"Lisabi's revolt against Oyo","confidence":"high","refs":[3]}],"core":"medium","label":[3.4875,7.0235],"bounds":[3.186,6.9565,3.5545,7.2955],"refs":[4,5,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1830,"title":"Abeokuta founded","text":"Oyo refugees and the armies of the Owu war destroy the Orile Egba towns. At the war camp of Ibadan the Egba chief Lamodi shoots the Ife chief Ege; fearing revenge, the Egba leave, choose Sodeke as leader, and around 1830 settle beneath Olumo Rock, founding Abeokuta. Owu refugees join them about 1834. Each township keeps its own chiefs inside the town wall. Abeokuta fights the Ijebu Remo (1832), Ibadan (1834), Ota (1842), Ado (1844) and Ibarapa (1849).","capital":{"name":"Abeokuta","point":[3.35,7.15]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Ibadan","point":[3.9,7.39]},"label":"War with Ibadan (1834)","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Ota","point":[3.23,6.69]},"label":"Ota (1842)","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Ado-Odo","point":[2.94,6.6]},"label":"Ado (1844)","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Igbo-Ora (Ibarapa)","point":[3.29,7.43]},"label":"Ibarapa (1849)","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"core":"high","label":[3.374,7.1705],"bounds":[3.186,6.9565,3.5545,7.2955],"refs":[4,2,1],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1851,"title":"Dahomey repulsed","text":"King Gezo's Dahomey, raiding for slaves, attacks Abeokuta in 1851 and is beaten; the Egba beat it again in 1864. Abeokuta, a key palm-oil market, welcomes missionaries from Sierra Leone, and returned Egba such as the family of Rev. William Allen come home. It fights Ijaye (1860–62) and the Makun war (1862–64), closes the trade roads in the 1860s and in 1867 expels the missionaries and European traders.","capital":{"name":"Abeokuta","point":[3.35,7.15]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Abomey (Dahomey)","point":[1.99,7.18]},"label":"Dahomey attacks (1851, 1864)","refs":[]}],"core":"high","influence":"medium","label":[3.374,7.1705],"bounds":[2.957,6.621,3.5545,7.2955],"refs":[4,2,1,6],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1898,"title":"The Egba United Government","text":"In January 1893 a treaty with Governor Carter of Lagos recognises Egbaland as independent, and in 1898 the Egba United Government is formed, with the Alake at the head of a council and Lagos-educated Egba as its officials; it leases land for the Lagos–Abeokuta railway. From 1904 Britain takes over more and more of its work, and in 1914 the kingdom is folded into Nigeria.","capital":{"name":"Abeokuta","point":[3.35,7.15]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[3.186,6.9565],"bounds":[3.092,6.621,3.5545,7.2955],"refs":[4,7,6,1],"confidence":"medium"}],"today":{"text":"The Alake of Egbaland reigns at Abeokuta, Ogun State.","title":"Alake of Egbaland","seat":{"name":"Abeokuta","point":[3.35,7.15]},"refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-egba-alake","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Egba Ake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egba_Alake","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-abeokuta","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Abeokuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeokuta","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-oyo-empire","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Oyo Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"biobaku-1957","citation":"Biobaku, Saburi O. (1957). The Egba and Their Neighbours, 1842–1872. Clarendon Press, Oxford","checked":false},{"n":5,"id":"johnson-1921","citation":"Johnson, Samuel. (1921). The History of the Yorubas. Routledge, London (CMS Lagos)","url":"https://archive.org/details/the-history-of-the-yorubas-from-the-earliest-times-to-the-beginning-of-the-british-protectorate","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-egba-united-government","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Egba United Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egba_United_Government","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"falola-heaton-2008","citation":"Falola, Toyin; Heaton, Matthew M. (2008). A History of Nigeria. Cambridge University Press","checked":false},{"n":8,"id":"smith-1988","citation":"Smith, Robert S. (1988). Kingdoms of the Yoruba (3rd edition). University of Wisconsin Press / James Currey","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["Biobaku covers 1842–1872 directly; the 1898–1914 government needs a second source checked."]},{"id":"oyo","name":"Oyo Empire","kind":"empire","status":"published","otherNames":["Ọ̀yọ́","Old Oyo"],"shortName":"Oyo","color":"#2e5c8a","span":{"from":1300,"to":1893,"fromLabel":"c. 1300 (reckoned back from the king list)","toLabel":"the British treaty of 1893","refs":[1,3],"confidence":"medium"},"peak":1750,"summary":{"text":"Founded, by tradition, by Oranmiyan, a prince of Ife, Oyo grew on the northern savanna into the largest of the Yoruba kingdoms. Nupe drove its kings into exile around 1535; they came back on horseback, rebuilt Oyo-Ile under Abipa, and over the next two centuries made Oyo an empire whose cavalry took tribute from Dahomey and the Aja and Ewe states to the coast. From 1754 the Basorun Gaha made and unmade kings, and Abiodun's later defeats by Borgu and Nupe, Afonja's revolt at Ilorin and the jihad broke the empire. Oyo-Ile was abandoned in the 1830s, and Alaafin Atiba rebuilt the kingdom at New Oyo, leaning on Ibadan and Ijaye to guard it.","refs":[1,3],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Alaafin","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"peoples":[{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba","lgas":77}],"snapshots":[{"year":1300,"yearLabel":"c. 1300–1400","title":"Oranmiyan follows the snake","text":"Oranmiyan, last prince of Ife, sets out to avenge an insult to Oduduwa, quarrels with his brother and wanders north along the Niger to Bussa. Its chief gives him a snake with a charm at its throat; where it stops for seven days and vanishes, he founds Oyo. His sons are Ajaka and Sango, born to a Nupe princess; Sango is later worshipped as the god of thunder. Ajaka's successor Kori conquers the rest of metropolitan Oyo.","capital":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Ile-Ife","point":[4.56,7.48]},"label":"Oranmiyan, prince of Ife","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Bussa","point":[4.5,10.2]},"label":"The chief of Bussa's snake","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Bussa","point":[4.5,10.2]},"label":"War with the Bariba; Orangun of Ila comes to help","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[4.0625,8.6995],"bounds":[3.785,8.0555,4.3075,9.065],"refs":[1],"confidence":"disputed"},{"year":1400,"yearLabel":"c. 1400","title":"Oyo-Ile in the savanna","text":"Oyo is a modest kingdom around its capital Oyo-Ile, near the Niger in the open country north of the forest.","capital":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[4.093,8.317],"bounds":[3.785,8.0555,4.578,9.065],"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1535,"yearLabel":"c. 1535","title":"Nupe sacks Oyo-Ile","text":"Nupe armies take Oyo-Ile. The royal court flees to Borgu and then settles in exile at Igboho for most of a century.","capital":{"name":"Igboho","point":[3.75,8.83]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[3.617,8.6875],"bounds":[3.1705,8.426,4.0625,9.065],"refs":[1,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Date of the sack is estimated from king lists."},{"year":1560,"yearLabel":"c. 1560–1610","title":"From Igboho, the reconquest","text":"Learning from the Nupe, whom they call Tapa, the Oyo rearm with armour and cavalry. Alaafin Ofinran wins back Oyo's old land and builds the capital in exile at Igboho; Egungunoju conquers nearly all of Yorubaland; Orompoto carries the war into Nupe; Ajiboyede holds the first Bere festival of peace.","capital":{"name":"Igboho","point":[3.75,8.83]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Gbara (Nupe)","point":[5.852,8.938]},"label":"Orompoto's war on Nupe","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[4.093,8.317],"bounds":[3.1705,7.7355,4.8465,9.065],"refs":[1,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1610,"yearLabel":"c. 1610","title":"Return to Oyo-Ile","text":"Under Alaafin Abipa the court comes home and repopulates Oyo-Ile. Some time between 1578 and 1608 Oyo tries to conquer Benin, but its cavalry cannot cross the Ekiti hills; a few Ekiti kingdoms fall under Oyo, and Otun Ekiti is left as a free town between the two powers. By the end of the 16th century the Aja and Ewe states to the south-west pay Oyo tribute.","capital":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"label":"Failed attack on Benin (1578–1608)","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Otun Ekiti","point":[5.13,7.99]},"label":"Otun, buffer town between Oyo and Benin","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[4.093,8.317],"bounds":[3.1705,7.7355,4.8465,9.065],"refs":[1,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1682,"yearLabel":"1682–1726","title":"South to the coast","text":"Oyo's horsemen begin raiding south in 1682. Kings and princes of Allada and Weme appeal to the Alaafin against their rulers or against Dahomey, and Oyo's cavalry answers so fiercely that its neighbours learn to fear it. By 1680 the empire spans some 150,000 square kilometres.","capital":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Allada","point":[2.15,6.67]},"label":"Oyo's cavalry answers Allada's appeal","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[4.0575,7.883],"bounds":[1.3,6.2,5.2965,9.4],"refs":[1,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1750,"yearLabel":"c. 1750","title":"The height of Oyo","text":"Oyo rules a metropolitan core and the Egbado corridor to the sea, where Ajase (Porto-Novo) ships enslaved people to European traders. Dahomey has paid tribute since 1730. The Egba and Igbomina towns are tributaries. Oyo settled colonists along the Egbado corridor, at Ilaro and Imeko, to hold the road to Badagry and Porto-Novo; Sabe and Ketu in the west, and at times the Borgu and Nupe borderlands, paid tribute. Oyo's cavalry has defeated Dahomey in 1728 and forced it to pay yearly tribute; it took eleven invasions before Dahomey was fully subjected in 1748.","capital":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Abomey (Dahomey)","point":[1.99,7.18]},"label":"Dahomey pays tribute (1730–1823)","refs":[]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Ajase (Porto-Novo)","point":[2.6,6.49]},"label":"Egbado corridor to the coast","refs":[]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ilaro","point":[3.01,6.89]},"label":"Ilaro: an Oyo colony guarding the road to the coast","confidence":"medium","refs":[4,3]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Imeko","point":[2.87,7.46]},"label":"Imeko: Egbado town on the Oyo trade road","confidence":"medium","refs":[4,3]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Badagry","point":[2.88,6.42]},"label":"Badagry: a coastal port in Oyo’s network","confidence":"medium","refs":[4,3]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Sabe (Savè)","point":[2.48,8.03]},"label":"Sabe: western Yoruba kingdom under Oyo","confidence":"medium","refs":[4,3]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ketu","point":[2.6,7.36]},"label":"Ketu: western Yoruba kingdom under Oyo","confidence":"medium","refs":[4,3]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Nikki (Borgu)","point":[3.21,9.94]},"label":"Borgu borderlands: tribute at times","confidence":"disputed","refs":[4,3]}],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[4.0575,7.883],"bounds":[1.3,6.2,5.2965,9.4],"refs":[1,3,5,6,4],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1754,"yearLabel":"1754–1774","title":"Gaha makes and unmakes kings","text":"The Basorun Gaha, head of the Oyo Mesi council, seizes power for twenty years. He forces four Alaafins to take their own lives by sending them the parrot's eggs; two die between June and October 1754 alone, one after 130 days and one after 17. Alaafin Abiodun outlasts him and has him executed in 1774. In 1764 an Akyem, Dahomey and Oyo army beats an invading Ashanti force.","capital":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Kumasi (Ashanti)","point":[-1.62,6.69]},"label":"Ashanti beaten by Akyem, Dahomey and Oyo (1764)","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"core":"high","influence":"medium","label":[4.0575,7.883],"bounds":[1.3,6.2,5.2965,9.4],"refs":[1,3],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1774,"yearLabel":"1774–1793","title":"Abiodun's reign","text":"With Gaha gone, Abiodun rules a rich but overstretched empire. In 1784 Oyo, Dahomey and Lagos together blockade Badagry by water; Oyo campaigns into the Mahi country north of Dahomey. But Borgu beats Abiodun's army at Gberegburu in 1783 and Nupe destroys another in 1789, losses equal to 11 and 13 generals with their men. Abiodun is murdered by his own son Awole.","capital":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Badagry","point":[2.88,6.42]},"label":"Naval blockade of Badagry (1784)","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Savalou (Mahi)","point":[1.98,7.93]},"label":"Campaign into Mahi country","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Nikki (Borgu)","point":[3.21,9.94]},"label":"Defeat by Borgu (1783)","confidence":"high","refs":[1,7]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Gbara (Nupe)","point":[5.852,8.938]},"label":"Defeat by Nupe (1789)","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"high","influence":"medium","label":[4.0575,7.883],"bounds":[1.3,6.2,5.2965,9.4],"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1793,"yearLabel":"1793–1817","title":"Afonja and the broken oath","text":"Awole orders his field marshal, the Aare-Ona-Kakanfo Afonja, to attack Iwere-Ile, Abiodun's mother's town; Afonja refuses. In 1795 Awole sends him against Apomu, a market town of Ife, breaking the oath every Alaafin swears never to attack the holy city. Afonja sacks Apomu, then marches on Oyo-Ile itself and demands Awole's abdication; Awole takes his own life. Twenty years of rival claimants follow, warlords such as the Onikoyi and Solagberu rise, and in the south the Egba under Lisabi kill Oyo's resident agents and drive off its army.","capital":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Apomu","point":[4.17,7.36]},"label":"Afonja sacks Apomu (1795)","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Abeokuta (Egba)","point":[3.35,7.15]},"label":"Lisabi's Egba revolt","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"high","influence":"medium","label":[3.931,8.0555],"bounds":[1.3,6.2,4.466,9.4],"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1817,"title":"Afonja revolts at Ilorin","text":"Afonja, Oyo's war chief at Ilorin, rebels with help from Fulani and Hausa followers. By 1823 Ilorin has joined the Sokoto Caliphate and Dahomey has stopped paying tribute.","capital":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"high","influence":"medium","label":[3.931,8.0555],"bounds":[1.3,6.2,4.466,9.4],"refs":[1,3],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1823,"yearLabel":"1823–1835","title":"Dahomey breaks free; Ilorin raids","text":"In 1823 Dahomey raids villages under Oyo's protection. King Gezo sends his Brazilian viceroy, Francisco Félix de Sousa, to make peace, but talks fail and Oyo's army is crushed; Dahomey's tribute ends. Ilorin, now an emirate of Sokoto, besieges Offa and burns Oyo's villages; when Clapperton passes in 1825 he sees the ashes, and few horses. Alaafin Majotu asks the English king and the Oba of Benin for help.","capital":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Abomey (Dahomey)","point":[1.98,7.18]},"label":"Oyo's army crushed; tribute ends (1823)","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Ilorin","point":[4.55,8.5]},"label":"Ilorin raids and burns Oyo's villages","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Offa","point":[4.72,8.15]},"label":"Offa besieged","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"label":"Majotu asks the Oba of Benin for help","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"core":"high","label":[3.931,8.0555],"bounds":[3.1705,7.7355,4.3075,8.9747],"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1835,"title":"Oyo-Ile abandoned","text":"After Alaafin Oluewu dies fighting Ilorin, the capital is abandoned. The court moves south to Ago-Oja, the Oyo of today, founded in 1837. Power in Yorubaland passes to new war states such as Ibadan.","capital":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"high","label":[3.931,8.0555],"bounds":[3.1705,7.7355,4.3075,8.9747],"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1837,"yearLabel":"1837–1893","title":"New Oyo under Atiba","text":"After the Eleduwe war Oyo-Ile is abandoned and Alaafin Atiba rebuilds the kingdom further south at Ago d'Oyo, today's Oyo. He charges Ibadan with guarding the capital against Ilorin and Ijaye with guarding it against Dahomey. The gamble fails: the two war towns fight each other, and power passes to Ibadan. Atiba dies in 1859; his sons Adelu (1859–1876) and Adeyemi I (1876–1905) reign over a kingdom that is honoured but no longer feared.","capital":{"name":"Oyo (Ago d'Oyo)","point":[3.93,7.85]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Ibadan","point":[3.9,7.39]},"label":"Ibadan charged with guarding against Ilorin","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Ijaye","point":[3.84,7.6]},"label":"Ijaye charged with guarding against Dahomey","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"high","label":[3.595,7.9745],"bounds":[3.246,7.7355,4.0575,8.2695],"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"}],"today":{"text":"The Alaafin still reigns from Oyo town, the new capital founded in 1837. The ruins of Oyo-Ile lie inside Old Oyo National Park.","title":"Alaafin of Oyo","seat":{"name":"Oyo (Ago-Oja)","point":[3.93,7.85]},"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-oyo-empire","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Oyo Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-old-oyo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo-Ile","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"law-1977","citation":"Law, Robin. (1977). The Oyo Empire, c. 1600 – c. 1836: A West African Imperialism in the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade. Clarendon Press, Oxford","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-doc1","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Owner's notes on the reach of Igala, Benin, Oyo and Aro, the British conquests, and migrations (hintsPrompts/doc1.md)","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"akinjogbin-1967","citation":"Akinjogbin, I. A. (1967). Dahomey and Its Neighbours, 1708–1818. Cambridge University Press","checked":false},{"n":6,"id":"ajayi-crowder-1985","citation":"Ajayi, J. F. Ade; Crowder, Michael (editors). (1985). Historical Atlas of Africa. Cambridge University Press","checked":false},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-borgu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Borgu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgu","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The 1750 core uses whole Oyo State, which includes the Ibadan area. Ibadan was not founded until 1829; the forest belt there was thinly settled.","Check whether Osun towns such as Osogbo and Ila were core or tributary in 1750."]},{"id":"zamfara","name":"Zamfara","kind":"kingdom","status":"published","otherNames":[],"shortName":"Zamfara","color":"#a85d7c","span":{"from":1300,"to":1805,"fromLabel":"the Dutsi chiefdoms","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"peak":1715,"summary":{"text":"Zamfara grew from the chiefdoms of Dutsi, Togai, Kiyawa and Jata; its people say they descend from the Maguzawa hunters of old Kano. In the early 16th century it built Birnin Zamfara near today's Isa, its walls said to run eleven miles with fifty gates. Kanta made it a tributary of Kebbi; around 1715 it rose with Gobir and Agadez, captured Kebbi's king and became a first-rate power, its fertile plains “almost the most flourishing country of Negroland”. Then Gobir, whose settlers it had welcomed, turned on it: Birnin Zamfara fell around 1756–1762, its last king died at Kiawa after a fifteen-year siege, and the dynasty carried on at Anka.","refs":[1,4],"confidence":"medium"},"ruler":{"title":"Sarkin Zamfara","refs":[5],"confidence":"medium"},"peoples":[{"id":"hausa","name":"Hausa"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"hausa","name":"Hausa","lgas":16}],"snapshots":[{"year":1300,"yearLabel":"before c. 1500","title":"The giants of Dutsi","text":"The first Zamfarawa settle at Dutsi, now a town in Zurmi, and after seven years without a chief choose Dakka as the first Sarkin Zamfara. Legend makes the early chiefs giants who could eat a whole ox at a meal; six great mounds at Dutsi are said to hold 23 of them. One of the first six was a woman, Algoje.","capital":{"name":"Dutsi (approximate)","point":[6.8,12.94]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[6.831,12.8015],"bounds":[6.313,12.5395,6.831,13.0865],"refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1500,"yearLabel":"early 16th century","title":"Birnin Zamfara","text":"The Zamfarawa move north to the Gagare river near Isa and build Birnin Zamfara, whose walls are said to be eleven miles long with fifty gates; remains stand east of Isa. In the mid-16th century Zamfara campaigns south as far as Yauri but cannot hold it.","capital":{"name":"Birnin Zamfara (near Isa)","point":[6.45,13.18]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Yauri","point":[4.77,10.8]},"label":"Campaign to Yauri","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[6.538,12.274],"bounds":[5.856,11.34,6.916,13.212],"refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1516,"yearLabel":"c. 1516–1715","title":"Under Kebbi","text":"Kanta of Kebbi conquers Zamfara in his campaigns east, and Zamfara pays Kebbi tribute for two centuries.","capital":{"name":"Birnin Zamfara (near Isa)","point":[6.45,13.18]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Surame (Kebbi)","point":[4.899,13.088]},"label":"Tributary of Kebbi","confidence":"high","refs":[2,1]}],"core":"medium","label":[6.538,12.274],"bounds":[5.856,11.34,6.916,13.212],"refs":[2,1,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1715,"yearLabel":"c. 1715–1756","title":"Revolt and height","text":"Under Babba, Zamfara rises with Gobir and Agadez and drives Kebbi's army back to the Gulbin Ka. Babba's son Yakubu defeats the Kebbawa at Tsamiya Maibaura and captures their king, Muhammadu dan Giwa; the slave Acali, who offered his life as the soothsayers' sacrifice, is honoured through his brother, made the first Sarkin Burmin Bakura. Zamfara now stretches from Sabon Birni in the north to Kwiambana in the south. Sarkin Zamfara Maliki gives land to Gobir settlers, and Zamfara's men save Gobir's capital from Agadez.","capital":{"name":"Birnin Zamfara (near Isa)","point":[6.45,13.18]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Surame (Kebbi)","point":[4.899,13.088]},"label":"Kebbi beaten; its king captured","confidence":"high","refs":[1,3]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Kwiambana","point":[6.6,11.3]},"label":"Southern frontier at Kwiambana","note":"Kwiambana is placed approximately.","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[6.049,12.3545],"bounds":[5.1095,11.34,6.916,13.494],"refs":[1,4],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1756,"yearLabel":"c. 1756–1805","title":"Gobir takes Birnin Zamfara","text":"Gobir's Babari attacks his ally. Zamfara's captains, tired of King Mairoki's taunts, give the capital up; Barth was told it fell in about 1756, others say 1762. Mairoki flees to the hill fortress of Kiawa, where Bawa Jan Gwarzo of Gobir besieges him for fifteen years before taking and beheading him. The Zamfara dynasty regroups at Anka in the south-west.","capital":{"name":"Anka","point":[5.93,12.11]},"nodes":[{"name":"Kiawa","point":[6.88,12.6]}],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Alkalawa (Gobir)","point":[6.25,13.57]},"label":"Birnin Zamfara lost to Gobir","confidence":"high","refs":[1,4]}],"core":"medium","label":[6.012,11.9405],"bounds":[5.1095,11.34,6.88,12.6],"refs":[1,4],"confidence":"medium"}],"today":{"text":"The Sarkin Zamfara reigns at Anka in Zamfara State.","title":"Sarkin Zamfara of Anka","seat":{"name":"Anka","point":[5.93,12.11]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-zamfara-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Zamfara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamfara_Kingdom","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kanta-kotal","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kanta Kotal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanta_Kotal","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kebbi-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Kebbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebbi_Kingdom","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-gobir","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gobir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobir","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"hogben-kirk-greene-1966","citation":"Hogben, S. J.; Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. (1966). The Emirates of Northern Nigeria: A Preliminary Survey of Their Historical Traditions. Oxford University Press","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["Birnin Zamfara is placed east of Isa, where its walls survive; Kiawa about twenty miles east of Kaura Namoda. Both are approximate."]},{"id":"ijebu","name":"Ijebu Kingdom","kind":"kingdom","status":"published","otherNames":[],"shortName":"Ijebu","color":"#6b4f8a","span":{"from":1400,"to":1892,"fromLabel":"c. 15th century","refs":[5,2],"confidence":"medium"},"peak":1820,"summary":{"text":"Ijebu, the Yoruba kingdom of the Awujale at Ijebu-Ode, was ringed by Sungbo's Eredo, a ditch and bank some 160 km long and among the largest earthworks in Africa. Portuguese sailors knew it in 1508 as Geebu, “a great city surrounded by a great ditch”, and in 1620 as “a kingdom small but very warlike”. Its Osugbo council balanced the king. Sitting on the road between Lagos and the interior, Ijebu grew rich by letting only its own merchants carry the trade, joined Ife in destroying Owu in the 1820s, and kept the road closed until a British force with Maxim guns broke it at Imagbon in 1892.","refs":[1,8],"confidence":"medium"},"ruler":{"title":"Awujale","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"peoples":[{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba","lgas":12}],"snapshots":[{"year":1400,"yearLabel":"c. 1400","title":"The Awujale at Ijebu-Ode","text":"Tradition gives Ijebu's founding to Obanta of Ile-Ife. The Ijebu dig and pile Sungbo's Eredo, earthworks that enclose the whole kingdom and moved more earth than the Great Pyramid; the palace floors at Ijebu-Ode are paved and aligned to the sun. In 1508 the Portuguese describe Geebu as a great city surrounded by a great ditch, ruled by the “Agusale”.","capital":{"name":"Ijebu-Ode","point":[3.92,6.82]},"nodes":[{"name":"Sungbo's Eredo (approximate)","point":[4,6.78]}],"links":[{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Ile-Ife","point":[4.56,7.48]},"label":"Obanta from Ife","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[4.023,6.891],"bounds":[3.7935,6.533,4.3865,7.0195],"refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1620,"yearLabel":"1620–1800","title":"Small but very warlike","text":"A Portuguese trader in 1620 calls Ijebu “a kingdom small but very warlike”. The Awujale rules with the Osugbo, the council of titled freeborn men that serves as the kingdom's court, whose head the Oliwa is the second power in the land. The Ijebu trade across the lagoon to Lagos, where they arrive in the 15th century.","capital":{"name":"Ijebu-Ode","point":[3.92,6.82]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Eko (Lagos Island)","point":[3.39,6.45]},"label":"Across the lagoon to Lagos","confidence":"medium","refs":[4,1]}],"core":"medium","label":[4.023,6.891],"bounds":[3.7935,6.533,4.3865,7.0195],"refs":[1,4],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1820,"yearLabel":"c. 1817–1825","title":"The Owu war","text":"Ijebu and Ife armies, joined by Oyo refugees, destroy the town of Owu. The war opens decades of fighting in Yorubaland. Ijebu controls the routes between the lagoon and the interior, including Remo.","capital":{"name":"Ijebu-Ode","point":[3.92,6.82]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Owu (approximate)","point":[4.2,7.3]},"label":"Owu destroyed","refs":[]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Eko (Lagos Island)","point":[3.394,6.455]},"label":"Lagoon trade to Lagos","refs":[]}],"core":"medium","label":[3.977,6.729],"bounds":[3.564,6.469,4.3865,7.0195],"refs":[2,5,6],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1840,"yearLabel":"1840–1891","title":"Masters of the road","text":"As the wars push trade south, Ijebu insists that every load between Lagos and Ibadan pass through Ijebu hands, and grows rich on the monopoly. It harbours Kosoko after the British drive him from Lagos in 1851 and lets him settle at Epe, and sides against Ibadan in the long wars.","capital":{"name":"Ijebu-Ode","point":[3.92,6.82]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Ibadan","point":[3.9,7.39]},"label":"The road to Ibadan, closed to all but Ijebu traders","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Epe","point":[3.98,6.58]},"label":"Kosoko's refuge at Epe","confidence":"high","refs":[7]}],"core":"high","label":[4.023,6.891],"bounds":[3.7935,6.533,4.3865,7.0195],"refs":[1,7],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1892,"title":"Defeat at Imagbon","text":"In May 1892 a Lagos Colony force with Maxim guns defeats the Ijebu army at Imagbon, occupies Ijebu-Ode and burns the Osugbo meeting hall; Lugard later boasted that thousands were mown down. Ijebu becomes part of the British colony.","capital":{"name":"Ijebu-Ode","point":[3.92,6.82]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"high","label":[3.977,6.729],"bounds":[3.575,6.469,4.3865,7.0195],"refs":[5,1],"confidence":"high","note":"Told in full as an event on the timeline."}],"today":{"text":"The Awujale of Ijebuland reigns at Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State.","title":"Awujale of Ijebuland","seat":{"name":"Ijebu-Ode","point":[3.92,6.82]},"refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-ijebu-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ijebu Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijebu_Kingdom","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"smith-1988","citation":"Smith, Robert S. (1988). Kingdoms of the Yoruba (3rd edition). University of Wisconsin Press / James Currey","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"ogundiran-2020","citation":"Ogundiran, Akinwumi. (2020). The Yoruba: A New History. Indiana University Press","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-history-of-lagos","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. History of Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lagos","checked":false},{"n":5,"id":"ayandele-1992","citation":"Ayandele, E. A. (1992). The Ijebu of Yorubaland, 1850–1950: Politics, Economy and Society. Heinemann Educational Books, Ibadan","checked":false},{"n":6,"id":"johnson-1921","citation":"Johnson, Samuel. (1921). The History of the Yorubas. Routledge, London (CMS Lagos)","url":"https://archive.org/details/the-history-of-the-yorubas-from-the-earliest-times-to-the-beginning-of-the-british-protectorate","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-kosoko","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kosoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosoko","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-owu-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Owu Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owu_Kingdom","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Remo's status (part of Ijebu or semi independent under the Akarigbo) changed over time."]},{"id":"borgu","name":"Borgu","kind":"confederacy","status":"published","otherNames":["Bussa","Nikki"],"shortName":"Borgu","color":"#6a7f4f","span":{"from":1450,"to":1898,"fromLabel":"15th century","refs":[2,5],"confidence":"medium"},"peak":1783,"summary":{"text":"A loose confederacy of Bariba and Busa kingdoms led by Bussa, its sacred seat, Nikki, its centre of power, and Illo, its market, with Kaiama, Parakou, Kandi, Kouande and others beside them. Its ruling warrior class, the Wasangari, traced their kings to the hero Kisra, a legend that probably remembers horsemen who conquered the country in the 15th century and that set Borgu apart from its Muslim neighbours. Borgu withstood Songhai and Nupe, sheltered Oyo's exiled kings, then spent two centuries as Oyo's vassal before winning its freedom in 1783. Its army died with Oyo's at Ilorin in 1837, and in 1898 Britain and France split it along today's Nigeria–Benin border.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"medium"},"ruler":{"title":"Kings of Bussa, Nikki and Illo (Kisra lineage)","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"peoples":[{"id":"bariba","name":"Bariba (Baatombu)"},{"id":"busa","name":"Busa (Bisã)"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"kambari","name":"Kambari","lgas":2},{"id":"bariba","name":"Bariba (Baatombu)","lgas":1},{"id":"boko","name":"Boko","lgas":1},{"id":"bokobaru","name":"Bokobaru","lgas":1},{"id":"busa","name":"Busa (Bisã)","lgas":1}],"snapshots":[{"year":1450,"yearLabel":"c. 1450","title":"The Kisra kingdoms","text":"Borgu tradition says Kisra, a rival of the Prophet driven from Arabia, led his people to the Niger; his sons founded Bussa (Woru), Nikki (Shabi) and Illo (Bio), parting at Gunji. Before them Borgu's villages lived by lineage and rarely fought. Historians read the legend as the memory of mounted invaders of the 15th century, whose descendants, the Wasangari, ruled as a warrior class bound by mutual defence.","capital":{"name":"Bussa (old town, now under Kainji Lake)","point":[4.5,10.2]},"nodes":[{"name":"Nikki","point":[3.21,9.94]},{"name":"Illo","point":[3.67,11.55]},{"name":"Kaiama","point":[3.94,9.6]},{"name":"Parakou","point":[2.63,9.34]},{"name":"Kandi","point":[2.94,11.13]}],"links":[{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Nikki","point":[3.21,9.94]},"label":"Shabi, son of Kisra, founds Nikki","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Illo","point":[3.67,11.55]},"label":"Bio, son of Kisra, founds Illo","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[4.161,10.29],"bounds":[1.4,8.9,4.5095,12],"refs":[2,1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1490,"yearLabel":"1490s–1563","title":"Songhai's wars","text":"Sunni Ali of Songhai wins a crushing victory over Borgu at Gwangwarake in the 1490s. Askia Muhammad returns in 1505, perhaps to convert the pagan Wasangari or to control the Wangara trade roads; the campaign is hard, his army suffers serious defeats, but it briefly holds Bussa and takes high-ranking captives to Gao. Askia Daud ravages Bussa again in 1558 and 1563.","capital":{"name":"Bussa (old town, now under Kainji Lake)","point":[4.5,10.2]},"nodes":[{"name":"Nikki","point":[3.21,9.94]},{"name":"Illo","point":[3.67,11.55]},{"name":"Kaiama","point":[3.94,9.6]},{"name":"Parakou","point":[2.63,9.34]},{"name":"Kandi","point":[2.94,11.13]}],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Gao (Songhai)","point":[-0.04,16.27]},"label":"Sunni Ali, Askia Muhammad (1505) and Askia Daud (1558, 1563)","confidence":"high","refs":[2]}],"core":"high","label":[4.161,10.29],"bounds":[1.4,8.9,4.5095,12],"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1535,"yearLabel":"c. 1535–1591","title":"Refuge for Oyo","text":"When Nupe crushes Oyo, Alaafin Onigbogi takes refuge in Borgu. His successor Ofinran builds a new capital at Igboho, and the two peoples form an alliance against Nupe that teaches Oyo to fight on horseback.","capital":{"name":"Bussa (old town, now under Kainji Lake)","point":[4.5,10.2]},"nodes":[{"name":"Nikki","point":[3.21,9.94]},{"name":"Illo","point":[3.67,11.55]},{"name":"Kaiama","point":[3.94,9.6]},{"name":"Parakou","point":[2.63,9.34]},{"name":"Kandi","point":[2.94,11.13]}],"links":[{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Igboho","point":[3.75,8.83]},"label":"Oyo's kings in exile; the anti-Nupe alliance","confidence":"high","refs":[2,3]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Gbara (Nupe)","point":[5.852,8.938]},"label":"Allied against Nupe","confidence":"medium","refs":[2]}],"core":"high","label":[4.161,10.29],"bounds":[1.4,8.9,4.5095,12],"refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1591,"yearLabel":"1591–1783","title":"Oyo's vassal","text":"Once Songhai falls in 1591, Oyo turns on its old ally and makes much of Borgu its vassal. In the mid-18th century Dahomey attacks Borgu and is driven off.","capital":{"name":"Bussa (old town, now under Kainji Lake)","point":[4.5,10.2]},"nodes":[{"name":"Nikki","point":[3.21,9.94]},{"name":"Illo","point":[3.67,11.55]},{"name":"Kaiama","point":[3.94,9.6]},{"name":"Parakou","point":[2.63,9.34]},{"name":"Kandi","point":[2.94,11.13]}],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"label":"Vassal of Oyo (until 1783)","refs":[]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Abomey (Dahomey)","point":[1.98,7.18]},"label":"Dahomey's attack repulsed","confidence":"medium","refs":[2]}],"core":"medium","label":[4.161,10.29],"bounds":[1.4,8.9,4.5095,12],"refs":[2],"confidence":"medium","note":"The degree of Oyo control is debated."},{"year":1783,"yearLabel":"1783–1835","title":"Gberegburu: free of Oyo","text":"In 1783 Borgu defeats Alaafin Abiodun's army at Gberegburu; Oyo loses the equivalent of eleven generals and their men. Borgu is free, though it keeps sending tribute to Oyo until 1818. Fulani raids begin to reach it as the jihad takes Ilorin.","capital":{"name":"Bussa (old town, now under Kainji Lake)","point":[4.5,10.2]},"nodes":[{"name":"Nikki","point":[3.21,9.94]},{"name":"Illo","point":[3.67,11.55]},{"name":"Kaiama","point":[3.94,9.6]},{"name":"Parakou","point":[2.63,9.34]},{"name":"Kandi","point":[2.94,11.13]}],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"label":"Oyo beaten at Gberegburu (1783)","confidence":"high","refs":[2,3]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"label":"Tribute paid until 1818","confidence":"high","refs":[2]}],"core":"high","label":[4.161,10.29],"bounds":[1.4,8.9,4.5095,12],"refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1837,"yearLabel":"1835–1894","title":"Death at Ilorin, and division","text":"Alaafin Oluewu calls on Borgu to help him drive the Muslims from Ilorin. Sero Kpera of Nikki leads the Bariba with the kings of Kaiama and Wawa and a prince for Bussa. On the first day they drive Ilorin's army back to its walls; on the second, Ilorin's horse turns their flank, and Sero Kpera, the Alaafin and the leaders of Wawa and Kaiama all fall. Borgu stays free of the Fulani, but its princes drift apart, outlying chiefs seize the trade, and caravans are raided.","capital":{"name":"Bussa (old town, now under Kainji Lake)","point":[4.5,10.2]},"nodes":[{"name":"Nikki","point":[3.21,9.94]},{"name":"Illo","point":[3.67,11.55]},{"name":"Kaiama","point":[3.94,9.6]},{"name":"Parakou","point":[2.63,9.34]},{"name":"Kandi","point":[2.94,11.13]}],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Ilorin","point":[4.55,8.5]},"label":"The Eleduwe war: Sero Kpera killed","confidence":"high","refs":[4,2]}],"core":"high","label":[4.161,10.29],"bounds":[1.4,8.9,4.5095,12],"refs":[4,2],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1894,"yearLabel":"1894–1898","title":"The race for Nikki","text":"Britain and France race to sign treaties with the king of Nikki in 1894. The French occupy Illo; the British West African Frontier Force posts men at Yashikera. In 1898 the Anglo-French Convention splits Borgu: the east goes to Northern Nigeria, the west to French Dahomey.","capital":{"name":"Bussa (old town, now under Kainji Lake)","point":[4.5,10.2]},"nodes":[{"name":"Nikki","point":[3.21,9.94]},{"name":"Illo","point":[3.67,11.55]},{"name":"Kaiama","point":[3.94,9.6]},{"name":"Parakou","point":[2.63,9.34]},{"name":"Kandi","point":[2.94,11.13]}],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Nikki","point":[3.21,9.94]},"label":"Rival British and French treaties (1894)","confidence":"high","refs":[2]}],"core":"high","label":[4.161,10.29],"bounds":[1.4,8.9,4.5095,12],"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"today":{"text":"Borgu was split in 1898. Old Bussa was drowned by Kainji Lake in 1968; the Emir of Borgu now reigns at New Bussa, Niger State, and the King of Nikki in the Republic of Benin.","title":"Emir of Borgu","seat":{"name":"New Bussa","point":[4.52,9.88]},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kisra-legend","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kisra legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisra_legend","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-borgu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Borgu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgu","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-oyo-empire","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Oyo Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-battle-of-ilorin","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Battle of Ilorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleduwe_War","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"stewart-1993","citation":"Stewart, Marjorie Helen. (1993). Borgu and Its Kingdoms: A Reconstruction of a Western Sudanese Polity. Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["Old Bussa's point is approximate (the town is under the lake).","Gwangwarake, Gberegburu and Yashikera are not located."]},{"id":"lagos","name":"Kingdom of Lagos","kind":"kingdom","status":"published","otherNames":["Eko"],"shortName":"Eko","color":"#c0603a","span":{"from":1450,"to":1861,"fromLabel":"the Awori at Isheri, 15th century","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"peak":1800,"summary":{"text":"The Awori, a Yoruba people, came down the Ogun in the 15th century; Ogunfunminire of Ife became king at Isheri, and farmers spread to Iddo and Lagos Island, which they called Oko. Around 1600 Benin made the island a war camp, Eko, and the Awori prince Ashipa became its first Benin-backed king, founding the dynasty that rules today. From the 1760s Oba Akinsemoyin opened Lagos to the slave trade; by the early 19th century it was the biggest slave port north of the equator, with embassies to Brazil. Royal feuds brought the British in: they bombarded Lagos in 1851, put Akitoye on the throne, and in 1861 forced Dosunmu to cede it.","refs":[1,5],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Oba (Eleko)","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"peoples":[{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba","lgas":7}],"snapshots":[{"year":1450,"yearLabel":"15th–16th century","title":"The Awori at Isheri and Iddo","text":"Awori tradition says Oduduwa gave their ruler Olofin a plate to set on the river; where it sank, in Lagos lagoon, they settled. Coming down the Ogun to escape a war, they first make Ogunfunminire of Ife king at Isheri, then move to Ebute-Metta and Iddo. Aromire farms pepper on the island, where the palace, Iga Idunganran, the “pepper-farm palace”, will stand. Ijebu traders come in the 15th century; the Portuguese pass by in 1472, naming the lagoon Lago de Curamo.","capital":{"name":"Iddo","point":[3.38,6.465]},"nodes":[{"name":"Isheri","point":[3.39,6.67]}],"links":[{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Ile-Ife","point":[4.56,7.48]},"label":"Ogunfunminire of Ife, first king at Isheri","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[3.3965,6.4545],"bounds":[3.3685,6.437,3.5935,6.67],"refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1600,"yearLabel":"c. 1600","title":"A Benin outpost","text":"Benin sets up a war camp on the island; a dynasty linked to Benin, beginning with Ashipa and Ado, rules Eko and sends tribute east.","capital":{"name":"Eko (Lagos Island)","point":[3.394,6.455]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"label":"Tribute to Benin","refs":[]}],"core":"medium","label":[3.3965,6.4545],"bounds":[3.3685,6.437,3.5935,6.4995],"refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1760,"yearLabel":"1760s–1820","title":"The slave port","text":"Prince Akinsemoyin, exiled to Badagry after quarrelling with his brother, makes friends among the European slavers there, and when he takes the throne in the 1760s opens Lagos to their trade. The trade booms in the 1780s and again with Dahomey's wars and Oyo's collapse; by the early 19th century Eko is the largest slave exporter north of the equator, sends embassies to Brazil and is one of the first states to recognise Brazil's independence in 1823. Lagos still sends Benin tribute until about 1830, though its obedience is mostly nominal.","capital":{"name":"Eko (Lagos Island)","point":[3.39,6.45]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Brazil (across the Atlantic)","point":[-3,6]},"label":"Slaves to Brazil; embassies to Bahia","note":"The point marks the Atlantic edge of the map.","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"label":"Tribute to Benin until c. 1830","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Badagry","point":[2.88,6.42]},"label":"Badagry blockaded with Oyo and Dahomey (1784)","confidence":"medium","refs":[4]}],"core":"high","label":[3.3965,6.4545],"bounds":[3.277,6.437,3.5935,6.4995],"refs":[1,4],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1800,"yearLabel":"c. 1760–1850","title":"An Atlantic port","text":"Lagos becomes one of the main slave-trading ports of the Bight of Benin, linked by lagoon to Badagry, Porto-Novo and the Ijebu markets.","capital":{"name":"Eko (Lagos Island)","point":[3.394,6.455]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"label":"Tribute to Benin","refs":[]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Ajase (Porto-Novo)","point":[2.6,6.49]},"label":"Lagoon trade west","refs":[]}],"core":"medium","label":[3.3965,6.4545],"bounds":[3.277,6.437,3.5935,6.4995],"refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1821,"yearLabel":"1821–1851","title":"Royal feuds","text":"Two sons of Oba Ologun Kutere fight for the throne: Adele is driven to Badagry and raids Lagos from 1821 to 1835. Oba Idewu Ojulari, unpopular, receives from the Oba of Benin a skull and a sword and takes poison. The kingmaker Eletu Odibo blocks his brother Kosoko twice; in July 1845 Kosoko's men besiege the palace for three weeks, the Salt Water War, Akitoye flees to Abeokuta and Badagry, and the Eletu is sealed in a barrel and burned on the lagoon. Kosoko rules, a friend of the slave traders and of Dahomey; Akitoye courts the British consul Beecroft.","capital":{"name":"Eko (Lagos Island)","point":[3.39,6.45]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"label":"Benin's skull and sword for Idewu Ojulari","confidence":"high","refs":[1,5]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Badagry","point":[2.88,6.42]},"label":"Adele's raids from Badagry; Akitoye's refuge","confidence":"high","refs":[1,5]}],"core":"high","label":[3.3965,6.4545],"bounds":[3.277,6.437,3.5935,6.4995],"refs":[1,5],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1851,"title":"The British bombard Lagos","text":"In November 1851 Kosoko rejects a British demand to end the slave trade, saying only the Oba of Benin can deal with foreign powers over Lagos. On 26–28 December the Royal Navy shells and storms the town; Kosoko flees to Ijebu and settles at Epe, from which he twice attacks Lagos in August 1853. Akitoye, installed by the British, signs the anti-slavery treaty on 1 January 1852 and stops paying tribute to Benin. On 6 August 1861 Oba Dosunmu, under threat of bombardment, cedes Lagos to Britain.","capital":{"name":"Eko (Lagos Island)","point":[3.394,6.455]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Epe","point":[3.98,6.58]},"label":"Kosoko's attacks from Epe (1853)","confidence":"high","refs":[5]}],"core":"high","label":[3.3965,6.4545],"bounds":[3.3685,6.437,3.5935,6.4995],"refs":[2,5],"confidence":"high"}],"today":{"text":"The Oba of Lagos reigns from Iga Idunganran palace on Lagos Island, in what is now Africa's largest city.","title":"Oba of Lagos","seat":{"name":"Eko (Lagos Island)","point":[3.394,6.455]},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-history-of-lagos","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. History of Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lagos","checked":false},{"n":2,"id":"mann-2007","citation":"Mann, Kristin. (2007). Slavery and the Birth of an African City: Lagos, 1760–1900. Indiana University Press","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-benin","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-oyo-empire","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Oyo Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-kosoko","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kosoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosoko","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The date of Benin's arrival in Lagos varies between the mid 16th and early 17th century."]},{"id":"nupe","name":"Nupe Kingdom","kind":"kingdom","status":"published","otherNames":["Nupe","Kin Nupe","Tapa","Nufawa","Bida Emirate"],"shortName":"Nupe","color":"#2a7a7a","span":{"from":1450,"to":1901,"fromLabel":"the Bini city-states, before Tsoede","toLabel":"British rule, 1901","refs":[4,1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"peak":1857,"summary":{"text":"Between the Niger and the Kaduna rivers, a dozen Bini city-states and the river-going Kyadya were united in the early 16th century by Tsoede (Edegi), whom tradition makes the son of an Attah of Igala. His Nupe sacked Oyo-Ile around 1535 and drove its kings into exile. In the late 18th century the kingdom was at its strongest under Ma'azu, then tore itself apart in a civil war that let the Fulani preacher Mallam Dendo and his sons take over. From Bida, its capital from 1857, the Fulani Etsu built the strongest emirate of the middle Niger, ruling the Okun Yoruba, Ebira and northern Edo through resident agents, until the Royal Niger Company took Bida in 1897.","refs":[4,1,6,2],"confidence":"medium"},"ruler":{"title":"Etsu Nupe","refs":[4,5],"confidence":"high"},"peoples":[{"id":"nupe","name":"Nupe"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"nupe","name":"Nupe","lgas":10},{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba","lgas":8},{"id":"afemai","name":"Afemai","lgas":4},{"id":"ebira","name":"Ebira","lgas":4}],"snapshots":[{"year":1450,"yearLabel":"before c. 1530","title":"The Bini city-states and the river people","text":"Before there was one Nupe kingdom there were several Nupe peoples. The Bini formed a confederacy of at least twelve city-states, among them Nku, Nupeko, Tafyan, Doko, Jima and Bida, each under its own Etsu; they paid yearly tribute to a leading town, first Tuwa and later Tafyan, and joined their armies in war. The Kyadya held the Niger and Kaduna rivers, living by fishing, ferrying and rice under a leader called the Kuta. The Kusopa, Gbede, Ebe and others ruled themselves.","nodes":[{"name":"Nku","point":[5.81,8.828]},{"name":"Nupeko","point":[5.801,8.776]},{"name":"Tafyan (leading Bini town)","point":[5.852,8.938]}],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[5.564,9.456],"bounds":[5.184,8.776,6.271,9.456],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Tafyan is placed at GRID3's Manbe Tafyan ward in Lavun."},{"year":1531,"yearLabel":"c. 1531","title":"Tsoede unites Nupe","text":"Tsoede (Edegi), born at Nku to a Nupe mother and an Igala prince who became Attah, grows up at the court of Idah and comes up the Niger with brass and bronze regalia. He overthrows his maternal uncle, the Etsu of Nku, rules first from Nupeko and then from the larger Gbara, and by war and diplomacy brings the Bini city-states and the other Nupe peoples under one Etsu.","capital":{"name":"Gbara (approximate)","point":[5.852,8.938]},"nodes":[{"name":"Nupeko (Tsoede's first capital)","point":[5.801,8.776]}],"links":[{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.74,7.11]},"label":"Tsoede's father was Attah of Igala","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,3]}],"core":"medium","label":[5.6695,9.055],"bounds":[5.184,8.5945,6.271,9.456],"refs":[1,4,5,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"rulers.org dates the founding to 1531; Wikipedia gives Tsoede c. 1496–1591, and other traditions start him in 1465."},{"year":1535,"yearLabel":"c. 1535","title":"Nupe sacks Oyo-Ile","text":"Nupe armies, already the victors over Alaafin Onigbogi, occupy Oyo-Ile and drive its dynasty into exile in Borgu and then Igboho for some eighty years. The Yoruba remember the Nupe as the Tapa, and learn from them to fight in armour on horseback.","capital":{"name":"Gbara (approximate)","point":[5.852,8.938]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"label":"Oyo-Ile taken; the Alaafin flees","confidence":"high","refs":[6,7]}],"core":"medium","label":[5.9605,9.029],"bounds":[5.184,8.543,6.644,9.456],"refs":[6,7],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1591,"yearLabel":"c. 1591–1700","title":"Tsoede dies; Oyo strikes back","text":"Tsoede dies on campaign in 1591, by tradition aged over 120. Oyo, rearmed with cavalry, recovers its land under Alaafin Ofinran, and Orompoto carries the war into Nupe. Nupe holds its heartland, and its traders carry cloth, beads and glass along the river and the caravan roads.","capital":{"name":"Gbara (approximate)","point":[5.852,8.938]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"label":"Ofinran and Orompoto take the war back to Nupe","confidence":"medium","refs":[6]}],"core":"medium","label":[5.6695,9.055],"bounds":[5.184,8.5945,6.432,9.456],"refs":[8,6,1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1759,"yearLabel":"1759–1795","title":"Islam and Etsu Ma'azu","text":"Etsu Jibrilu (1746–1759) is remembered as the first Muslim king. His successor Ma'azu, who reigns twice (1759–1767, 1778–1795), brings the kingdom to its greatest strength: in 1789 an Oyo army sent by Alaafin Abiodun is destroyed, losing thirteen generals, and in the 1790s Nupe takes Lapai in the Gbari country.","capital":{"name":"Gbara (approximate)","point":[5.852,8.938]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"label":"Abiodun's army destroyed (1789)","confidence":"high","refs":[6]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Lapai","point":[6.575,9.038]},"label":"Lapai taken (1790s)","confidence":"medium","refs":[9]}],"core":"medium","label":[5.6695,9.055],"bounds":[4.578,8.543,6.644,9.6645],"refs":[4,5,6,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1796,"yearLabel":"1796–1810","title":"Civil war: Jimada against Majiya","text":"After Ma'azu the succession splits the kingdom. Jimada, Ma'azu's son, holds the east from Gbara and later Ragada; Majiya II, his cousin through the female line, holds the west from Raba on the Niger; the general Yikanko seizes Mokwa. Both cousins court the Fulani clerics settled in Nupe. Together they kill Yikanko at Mokwa in about 1810, and then Majiya, with the help of the Fulani preacher Mallam Dendo, kills Jimada at Ragada. Jimada's followers become the Yissazhi faction, Majiya's the Gwagbazhi.","capital":{"name":"Raba (Majiya II)","point":[5.03,9.211]},"nodes":[{"name":"Gbara (Jimada)","point":[5.852,8.938]},{"name":"Mokwa (Yikanko)","point":[5.054,9.295]}],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[5.6695,9.055],"bounds":[5.03,8.5945,6.432,9.456],"refs":[1,5],"confidence":"medium","note":"rulers.org has Jimada dying in 1805 and Majiya's rival line continuing under Jimada's son Idirisu II; Sidi puts the Ragada battle at about 1810. Ragada, near Pategi, has not been located."},{"year":1810,"yearLabel":"1810–1833","title":"Mallam Dendo at Raba","text":"Majiya turns on Dendo, whose following is growing, and Dendo flees to the jihadists at Ilorin. There he wins over Jimada's son Idrisu Gana and his war-chief Makolo, and returns. By the 1830s the Tsoede dynasty has lost the kingdom: Nupe is under the emir of Gwandu, and Dendo is its master at Raba until he dies in 1833.","capital":{"name":"Raba","point":[5.03,9.211]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Gwandu","point":[4.64,12.5]},"label":"Under the emir of Gwandu","confidence":"high","refs":[4,1]}],"core":"medium","label":[5.6695,9.055],"bounds":[5.03,8.5945,6.271,9.456],"refs":[1,4,10],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1833,"yearLabel":"1833–1857","title":"Four emirates and a usurper","text":"Dendo's son Usman Zaki becomes the first Fulani Etsu at Raba in 1833. Other jihad leaders carve out emirates from old Nupe: Agaie, Lapai, Lafiagi and Shonga. Masaba, Dendo's half-Nupe son, revolts, flees to Lade in 1835, allies with the shadow Etsus of the old line at Zugurma and Eggan, raids the Ebira and Bunu, and is beaten at Takuma. Then the war-chief Umaru Bahaushe turns on Masaba, drives him to Ilorin, crushes the old line at Yeti and rules Nupe himself.","capital":{"name":"Raba","point":[5.03,9.211]},"nodes":[{"name":"Lade (Masaba)","point":[5.617,8.758]},{"name":"Zugurma (old line)","point":[4.967,9.459]},{"name":"Agaie (emirate, 1832)","point":[6.32,9.01]},{"name":"Lapai (emirate, 1825)","point":[6.575,9.038]},{"name":"Lafiagi (emirate)","point":[5.418,8.854]},{"name":"Shonga (emirate)","point":[5.151,9.021]}],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Takuma","point":[5.231,9.336]},"label":"Masaba beaten at Takuma","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Yeti","point":[5.463,9.403]},"label":"Umaru Bahaushe crushes the old line","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Gwandu","point":[4.64,12.5]},"label":"Under Gwandu","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[5.6695,9.055],"bounds":[4.967,8.5945,6.575,9.459],"refs":[1,11,9,5],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1857,"yearLabel":"1857–1873","title":"Bida and Masaba's empire","text":"Dendo’s heirs unite against the usurper: Umaru Majigi, with the old-line Etsu Ma’azu Isa and the Bini towns, and Usman Zaki with a Gwandu army, hunt Umaru Bahaushe to the Bini war-camp of Bida, and he drowns crossing the Gbako river in 1857. Bida becomes the capital. Under Masaba (1859–1873) it becomes the great military power of the middle Niger, the largest and richest of the five Nupe emirates, which send their own tribute to Gwandu through it. Its armies raid across the Niger for slaves and tribute into the Okun Yoruba country, Ebira, Akoko and Afenmai, and Bida makes the Obaro of Kabba paramount over the north-east Yoruba, to collect for it under a royal delegate who sat at Lokoja, a town of many peoples that Bida never ruled.","capital":{"name":"Bida","point":[6.01,9.085]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Kabba (the Obaro)","point":[6.074,7.824]},"label":"North-east Yoruba tribute through the Obaro of Kabba","confidence":"high","refs":[12]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Okene","point":[6.23,7.55]},"label":"Ebira tribute","confidence":"medium","refs":[12]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Agbede","point":[6.264,6.864]},"label":"Afenmai (northern Edo) tribute","confidence":"medium","refs":[12]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Gwandu","point":[4.64,12.5]},"label":"Under Gwandu","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[5.9605,9.029],"bounds":[5.0545,6.9235,6.644,9.6645],"refs":[1,12,4,13,14],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1868,"yearLabel":"1868–1893","title":"Three rebellions at home","text":"Bida’s own Nupe rise against it three times. In 1868 the people of Lavun district on the Kaduna fight Masaba in the Kwenti war. In 1876 Prince Baba, of the ousted Majiya line, leads the Fogbagba war. In 1881–82 the Kyadya river people, whose canoes and ferries Bida wants to control, rebel under their Kuta, Usman; after the Ganigan war he and his general Kologba are executed at Bida, and Kyadya exiles gather at Lokoja. Umaru Majigi (1873–1884) and Maliki (1884–1895) still campaign south every year, and Nadel later calls Bida’s court a “Black Byzantium”.","capital":{"name":"Bida","point":[6.01,9.085]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Lavun (Kwenti war, 1868)","point":[5.85,8.95]},"label":"Kwenti war","confidence":"high","refs":[12]}],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[5.9605,9.029],"bounds":[5.0545,6.9235,6.644,9.6645],"refs":[12,5,2,14],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1894,"yearLabel":"1894–1896","title":"The south rises","text":"The subject peoples turn on Bida. Made to pay tribute in boys and girls, the north-east Yoruba protest in 1895 and appeal to the British at Ibadan; Bida sends its cavalry under the heir, Muhammad Makun, to camp at Ogidi. The Ijumu, Akoko and other towns form the Ogidi grand alliance and hold the hill at Ogidi. In Esanland the Akota alliance of Ubiaja, Uromi, Emu, Ewohimi, Okhuesan and others fights the Nupe and, by its own tradition, drives them back to Agbede.","capital":{"name":"Bida","point":[6.01,9.085]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Ogidi","point":[6.024,7.76]},"label":"Bida cavalry camp; the Ogidi grand alliance","confidence":"high","refs":[12,15]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Ewohimi","point":[6.323,6.481]},"label":"Esan Akota alliance against the Nupe","confidence":"disputed","refs":[16]}],"core":"medium","influence":"disputed","label":[5.9605,9.029],"bounds":[5.184,6.9235,6.644,9.456],"refs":[12,15,16,14],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1897,"yearLabel":"1897–1901","title":"Company troops take Bida","text":"On 6 January 1897 a Royal Niger Company force of 30 European officers and 513 African soldiers marches from Lokoja via Kabba to Ogidi; the Bida camp has gone, so the Company declares the north-east Yoruba free of Bida. Kabba supplies porters and guides, the Kyadya under Marike ferry the Company across the Niger and refuse to ferry Bida’s retreating army, and the Yissazhi, Jimada’s old faction under Idrisu Gana, will not fight for the Fulani Etsu. Bida falls; the Company installs Muhammadu, son of Umaru Majigi, and the Yissazhi get their own emirate at Pategi. Abubakar returns in 1899, but in 1901 Northern Nigeria restores Muhammadu.","capital":{"name":"Bida","point":[6.01,9.085]},"nodes":[{"name":"Pategi (Yissazhi emirate)","point":[5.756,8.733]}],"links":[],"core":"high","label":[5.9605,9.029],"bounds":[5.184,8.543,6.644,9.456],"refs":[12,4,17,5],"confidence":"high"}],"today":{"text":"The Etsu Nupe reigns at Bida in Niger State, as Emir of Bida. The Tsoede line survives at Pategi, and Nupe emirs also sit at Agaie, Lapai, Lafiagi and Shonga.","title":"Etsu Nupe","seat":{"name":"Bida","point":[6.01,9.085]},"refs":[4,17,5],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"sidi-2023-nupe","citation":"Sidi, Sheshi T. (2023). Political Crisis in Nupe Kingdom of Nigeria, 1800–1857: The Rise and Fall of Mayaki Umaru Bahaushe, the Etsu Nupe That Never Was. African Journal of History and Archaeology 7(1): 8–20","url":"https://www.iiardjournals.org/get/AJHA/VOL.%207%20NO.%201%202023/Political%20Crisis%20in%20Nupe.pdf","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"nadel-1942","citation":"Nadel, S. F. (1942). A Black Byzantium: The Kingdom of Nupe in Nigeria. Oxford University Press for the International African Institute","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-nupe-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nupe people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupe_people","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-bida-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bida Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bida_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"rulers-org-nigeria-traditional","citation":"Cahoon, Ben. Nigerian traditional polities (ruler lists)","url":"https://www.rulers.org/nigatrad.html","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-oyo-empire","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Oyo Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"law-1977","citation":"Law, Robin. (1977). The Oyo Empire, c. 1600 – c. 1836: A West African Imperialism in the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade. Clarendon Press, Oxford","checked":false},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-tsoede","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Tsoede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsoede","checked":false},{"n":9,"id":"wikipedia-lapai-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Lapai Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapai_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-muhammadu-bangana","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muhammadu Bangana (Mallam Dendo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu_Bangana","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"wikipedia-agaie-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Agaie Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaie_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":12,"id":"idrees-1989-bida","citation":"Idrees, Aliyu A. (1989). Collaboration and the British Conquest of Bida in 1897: The Role and Achievement of the Indigenous Interest Groups. African Study Monographs 10(2): 69–82","url":"https://jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/ASM%20%20Vol.10%20No.2%201989/Aliyu%20A.%20IDREES.pdf","checked":true},{"n":13,"id":"mason-1981","citation":"Mason, Michael. (1981). Foundations of the Bida Kingdom. Ahmadu Bello University Press, Zaria","checked":false},{"n":14,"id":"suleiman-2023-nupe-ilorin","citation":"Suleiman, AbdulRahman Adebayo. (2023). The Factor of Trade in the Diplomatic Relations between the Nupe People and the Ilorin Emirate. Sejarah 32(2): 107–120 (“Nupe rulers directly conquered … Ijumu, Kakanda, Kabba, Oworoland, Igbomina and Ekitiland”). Journal of the History Department, University of Malaya","url":"https://doi.org/10.22452/sejarah.vol32no2.5","checked":true},{"n":15,"id":"apata-2003-ogidi","citation":"Apata, Z. O. (2003). The Nupe Imperialism and the Ogidi Grand Alliance 1894–1897: Reflections of Ekitiparapo War. In Adeagbo Akinjogbin (ed.), War and Peace in Yorubaland 1793–1893, pp. 431–437. Heinemann Educational Books Nigeria, Ibadan","checked":false},{"n":16,"id":"oriire-2025-esan-nupe","citation":"Osalumhense, Stacey. (2025). The Esan-Nupe War. Oriire","url":"https://oriire.com/article/the-esan-nupe-war","checked":true},{"n":17,"id":"wikipedia-pategi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Pategi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pategi","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Gbara is placed at GRID3's Gbara Village in Lavun (Manbe Tafyan ward); another Gbara lies in Katcha. Which is the old capital should be checked.","Raba is placed at GRID3's Rabba Ndeshi (Jebba ward, Mokwa).","The Esan–Nupe war rests on one popular article (Oriire 2025), which cites fieldwork interviews; it is marked disputed.","Lokoja is never drawn as conquered, raided or ruled, on the owner’s direction (2026-10-11): no source records it being sacked or plundered, Masaba himself sent Baikie there, and European settlement, consulate, mission and company ran on there from 1859 to 1900. Suleiman (2023) says Nupe conquered Kakanda and Oworoland; those districts of today’s Lokoja LGA are not marked separately."]},{"id":"warri","name":"Kingdom of Warri","kind":"kingdom","status":"published","otherNames":["Itsekiri kingdom","Iwere"],"shortName":"Warri","color":"#4a6fa5","span":{"from":1480,"to":1894,"fromLabel":"c. 1480","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"peak":1600,"summary":{"text":"The Itsekiri kingdom of the western Delta creeks traces its kings to Ginuwa, a prince of Benin who left with a royal following around 1480 and died at Ijala; his successors ruled from the island capital Ode-Itsekiri, drawing older delta communities into one people. Benin gave it coral regalia, titles and court form, but by the 17th century Warri was its own monarchy. Portuguese Augustinians baptised a prince as Sebastião; his son Domingos studied in Coimbra and Lisbon and married a Portuguese noblewoman, and the court kept a Catholic strand for two centuries. Itsekiri merchants stood between European ships and the inland trade in cloth, salt, palm products and enslaved people. After Olu Akengbuwa died in 1848 no Olu was crowned for 88 years; merchant governors ruled the rivers until Britain broke Nana Olomu at Ebrohimi in 1894.","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Olu of Warri","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"peoples":[{"id":"itsekiri","name":"Itsekiri"}],"livesThereToday":[],"snapshots":[{"year":1480,"yearLabel":"c. 1480","title":"Ginuwa founds the kingdom","text":"In Itsekiri and Benin tradition Ginuwa, son of Oba Olua and intended heir, leaves Benin with descendants of Benin chiefs, moves through Amatu and Oruselemo to Ijala, and dies there; his successors set up the royal seat at Ode-Itsekiri. They gather in older settlements such as Okotomu, Inorin, Ugborodo, Omadino and Ureju. A force Benin sends after them cannot cross the Warri river; its men, under Ekpen, found Okere and later submit to the Olu.","capital":{"name":"Ode-Itsekiri (Big Warri) (approximate)","point":[5.3,5.55]},"nodes":[{"name":"Ijala (Ginuwa's grave)","point":[5.693,5.538]},{"name":"Okere","point":[5.74,5.52]}],"links":[{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"label":"Royal line from Benin","refs":[]}],"core":"medium","label":[5.3905,5.507],"bounds":[5.3,5.507,5.74,5.6175],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1600,"yearLabel":"c. 1570–1650","title":"A Christian kingdom in the Delta","text":"Augustinian missionaries working at the capital, which they call Santo Agostinho, probably in 1571–1574, baptise the Olu's son as Sebastião; he is Olu by 1597. His son Domingos sails for Portugal in 1600, studies at Coimbra and Lisbon, wins in 1607 a decree opening Warri's ports to Portuguese merchants, joins the Order of Christ in 1609 and marries a granddaughter of the Count of Feira. Warri, once called a “port of Benin”, is now a separate monarchy whose Olus are crowned without Benin's confirmation. Its merchants sell enslaved people, cotton cloth, leopard skins and palm oil at the Forcados.","capital":{"name":"Ode-Itsekiri (Big Warri) (approximate)","point":[5.3,5.55]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Forcados and Escravos river mouths","point":[5.35,5.35]},"label":"Portuguese and Dutch ships","refs":[]}],"core":"high","label":[5.3905,5.507],"bounds":[5.203,5.507,5.5895,5.811],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1644,"yearLabel":"1644–1780","title":"A Catholic court in the creeks","text":"Dapper's account of 1644 describes Ode-Itsekiri's palm-roofed houses, a palace modelled on Benin's but smaller, and a furnished church; some townspeople read and write and want Portuguese books. In 1652 the Olu writes in Portuguese to Pope Innocent X asking for priests; Capuchins come and go, and in the 1680s three Itsekiri youths are sent to São Tomé to be taught. Warri's traders run the western end of a delta network: salt and pottery inland, cassava meal east to Kalabari and Nembe, and a route west towards Ijebu and Lagos.","capital":{"name":"Ode-Itsekiri (Big Warri) (approximate)","point":[5.3,5.55]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Elem Kalabari","point":[6.77,4.75]},"label":"Cassava meal east to Kalabari and Nembe","confidence":"medium","refs":[2]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Eko (Lagos Island)","point":[3.39,6.45]},"label":"The western route towards Ijebu and Lagos","confidence":"medium","refs":[2]},{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"São Tomé","point":[6.73,0.34]},"label":"Itsekiri youths sent to São Tomé for instruction (1680s)","confidence":"high","refs":[2]}],"core":"high","label":[5.3905,5.507],"bounds":[5.203,5.507,5.5895,5.811],"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1786,"yearLabel":"1786–1848","title":"Landolphe's fort and the move to the Benin River","text":"In 1786 Olu Erejuwa goes into partnership with the French trader Landolphe, who builds a fortified slaving station on the coast; British rivals destroy it in 1792. Around 1800 visitors find Ode-Itsekiri small but prosperous, with broad straight streets and a palace of many courtyards. Ships now anchor at Eghoro on the Benin River, where the Olu's men collect comey dues, and Itsekiri settlement spreads along the lower Benin River.","capital":{"name":"Ode-Itsekiri (Big Warri) (approximate)","point":[5.3,5.55]},"nodes":[{"name":"Eghoro (anchorage, approximate)","point":[5.2,5.88]}],"links":[{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Forcados and Escravos river mouths","point":[5.36,5.36]},"label":"Landolphe's fortified station (1786–1792)","confidence":"high","refs":[2]}],"core":"high","label":[5.3905,5.507],"bounds":[5.2,5.507,5.5895,5.88],"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1848,"title":"The interregnum","text":"Olu Akengbuwa dies in 1848 and no successor is agreed for 88 years. The Governor of the Benin River, once the Olu's collector of comey, becomes the real ruler: in 1851 the British consul Beecroft helps elect Idiare, and the office passes between the royal Emaye house and the Ologbotsere house. Olomu, governor from 1879, founds Ebrohimi and becomes the leading merchant on the river; in 1884 the elders choose his son Nana, who signs a treaty of British protection that July, reserving the free-trade article.","nodes":[{"name":"Ebrohimi (approximate)","point":[5.27,5.73]}],"links":[{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Eku","point":[5.998,5.751]},"label":"Palm oil from the Urhobo markets on the Ethiope","confidence":"high","refs":[3]}],"core":"high","label":[5.3905,5.507],"bounds":[5.203,5.507,5.5895,5.811],"refs":[1,3,2],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1894,"title":"Ebrohimi falls","text":"Nana controls the palm-oil trade between the Urhobo producers and the European firms through credit, armed canoes and enslaved workers. From 1891 British vice-consuls challenge him; in 1894 Ralph Moor blockades his trade, and after his men fire on a steam cutter British forces shell Ebrohimi and take it on 25 September. Nana escapes to Lagos and surrenders; a consular court at Old Calabar deports him for life. Allowed home in 1906, he settles near Koko and dies in 1916. The Olu's throne is restored under colonial rule in 1936.","nodes":[{"name":"Ebrohimi (approximate)","point":[5.27,5.73]},{"name":"Koko (Nana Town)","point":[5.467,6.004]}],"links":[],"core":"high","label":[5.3905,5.507],"bounds":[5.203,5.507,5.5895,6.004],"refs":[1,4,3],"confidence":"high","note":"Told in full as an event on the timeline."}],"today":{"text":"The monarchy was restored in 1936. The Olu of Warri reigns at Ode-Itsekiri and Warri, Delta State.","title":"Olu of Warri","seat":{"name":"Ode-Itsekiri (Big Warri) (approximate)","point":[5.3,5.55]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-warri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Warri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Warri","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-warri-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Warri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warri_Kingdom","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-nana-olomu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nana Olomu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_Olomu","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"ikime-1969","citation":"Ikime, Obaro. (1969). Niger Delta Rivalry: Itsekiri–Urhobo Relations and the European Presence, 1884–1936. Longman, London","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["Ode-Itsekiri and Ebrohimi points are approximate.","Itsekiri, Urhobo and Ijaw claims over Warri are politically sensitive; this file only shows where the kingdom's towns were."]},{"id":"kalabari","name":"Kalabari","kind":"city-state","status":"published","otherNames":["Elem Kalabari","New Calabar"],"shortName":"Kalabari","color":"#8f6d2d","span":{"from":1500,"to":1884,"fromLabel":"c. 15th–16th century","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"peak":1750,"summary":{"text":"Elem Kalabari, “new shipping port”, was the island state of the Kalabari Ijaw at the mouth of the New Calabar river. Its people traded fish and salt up the New Calabar and Imo rivers for the food and goods of the hinterland, and early European traders noted that they alone refused to trade on credit. King Owerri Daba brought the slave trade and founded the Duke Monmouth and Duke Africa houses before 1699; under Amachree I the great trading houses grew. In the 19th century Kalabari fought Nembe, Bonny and Okrika over the trade rivers, then tore itself apart in a civil war, and in 1881–1884 its people left the old island for Bakana, Abonnema and Buguma.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Amanyanabo (Amachree dynasty)","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"peoples":[{"id":"ijaw","name":"Ijaw"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"ijaw","name":"Ijaw","lgas":3},{"id":"ekpeye","name":"Ekpeye","lgas":2},{"id":"ikwerre","name":"Ikwerre","lgas":2},{"id":"abua","name":"Abua","lgas":1},{"id":"engenni","name":"Engenni","lgas":1},{"id":"odual","name":"Odual","lgas":1}],"snapshots":[{"year":1500,"yearLabel":"c. 1500","title":"Elem Kalabari","text":"One tradition says the Kalabari came from the east, from Calabar; others that Ijo settlers from Amafo, on the west bank of the New Calabar river, founded the town and were joined by others. They live on islands among the mangroves, worship Awoamenakaso, mother of the Kalabari gods, who opposes war, and carry delta produce up the New Calabar and Imo rivers.","capital":{"name":"Elem Kalabari (approximate)","point":[6.83,4.65]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[6.842,4.7395],"bounds":[6.6335,4.5925,6.842,4.7395],"refs":[1,1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1690,"yearLabel":"c. 1690–1750","title":"Owerri Daba and the slave trade","text":"King Owerri Daba, says tradition, brings the slave trade to Kalabari and Bonny and founds the houses of Duke Monmouth and Duke Africa; James Barbot gives presents to Duke Monmouth of Kalabari in 1699. Kalabari becomes an entrepôt for captives bought in Igboland. Alagoa dates the reign of Amachree I, founder of the modern kingdom, from 1669, and traces him to Emakalakala in Ogbia.","capital":{"name":"Elem Kalabari (approximate)","point":[6.83,4.65]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Ogbia (Emakalakala)","point":[6.32,4.69]},"label":"Amachree I from Emakalakala in Ogbia (Alagoa)","confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[6.842,4.7395],"bounds":[6.6335,4.5925,6.842,4.7395],"refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1750,"yearLabel":"c. 1669–1757","title":"Amachree I","text":"King Amachree I builds the house system and the trade up the New Calabar river into Ikwerre, Engenni and Igbo markets.","capital":{"name":"Elem Kalabari (approximate)","point":[6.83,4.65]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Ahoada markets","point":[6.65,5.08]},"label":"River markets inland","refs":[]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Grand Bonny","point":[7.17,4.43]},"label":"Rivalry with Bonny","refs":[]}],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[6.842,4.7395],"bounds":[6.507,4.554,6.9045,5.075],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1800,"yearLabel":"1800–1862","title":"Amachree's houses","text":"By Amachree I's death around 1800 the great trading houses have grown under him. The Kalabari bring slaves, ivory and palm oil down to Elem Ifoko at the river's mouth for cotton cloth, hardware, guns and powder, and make salt for the inland markets, but will not carry their goods the last seven miles to Bonny for the Europeans' convenience. Their neighbours call them “Englishmen” for their peaceable ways.","capital":{"name":"Elem Kalabari (approximate)","point":[6.83,4.65]},"nodes":[{"name":"Elem Ifoko (approximate)","point":[6.98,4.48]}],"links":[{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Grand Bonny","point":[7.17,4.43]},"label":"Goods to Ifoko, not Bonny","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[6.842,4.7395],"bounds":[6.6335,4.48,6.98,4.7395],"refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1863,"yearLabel":"1863–1879","title":"Wars on the trade rivers","text":"In July 1863 an old feud with Nembe flares and Nembe wins decisively. From 1865 Okrika ambushes Kalabari trade canoes and Bonny threatens to join in; the consul steps in. After Jaja founds Opobo in 1869 he becomes Kalabari's ally, and Bonny pushes harder into Kalabari waters. A perpetual peace with Bonny and a treaty between Kalabari's own factions are signed on the same day in 1873; neither holds.","capital":{"name":"Elem Kalabari (approximate)","point":[6.83,4.65]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Nembe","point":[6.4,4.53]},"label":"Defeat by Nembe (1863)","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Okrika","point":[7.08,4.73]},"label":"Okrika's ambushes (1865)","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Grand Bonny","point":[7.17,4.43]},"label":"Bonny's push into Kalabari rivers","confidence":"high","refs":[1,3]},{"kind":"ritual","to":{"name":"Opobo","point":[7.54,4.51]},"label":"Jaja's alliance","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,3]}],"core":"high","label":[6.842,4.7395],"bounds":[6.6335,4.5925,6.842,4.7395],"refs":[1,3],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1884,"yearLabel":"1879–1884","title":"Civil war and three towns","text":"From 1879 to 1884 two royal factions fight for control. The Barboy or Will Braide group leaves for the new town of Bakana in 1881; the Amachree group, the victors, abandon the old island too, moving to Abonnema in 1882 and Buguma in 1884, and the European traders follow them up the Sombreiro river. Kalabari is now governed by a council of chiefs and princes under the king.","capital":{"name":"Buguma","point":[6.86,4.73]},"nodes":[{"name":"Abonnema","point":[6.78,4.72]},{"name":"Bakana","point":[6.96,4.75]}],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[6.842,4.7395],"bounds":[6.6335,4.554,6.96,4.75],"refs":[1,2,1],"confidence":"medium"}],"today":{"text":"The Amanyanabo of Kalabari reigns from Buguma, Rivers State.","title":"Amanyanabo of Kalabari","seat":{"name":"Buguma","point":[6.86,4.73]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kalabari-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kalabari Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabari_Kingdom","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"jones-1963","citation":"Jones, G. I. (1963). The Trading States of the Oil Rivers: A Study of Political Development in Eastern Nigeria. Oxford University Press for the International African Institute","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-bonny-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Bonny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonny_Kingdom","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Elem Kalabari's point is approximate."]},{"id":"nembe","name":"Nembe","kind":"city-state","status":"published","otherNames":["Brass","Nembe-Brass"],"shortName":"Nembe","color":"#5c7f3d","span":{"from":1500,"to":1895,"fromLabel":"by the 16th century","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"peak":1850,"summary":{"text":"The Ijaw kingdom of Nembe, 30 miles up the Brass river, was poorer than Bonny and Calabar until the British blockade of those ports in the 19th century sent the slave ships to its creeks. Its line goes back to King Ogio, around 1639. A civil war split the city early in the 19th century into Ogbolomabiri and Bassambiri; trade moved to Twon-Brass on the coast as palm oil replaced slaves. In January 1895 King William Koko led over a thousand warriors against the Royal Niger Company's headquarters at Akassa, and the British sacked Nembe in reprisal amid a smallpox epidemic.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Amanyanabo","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"peoples":[{"id":"ijaw","name":"Ijaw"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"ijaw","name":"Ijaw","lgas":2}],"snapshots":[{"year":1500,"yearLabel":"c. 1500","title":"Nembe in the creeks","text":"Nembe grows as an Ijaw kingdom; tradition dates its tenth king, Ogio, to around 1639.","capital":{"name":"Nembe","point":[6.4,4.53]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[6.297,4.507],"bounds":[6.297,4.507,6.4,4.53],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1639,"yearLabel":"c. 1639–1800","title":"King Ogio's line","text":"Tradition names Ogio, the tenth king, around 1639, as the ancestor of all later kings. Nembe becomes a trading state once Europeans reach the coast, but stays poorer than Bonny and Calabar.","capital":{"name":"Nembe","point":[6.4,4.53]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[6.297,4.507],"bounds":[6.297,4.507,6.4,4.53],"refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1800,"yearLabel":"c. 1800–1849","title":"Two towns, and the slave ships come","text":"A civil war splits Nembe: early in the 19th century King Ogbodo and his followers move to a new town at Bassambiri, while King Mingi stays at Nembe city (Ogbolomabiri). From the 1820s, as the British navy blockades Bonny and Calabar, slavers turn to the Brass river, and Nembe's position 30 miles upstream becomes an advantage.","capital":{"name":"Nembe","point":[6.4,4.53]},"nodes":[{"name":"Bassambiri","point":[6.42,4.545]}],"links":[],"core":"high","label":[6.297,4.507],"bounds":[6.297,4.507,6.42,4.545],"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1850,"yearLabel":"c. 1830–1860","title":"Two towns and a port","text":"By 1856 palm oil has overtaken slaves and the trade moves down to Twon-Brass on the coast. In 1863 Nembe decisively beats Kalabari, and it sometimes sides with Bonny against Kalabari. Ogbolomabiri takes a Christian mission in 1867 while Bassambiri does not, deepening the split.","capital":{"name":"Nembe","point":[6.4,4.53]},"nodes":[{"name":"Twon-Brass","point":[6.24,4.31]}],"links":[{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Niger markets upriver","point":[6.4,5.4]},"label":"Trade up the Niger","refs":[]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Elem Kalabari (approximate)","point":[6.83,4.65]},"label":"Victory over Kalabari (1863)","confidence":"high","refs":[3]}],"core":"medium","label":[6.297,4.507],"bounds":[6.24,4.31,6.471,4.53],"refs":[1,2,1,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1895,"title":"The Akassa raid","text":"After 1884 Britain claims Nembe within the Oil Rivers Protectorate. Nembe, which now controls the palm-oil trade, refuses a treaty and resists the Royal Niger Company's monopoly. In January 1895 King William Koko leads more than a thousand warriors in a dawn attack on the Company's headquarters at Akassa. Sir Frederick Bedford's force captures and sacks Nembe in reprisal, while smallpox ravages the kingdom. The British rule from a consulate at Twon-Brass.","capital":{"name":"Nembe","point":[6.4,4.53]},"nodes":[{"name":"Twon-Brass","point":[6.24,4.31]}],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Akassa","point":[6.07,4.32]},"label":"King Koko's raid on Akassa (1895)","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"high","label":[6.297,4.507],"bounds":[6.24,4.31,6.471,4.53],"refs":[1,2,1],"confidence":"high","note":"Told in full as an event on the timeline."}],"today":{"text":"Nembe has several Amanyanabos, for Ogbolomabiri, Bassambiri, Okpoama, Odioama and Twon-Brass, in Bayelsa State.","title":"Amanyanabo of Nembe","seat":{"name":"Nembe","point":[6.4,4.53]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-nembe-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nembe Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nembe_Kingdom","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"alagoa-1964","citation":"Alagoa, E. J. (1964). The Small Brave City-State: A History of Nembe-Brass in the Niger Delta. Ibadan University Press / University of Wisconsin Press","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kalabari-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kalabari Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabari_Kingdom","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"kebbi","name":"Kebbi","kind":"kingdom","status":"published","otherNames":[],"shortName":"Kebbi","color":"#8a6d3b","span":{"from":1516,"to":1902,"refs":[4],"confidence":"medium"},"peak":1530,"summary":{"text":"The last of the Hausa states to emerge, Kebbi was founded by Muhammadu Kanta, a Katsina-born champion wrestler who became a captain in Songhai's army and rebelled in 1516 over his share of the spoils from Aïr. He beat every Songhai army sent against him, and from his walled cities of Leka, Gungu, Silame and above all Surame he took tribute from much of Hausaland, Aïr, Nupe and Borgu, and held off Bornu. After his death the empire fell away, and around 1715 Zamfara, Gobir and Agadez threw it off. The jihad took Birnin Kebbi in 1805, but the Kebbawa fought on from Argungu for nearly a century.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"ruler":{"title":"Kanta, later Sarkin Kebbi","refs":[4],"confidence":"high"},"peoples":[{"id":"hausa","name":"Hausa"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"hausa","name":"Hausa","lgas":31}],"snapshots":[{"year":1516,"yearLabel":"1516–1530","title":"Kanta rebels against Songhai","text":"Kanta, a captain in Askia Muhammad's army, returns from the Aïr campaign of 1515 to be told that claiming his share of the spoils would make him a rebel. His men say they will be rebels with him. He beats the army the Askia sends in 1517, and makes himself king of the Rima valley from Leka, nine villages walled into one.","capital":{"name":"Leka (approximate)","point":[4.25,12.5]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Gao (Songhay)","point":[-0.04,16.27]},"label":"Songhai's army beaten (1517)","confidence":"high","refs":[1,2]}],"core":"high","label":[4.579,12.524],"bounds":[3.908,12.107,4.834,13.209],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1530,"yearLabel":"1530–1561","title":"Kanta's empire","text":"From Surame, seven walled towns one inside another with 49 gates, Kanta takes tribute in men and wealth from Gobir, Katsina, Kano, Zazzau, Zamfara, Yauri, Nupe, Borgu and Aïr; the Nupe, late with their tribute, are made to mix the mortar of their stretch of wall with shea butter. Askia Muhammad Benkan (1531–1537) barely escapes a Kebbi rout. A Bornu army besieges Surame and withdraws when it sees the walls lined with grinning defenders, who are in fact dead men, their lips slit: “dariya ba loto”. Kanta dies in the 1550s from a wound taken near Katsina on a campaign against Bornu.","capital":{"name":"Surame","point":[4.899,13.088]},"nodes":[{"name":"Gungu","point":[4.815,12.986]},{"name":"Silame","point":[4.846,13.035]},{"name":"Leka (approximate)","point":[4.25,12.5]}],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Gao (Songhay)","point":[-0.04,16.27]},"label":"Askia Benkan routed","confidence":"high","refs":[1,2]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Ngazargamu","point":[12.367,13.083]},"label":"Wars with Bornu; Surame besieged","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Gbara (Nupe)","point":[5.852,8.938]},"label":"Nupe tribute","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"label":"Hausaland under tribute (Sultan Bello)","note":"Muhammad Bello's claim; the Kano Chronicle has Kano under Kisoki in the same years.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[1,2]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Agadez","point":[7.99,16.97]},"label":"Aïr occupied","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2]}],"core":"medium","influence":"disputed","label":[4.579,12.524],"bounds":[2.9,11.3125,6.4335,14.2],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Claims that Kanta ruled all Hausaland come from tradition and are disputed."},{"year":1561,"yearLabel":"1561–1700","title":"The empire falls away","text":"After Kanta the Hausa states stop paying tribute and his successor Ahmadu does not fight for it. Kano and Katsina back a rival claimant in Agadez and Kebbi loses Aïr. By the end of the 16th century Kebbi is a small kingdom again, still ruling the Rima valley from Surame and then Birnin Kebbi.","capital":{"name":"Surame","point":[4.899,13.088]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[4.2575,12.448],"bounds":[3.908,11.8055,4.899,13.088],"refs":[2,1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1700,"yearLabel":"c. 1700–1805","title":"Birnin Kebbi, and the revolt of 1715","text":"Surame is abandoned and Birnin Kebbi becomes the capital. Around 1715 Zamfara, Gobir and Agadez rise together, drive Kebbi's army back to the Gulbin Ka and capture its king, Muhammadu dan Giwa. Kebbi is still one of the leading states of Hausaland in 1800.","capital":{"name":"Birnin Kebbi","point":[4.2,12.45]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Birnin Zamfara","point":[6.45,13.18]},"label":"Zamfara, Gobir and Agadez revolt (c. 1715)","confidence":"high","refs":[3,2]}],"core":"medium","label":[4.2575,12.448],"bounds":[3.908,11.8055,4.834,12.9975],"refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1805,"yearLabel":"1805–1849","title":"The jihad takes Birnin Kebbi","text":"Abdullahi dan Fodio's jihadists take Birnin Kebbi and set up the Gwandu emirate on most of the kingdom, with a puppet king. The ousted Sarki Muhammadu Hodi fights on in the Zamfara valley, and his successor Karari from Argungu and Zazzagawa. When Karari dies in 1831 his son Yakubu Nabame surrenders and spends sixteen years in exile at Sokoto.","nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Gwandu","point":[4.64,12.5]},"label":"War with Gwandu","refs":[]}],"core":"high","label":[4.426,12.7145],"bounds":[4.135,11.8055,4.6295,12.942],"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1849,"yearLabel":"1849–1902","title":"Independent again at Argungu","text":"Allowed home to Argungu as a vassal, Yakubu Nabame declares himself Sarkin Kebbi again in 1849 and survives a siege of Argungu by Sokoto. His brother Yusufu Mainasara falls in battle in 1859; Gwandu's emir Haliru is killed at Karakara in 1860. The Fulani recognise Kebbi's independence by treaty in 1867, war resumes in 1875 over the town of Fanna, and Sarkin Kebbi Sama'ila wins a string of victories over Gwandu from 1883 until the British end the fighting in 1902–1903.","capital":{"name":"Argungu","point":[4.53,12.74]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Gwandu","point":[4.64,12.5]},"label":"Fifty years of war with Gwandu","confidence":"high","refs":[2]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Sokoto","point":[5.24,13.06]},"label":"Siege of Argungu by Sokoto","confidence":"high","refs":[2]}],"core":"high","label":[4.426,12.7145],"bounds":[4.135,11.8055,4.6295,12.942],"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"today":{"text":"The Emir of Argungu, heir of Kanta's line, reigns in Kebbi State; the Argungu fishing festival is held on the river every year.","title":"Emir of Argungu (Sarkin Kebbi)","seat":{"name":"Argungu","point":[4.53,12.74]},"refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kanta-kotal","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kanta Kotal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanta_Kotal","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kebbi-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Kebbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebbi_Kingdom","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-zamfara-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Zamfara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamfara_Kingdom","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-argungu-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Argungu Emirate (Kebbi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebbi_Emirate","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Leka is placed near Birnin Kebbi, which grew from it; not checked on the ground.","Kanta's death is dated 1556 in Kebbi Kingdom and 1561 in Kanta Kotal; both are Wikipedia."]},{"id":"aro","name":"Aro Confederacy","kind":"network","status":"published","otherNames":["Arochukwu","Aro"],"shortName":"Aro","color":"#b5532f","span":{"from":1650,"to":1902,"fromLabel":"c. 1650–1700","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"peak":1800,"summary":{"text":"From Arochukwu, three kindreds in nineteen villages under the Eze Aro and his council, the Okpankpo, the Aro built a trading network across south-eastern Nigeria. It was backed by the prestige of their oracle, Ibini Ukpabi (the \"Long Juju\"), the high court of the east, whose losers were said to be eaten but were often sold, and by allied fighters from Abam, Ohafia and Edda. More than 150 Aro settlements and fairs at Bende and Uburu channelled trade, much of it in enslaved people, to Bonny and Calabar, and later palm oil. Britain broke the network in the Anglo-Aro war of 1901–1902; it set out to destroy the oracle, though its site survives.","refs":[1,2,5,7],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Eze Aro, with a council (Okpankpo)","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"peoples":[{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo","lgas":8}],"snapshots":[{"year":1650,"yearLabel":"c. 1650–1700","title":"Arochukwu formed","text":"Arochukwu is born of the Aro-Ibibio wars: Igbo settlers of the Eze Agwu clan, the Edda priest Nnachi and the Akpa from across the Cross River drive out the Ibibio of Ibom and unite nineteen villages into one state. The oracle of Ibini Ukpabi becomes a court of appeal for a wide region.","capital":{"name":"Arochukwu","point":[7.91,5.39]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[7.8625,5.464],"bounds":[7.8625,5.39,7.91,5.464],"refs":[1,2,3,4],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1700,"yearLabel":"c. 1700","title":"Nineteen villages and an oracle","text":"At home, Arochukwu is three kindreds in nineteen villages: Oke Nnachi, the line of the priest Nnachi, which holds the throne of the Eze Aro; Ibom Isii, of the old Ibibio kingdom; and Eze Agwu na Okwara Agwu, of the Igbo from Abiriba. The Eze Aro rules with the Okpankpo, the council of the town, which also sets the September harvest festival of Ikeji. Beside the town, through a gully and past a waterfall, lies the shrine of Ibini Ukpabi. Communities east of the Niger bring it their hardest cases, murder, witchcraft, poisoning and family quarrels, as to a high court. Those it found innocent went home; the guilty were said to be eaten by the oracle, and the red stream was shown as proof, but many were in truth led to the waterside and sold, and boats took them to Calabar.","capital":{"name":"Arochukwu","point":[7.91,5.39]},"nodes":[{"name":"Obinkita (Oke Nnachi)","point":[7.8999,5.3901]},{"name":"Ibom (Ibom Isii)","point":[7.8957,5.3831]},{"name":"Amannagwu (Eze Agwu)","point":[7.9011,5.3801]}],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[7.8625,5.464],"bounds":[7.8625,5.3801,7.91,5.464],"refs":[5,6,7,1,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"The oracle’s workings follow the Ibini Ukpabi article; the claim that its priests sold the losers rather than killing them is widely held but partly uncited there."},{"year":1750,"yearLabel":"c. 1750","title":"The network spreads","text":"Aro families settle along the trade routes and run fairs at Bende and Uburu. Enslaved people pass to the coast at Bonny and Old Calabar. Aro fighters and allies from Ohafia, Edda, Abam, Abiriba and Afikpo give the network its teeth. Pilgrims from the Ijaw, Ibibio and Efik come to consult the oracle, which by then is sought more than Benin's ritual authority.","capital":{"name":"Arochukwu","point":[7.91,5.39]},"nodes":[{"name":"Bende","point":[7.63,5.56]},{"name":"Uburu","point":[7.75,6.05]},{"name":"Ndikelionwu","point":[7.139,6.125]},{"name":"Ajalli","point":[7.205,6.056]}],"links":[{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Grand Bonny","point":[7.17,4.43]},"label":"To Bonny","refs":[]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Duke Town (Atakpa)","point":[8.32,4.95]},"label":"To Old Calabar via Itu","refs":[]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Oguta","point":[6.8,5.71]},"label":"Captives to Oguta's lake market","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Onitsha","point":[6.785,6.145]},"label":"Captives to Onitsha","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Elem Kalabari","point":[6.77,4.75]},"label":"Captives to the Kalabari","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[7.8625,5.464],"bounds":[7.139,5.39,7.9315,6.125],"refs":[1,2,8,1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1800,"yearLabel":"c. 1800–1850","title":"The height of the Aro network","text":"Aro settlements such as Ndikelionwu, Ajalli and Arondizuogu become small states of their own. Aro traders reach north toward the Igala and Idoma country. After Britain bans the slave trade in 1807, palm oil grows alongside it. Commanders such as Izuogu Mgbokpo and Iheme lead Aro and Abam forces to conquer Ikpa Ora and found Arondizuogu; Okoro Idozuka widens it by war early in the 19th century. Aro soldiers found villages in Ozizza and help build Afikpo, Amasiri and Izombe. Baikie hears in the 1850s that Arochukwu is nearly three times the size of Aboh, its smiths famous for swords and spears, and that people say “God lives there.”","capital":{"name":"Arochukwu","point":[7.91,5.39]},"nodes":[{"name":"Bende","point":[7.63,5.56]},{"name":"Uzuakoli","point":[7.58,5.64]},{"name":"Uburu","point":[7.75,6.05]},{"name":"Ndikelionwu","point":[7.139,6.125]},{"name":"Ajalli","point":[7.205,6.056]},{"name":"Ndiokolo","point":[7.157,6.15]},{"name":"Arondizuogu","point":[7.161,5.895]},{"name":"Itu","point":[7.98,5.2]},{"name":"Ozizza","point":[7.976,5.886]}],"links":[{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Grand Bonny","point":[7.17,4.43]},"label":"To Bonny","refs":[]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Duke Town (Atakpa)","point":[8.32,4.95]},"label":"To Old Calabar","refs":[]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Igala and Idoma markets","point":[7.4,6.95]},"label":"North to the Igala and Idoma","refs":[]}],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[7.8625,5.464],"bounds":[7.139,5.2,7.98,6.15],"refs":[1,2,8,1,9],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1901,"yearLabel":"1901–1902","title":"The Anglo-Aro war","text":"From the 1890s the Royal Niger Company and the Niger Coast Protectorate collide with Aro trade. Sir Ralph Moor plans the attack from 1899. In November 1901 Aro forces under Okoro Toti sack Obegu, a British ally, and some 400 people die. On 28 November Lt-Col Montanaro marches with 87 officers, 1,550 soldiers and 2,100 carriers on four lines from Oguta, Akwete, Unwana and Itu; Arochukwu falls on 28 December after four days' fighting, and the British say they blew up the oracle; its site survives and is visited today. The last big battle is at Bende in spring 1902. Okoro Toti is hanged; Aro fighters keep up the war at Afikpo (1902–1903) and Ezza (1905).","capital":{"name":"Arochukwu","point":[7.91,5.39]},"nodes":[{"name":"Bende","point":[7.63,5.56]},{"name":"Ndikelionwu","point":[7.139,6.125]},{"name":"Ajalli","point":[7.205,6.056]},{"name":"Ndiokolo","point":[7.157,6.15]},{"name":"Arondizuogu","point":[7.161,5.895]}],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Obegu","point":[7.325,4.985]},"label":"Obegu sacked by Okoro Toti (1901)","confidence":"high","refs":[10]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Oguta","point":[6.8,5.71]},"label":"British column from Oguta","confidence":"high","refs":[10]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Akwete","point":[7.362,4.89]},"label":"British column from Akwete","confidence":"high","refs":[10]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Unwana","point":[7.93,5.8]},"label":"British column from Unwana","confidence":"high","refs":[10]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Itu","point":[7.98,5.2]},"label":"British column from Itu","confidence":"high","refs":[10]}],"core":"high","label":[7.8625,5.464],"bounds":[7.139,5.39,7.91,6.15],"refs":[1,10],"confidence":"high"}],"today":{"text":"The Eze Aro reigns at Arochukwu, Abia State. The Ibini Ukpabi shrine site is visited as a heritage place.","title":"Eze Aro","seat":{"name":"Arochukwu","point":[7.91,5.39]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-aro-confederacy","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Aro Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aro_Confederacy","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"dike-ekejiuba-1990","citation":"Dike, K. Onwuka; Ekejiuba, Felicia. (1990). The Aro of South-eastern Nigeria, 1650–1980. University Press, Ibadan","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-arochukwu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Arochukwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arochukwu","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-doc1","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Owner's notes on the reach of Igala, Benin, Oyo and Aro, the British conquests, and migrations (hintsPrompts/doc1.md)","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"aronews-kindreds","citation":"Unity in Diversity: A Great Gain for Arochukwu Kingdom (quoting J. K. Oji, The Kingdom of Arochukwu, on the three kindreds and nineteen villages). Aro News Online","url":"https://www.aronewsonline.com/unity-in-diversity-a-great-gain-for-arochukwu-kingdom/","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"aronews-ikeji","citation":"Orji, Orji Ogbonnaya. (2016). Ikeji Arochukwu in History. Aro News Online","url":"https://www.aronewsonline.com/ikeji-arochukwu-in-history/","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-ibini-ukpabi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ibini Ukpabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibini_Ukpabi","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-aro-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Aro people (table of Aro settlements)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aro_people","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"baikie-1856","citation":"William Balfour Baikie. (1856). Narrative of an Exploring Voyage up the Rivers Kwora and Binue, commonly known as the Niger and Tsadda, in 1854. John Murray, London","checked":false},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-anglo-aro-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Anglo-Aro war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Aro_war","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Aro settlement points (Ndikelionwu, Ajalli, Ndiokolo, Arondizuogu, Ozizza) come from GRID3 settlement names; who founded each, and when, is told in the event \"The Aro go out\".","The influence zone shows the allied Abam, Ohafia, Edda and Abiriba country; the network itself is shown by points and lines.","Whether the Ibini Ukpabi shrine was destroyed is disputed: the Ibini Ukpabi article says the stronghold was destroyed in the Anglo-Aro war, the Aro Confederacy article that it was not and still stands as a heritage site."]},{"id":"old-calabar","name":"Old Calabar","kind":"city-state","status":"published","otherNames":["Akwa Akpa","Efik city-states"],"shortName":"Calabar","color":"#3f5fa0","span":{"from":1650,"to":1884,"fromLabel":"c. 17th century","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"peak":1780,"summary":{"text":"The Efik of the Calabar river lived in fortified towns with no paramount king: Ikot Itunko (Creek Town), Obutong (Old Town) and Atakpa (Duke Town), founded about 1650 by families from Creek Town who settled where European ships anchored. Led by the Duke and Eyamba families and bound by the Ekpe society, they became the masters of the Cross River slave trade: about 17,000 captives left Calabar in 1725–1750 and over 62,000 in 1772–1775, most of them Igbo. In 1767 Duke Town and British slavers lured Old Town's leaders aboard ship and seized or killed them. After 1841 the kings turned to palm oil, admitted missionaries in 1846, and in 1884 accepted British protection; Calabar was the protectorate's capital until 1906.","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Obong (with the Ekpe society)","refs":[5,2],"confidence":"high"},"peoples":[{"id":"efik","name":"Efik"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"efik","name":"Efik","lgas":2},{"id":"ibibio","name":"Ibibio","lgas":2},{"id":"agwagune","name":"Agwagune","lgas":1},{"id":"erei","name":"Erei","lgas":1},{"id":"umon","name":"Umon","lgas":1}],"snapshots":[{"year":1650,"yearLabel":"c. 1650","title":"The Efik towns","text":"Efik families leave Ikot Itunko (Creek Town) and settle on the east bank of the river at Atakpa, where European ships anchor, about 1650. With Obutong (Old Town) they form a loose federation of fortified waterside towns without a paramount ruler, living by fishing, farming and trade. The Portuguese had named the coast Calabar.","capital":{"name":"Creek Town (Ikot Itunko) (approximate)","point":[8.25,5.04]},"nodes":[{"name":"Duke Town (Atakpa)","point":[8.32,4.95]}],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[8.328,5.004],"bounds":[8.193,4.909,8.328,5.118],"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1725,"yearLabel":"1725–1767","title":"The slave trade grows","text":"By the early 18th century the Duke and Eyamba families lead the Efik. About 17,000 enslaved people are sold from Calabar to European ships between 1725 and 1750; most are Igbo, brought down the Cross River by Aro and other traders. The Ekpe society governs trade, debts and law among the towns.","capital":{"name":"Creek Town (Ikot Itunko) (approximate)","point":[8.25,5.04]},"nodes":[{"name":"Old Town (Obutong)","point":[8.305,4.965]}],"links":[{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Arochukwu","point":[7.91,5.39]},"label":"Captives from the Aro network","confidence":"medium","refs":[4,3]}],"core":"high","label":[8.328,5.004],"bounds":[8.193,4.909,8.328,5.118],"refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1767,"yearLabel":"1767–1841","title":"The massacre of 1767 and the trade at its height","text":"In 1767, during a feud between Duke Town and Old Town, Duke Town's leaders arrange with six British slave ships to invite Old Town's leaders aboard under guarantee of safety; they are seized, some kept as slaves and others handed to Duke Town and executed. The trade climbs to over 62,000 captives in 1772–1775. Britain outlaws its own slave trade in 1807, but Spanish and other ships keep buying at Calabar until 1841.","capital":{"name":"Creek Town (Ikot Itunko) (approximate)","point":[8.25,5.04]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Old Town (Obutong)","point":[8.305,4.965]},"label":"Old Town's leaders betrayed (1767)","confidence":"high","refs":[3]}],"core":"high","label":[8.328,5.004],"bounds":[8.193,4.909,8.328,5.118],"refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1780,"yearLabel":"c. 1750–1800","title":"Ekpe and the Atlantic trade","text":"Through the Ekpe society the Efik houses control trade up the Cross River to Itu, Umon and beyond, and with Aro traders. Over 60,000 enslaved people leave Calabar in 1772–1775 alone.","capital":{"name":"Duke Town (Atakpa)","point":[8.32,4.95]},"nodes":[{"name":"Creek Town (Ikot Itunko) (approximate)","point":[8.25,5.04]}],"links":[{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Itu","point":[7.98,5.2]},"label":"Itu market","refs":[]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Umon (approximate)","point":[8.06,5.47]},"label":"Umon","refs":[]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Ikom","point":[8.71,5.96]},"label":"Upper Cross River","refs":[]}],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[8.328,5.004],"bounds":[8.007,4.793,8.4955,5.4985],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1884,"title":"British protection","text":"In 1841 King Eyamba V of Duke Town and King Eyo of Creek Town sign a treaty to end the slave trade, and palm oil and kernels take over. In 1846 a Presbyterian mission under Hope Waddell opens with King Eyo's help; Palmerston refuses the chiefs' request for protection. The kings agree to stop human sacrifice in 1850. Archibong III is crowned in 1878 with regalia sent by Queen Victoria. In 1884 the chiefs accept British protection, and Calabar is the headquarters of the Niger Coast Protectorate until 1906; from 1903 its rulers are styled Obong.","capital":{"name":"Duke Town (Atakpa)","point":[8.32,4.95]},"nodes":[{"name":"Creek Town (Ikot Itunko) (approximate)","point":[8.25,5.04]}],"links":[],"core":"high","label":[8.328,5.004],"bounds":[8.193,4.909,8.4825,5.118],"refs":[1,3],"confidence":"high"}],"today":{"text":"The Obong of Calabar reigns in Calabar, Cross River State, as head of the Efik.","title":"Obong of Calabar","seat":{"name":"Duke Town (Atakpa)","point":[8.32,4.95]},"refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-calabar","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Calabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabar","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"latham-1973","citation":"Latham, A. J. H. (1973). Old Calabar, 1600–1891: The Impact of the International Economy upon a Traditional Society. Clarendon Press, Oxford","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-duke-town","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Duke Town (Akwa Akpa)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwa_Akpa","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-aro-confederacy","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Aro Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aro_Confederacy","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-obong","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Obong of Calabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obong_of_Calabar","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Creek Town and Umon points are approximate."]},{"id":"sokoto","name":"Sokoto Caliphate","kind":"caliphate","status":"published","otherNames":["Sokoto Sultanate","Fulani Empire"],"shortName":"Sokoto Caliphate","color":"#2f6b4f","span":{"from":1804,"to":1903,"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"peak":1850,"summary":{"text":"Born from Usman dan Fodio's jihad of 1804, the caliphate swept away the Hausa kingdoms and joined some thirty emirates under the Commander of the Faithful at Sokoto, with a western half ruled from Gwandu. By the mid 19th century it was the largest state in West Africa, reaching from today's Burkina Faso to Cameroon. The British conquered it in 1903.","refs":[1,2,13],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Sultan (Amir al-Mu'minin, Commander of the Faithful)","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"peoples":[{"id":"fulani","name":"Fulani"},{"id":"hausa","name":"Hausa"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"hausa","name":"Hausa","lgas":173},{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba","lgas":16},{"id":"nupe","name":"Nupe","lgas":10},{"id":"fulani","name":"Fulani","lgas":6},{"id":"gbagyi","name":"Gbagyi","lgas":6},{"id":"chamba","name":"Chamba (Sama)","lgas":3},{"id":"dakarkari","name":"Dakarkari (Lelna)","lgas":3},{"id":"kambari","name":"Kambari","lgas":3},{"id":"mumuye","name":"Mumuye","lgas":3},{"id":"kamuku","name":"Kamuku","lgas":2},{"id":"afo","name":"Afo (Eloyi)","lgas":1},{"id":"alago","name":"Alago","lgas":1}],"snapshots":[{"year":1804,"title":"The jihad begins","text":"In February 1804 Usman dan Fodio leaves Degel for Gudu, and his followers declare a jihad against the king of Gobir. Flag bearers carry the movement across Hausaland.","capital":{"name":"Gudu (approximate)","point":[4.85,13.4]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Alkalawa","point":[6.26,13.613]},"label":"War with Gobir","refs":[]}],"core":"high","label":[4.7805,13.209],"bounds":[4.48,12.9975,4.96,13.5085],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","note":"The core is only the area around the first camps."},{"year":1808,"yearLabel":"1808–1815","title":"Alkalawa falls; Sokoto is built","text":"Alkalawa, Gobir's capital, falls in October 1808 and Sarki Yunfa is killed. In 1809 Muhammad Bello, dan Fodio's son, founds Sokoto as the capital. The jihad sweeps east and south: Ngazargamu is burned in 1808, though al-Kanemi saves the rest of Bornu, and flag-bearers found emirates at Bauchi, Gombe, Katagum and Hadejia and in Adamawa.","capital":{"name":"Sokoto","point":[5.24,13.06]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Alkalawa (Gobir)","point":[6.25,13.57]},"label":"Alkalawa taken; Yunfa killed (1808)","confidence":"high","refs":[1,3]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Ngazargamu","point":[12.367,13.083]},"label":"Ngazargamu burned (1808)","confidence":"high","refs":[1,4]}],"core":"high","label":[7.942,12.056],"bounds":[3.908,9.1945,12.755,13.721],"refs":[1,3],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1812,"title":"Hausaland conquered","text":"Kano, Katsina, Zaria and Daura have fallen. Alkalawa, the Gobir capital, fell in 1808, and Sokoto was founded in 1809. New emirates rise at Bauchi, Gombe, Katagum, Hadejia and in Adamawa.","capital":{"name":"Sokoto","point":[5.24,13.06]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Ngazargamu","point":[12.367,13.083]},"label":"Ngazargamu sacked (1808)","refs":[]}],"core":"medium","label":[7.942,12.056],"bounds":[3.908,9.1945,12.755,13.721],"refs":[1,2,5],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1815,"yearLabel":"1815–1835","title":"Two halves: Sokoto and Gwandu","text":"In 1815 Usman dan Fodio withdraws from government and divides the realm: his brother Abdullahi rules the west from Gwandu, his son Muhammad Bello the east from Sokoto. Dan Fodio dies in 1817. Hausa nobles revolt in 1816–1817, and Bello ends the risings by granting them land titles. He rules for a time from his ribat at Wurno and builds a chain of walled ribats with schools and markets to settle the Fulani and guard the frontiers. Ilorin joins the caliphate in 1823.","capital":{"name":"Sokoto","point":[5.24,13.06]},"nodes":[{"name":"Gwandu","point":[4.64,12.5]},{"name":"Wurno","point":[5.42,13.29]}],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Gwandu","point":[4.64,12.5]},"label":"Abdullahi's western half","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Ilorin","point":[4.55,8.5]},"label":"Ilorin joins (1823)","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"high","label":[7.942,12.056],"bounds":[3.908,9.1945,12.755,13.721],"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1836,"yearLabel":"1836–1849","title":"Gawakuke","text":"Gobir's exiled kings and the Hausa king of Katsina at Maradi rise together in 1836. Sultan Bello crushes them at Gawakuke, near Isa, his last great victory before his death in 1837. Kebbi, still unbowed, keeps up its war from Argungu.","capital":{"name":"Sokoto","point":[5.24,13.06]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Gawakuke","point":[6.39,13.28]},"label":"Gobir and Katsina crushed (1836)","confidence":"high","refs":[3,1]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Argungu","point":[4.53,12.74]},"label":"War with Kebbi","confidence":"high","refs":[6]}],"core":"high","label":[7.942,12.056],"bounds":[3.908,9.1945,12.755,13.721],"refs":[3,1],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1850,"yearLabel":"c. 1850","title":"The largest state in West Africa","text":"Ilorin has joined (1823), Fulani rule Nupe, and Adamawa reaches deep into today's Cameroon. Gwandu oversees the western emirates as far as Liptako. Emirs send yearly gifts to Sokoto, and the caliphate's slave-worked plantations feed a booming trade. Emirs travel to Sokoto each year to swear allegiance and bring tribute in crops, cowries and slaves; by 1900 the caliphate holds at least a million and perhaps two and a half million slaves, second only to the United States among modern slave societies.","capital":{"name":"Sokoto","point":[5.24,13.06]},"nodes":[{"name":"Gwandu","point":[4.64,12.5]},{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},{"name":"Zaria","point":[7.7,11.07]},{"name":"Bauchi","point":[9.84,10.31]},{"name":"Yola","point":[12.48,9.21]},{"name":"Ilorin","point":[4.55,8.5]},{"name":"Bida","point":[6.01,9.08]}],"links":[{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"label":"Kano's yearly gifts to Sokoto","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Zaria","point":[7.7,11.07]},"label":"Zaria","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"label":"Katsina","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Bauchi","point":[9.84,10.31]},"label":"Bauchi","confidence":"high","refs":[1,7]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Gombe","point":[11.17,10.29]},"label":"Gombe","confidence":"high","refs":[1,8]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Hadejia","point":[10.04,12.45]},"label":"Hadejia","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Yola (Adamawa)","point":[12.47,9.21]},"label":"Adamawa","confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"kind":"tribute","to":{"name":"Gwandu","point":[4.64,12.5]},"label":"Gwandu, overseer of the western emirates","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[8.116,11.6025],"bounds":[0,6,15.2,14.4],"refs":[1,2,5,9,10],"confidence":"medium","note":"Hill peoples inside the emirates (Ningi, Jos Plateau, southern Zaria, Dakarkari) often stayed independent; LGA-level drawing hides those pockets."},{"year":1880,"yearLabel":"c. 1880","title":"Frontier emirates in the south","text":"Kontagora (1859) and Muri raid southward, and Bida's Nupe armies take tribute from the Ebira, Okun Yoruba and northern Edo towns. Kebbi, rebuilt at Argungu, still fights Gwandu.","capital":{"name":"Sokoto","point":[5.24,13.06]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Argungu","point":[4.53,12.74]},"label":"Kebbi resists at Argungu","refs":[]}],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[8.116,11.6025],"bounds":[0,6,15.2,14.4],"refs":[1,5,11,10],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1891,"yearLabel":"1891–1896","title":"A tottering caliphate?","text":"The French explorer Monteil visits Sokoto in 1891 and finds it at war with the emir of Argungu, whom it beats the next year; he judges Fulani power shaken by the war and by the unpopular new caliph, Abdurrahman. Europeans close in: Britain's Royal Niger Company holds the river, Germany pushes into Adamawa from Cameroon, and France sends columns along the northern edge.","capital":{"name":"Sokoto","point":[5.24,13.06]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Argungu","point":[4.53,12.74]},"label":"Argungu beaten (1892)","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","label":[8.116,11.6025],"bounds":[3.908,6,15.2,13.721],"refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1897,"title":"The Royal Niger Company takes Bida and Ilorin","text":"British company troops capture Bida and Ilorin in 1897. Lugard turns rivalries between the southern emirs and Sokoto against the caliphate as his West African Frontier Force marches north. Kano falls in February 1903 and Sokoto in March; on 13 March the last vizier concedes to British rule in Sokoto's market square. Caliph Attahiru I leads thousands east on a hijra towards the Nile, joined by Muslims from Hausaland, Massina and Adamawa, and dies fighting at Burmi in July. The British make Attahiru II sultan and keep the title, but abolish the caliphate.","capital":{"name":"Sokoto","point":[5.24,13.06]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Burmi","point":[11.03,10.48]},"label":"Attahiru I killed at Burmi (1903)","confidence":"high","refs":[1,12]}],"core":"high","label":[7.942,12.056],"bounds":[3.908,9.0365,12.755,13.721],"refs":[1,13,1],"confidence":"high","note":"Told in full as an event on the timeline."}],"today":{"text":"The caliphate ended in 1903, but the Sultan of Sokoto remains the spiritual leader of Nigeria's Muslims and president-general of the Nigerian Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs. Most of the emirates it created still have emirs.","title":"Sultan of Sokoto","seat":{"name":"Sokoto","point":[5.24,13.06]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-sokoto-caliphate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Sokoto Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"last-1967","citation":"Last, Murray. (1967). The Sokoto Caliphate. Longmans, London","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-gobir","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gobir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobir","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-al-kanemi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Amin_al-Kanemi","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"hogben-kirk-greene-1966","citation":"Hogben, S. J.; Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. (1966). The Emirates of Northern Nigeria: A Preliminary Survey of Their Historical Traditions. Oxford University Press","checked":false},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-kebbi-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Kebbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebbi_Kingdom","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-bauchi-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bauchi Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauchi_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-gombe-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gombe Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"ajayi-crowder-1985","citation":"Ajayi, J. F. Ade; Crowder, Michael (editors). (1985). Historical Atlas of Africa. Cambridge University Press","checked":false},{"n":10,"id":"suleiman-2023-nupe-ilorin","citation":"Suleiman, AbdulRahman Adebayo. (2023). The Factor of Trade in the Diplomatic Relations between the Nupe People and the Ilorin Emirate. Sejarah 32(2): 107–120 (“Nupe rulers directly conquered … Ijumu, Kakanda, Kabba, Oworoland, Igbomina and Ekitiland”). Journal of the History Department, University of Malaya","url":"https://doi.org/10.22452/sejarah.vol32no2.5","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"mason-1981","citation":"Mason, Michael. (1981). Foundations of the Bida Kingdom. Ahmadu Bello University Press, Zaria","checked":false},{"n":12,"id":"wikipedia-muhammadu-attahiru-ii","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muhammadu Attahiru II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu_Attahiru_II","checked":true},{"n":13,"id":"adeleye-1971","citation":"Adeleye, R. A. (1971). Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria, 1804–1906. Longman, London","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["Gudu's location is approximate.","The Adamawa ring in Cameroon and the Gwandu ring (Liptako, Say, Gurma) are rough outlines.","Lokoja is never drawn as conquered, raided or ruled, on the owner’s direction (2026-10-11): no source records it being sacked or plundered, Masaba himself sent Baikie there, and European settlement, consulate, mission and company ran on there from 1859 to 1900. Suleiman (2023) says Nupe conquered Kakanda and Oworoland; those districts of today’s Lokoja LGA are not marked separately."]},{"id":"ibadan","name":"Ibadan","kind":"city-state","status":"published","otherNames":[],"shortName":"Ibadan","color":"#9a3b5c","span":{"from":1829,"to":1893,"refs":[1,3],"confidence":"high"},"peak":1870,"summary":{"text":"Ibadan was born in 1829 as a war camp of Oyo, Ife and Ijebu warriors on the edge of the forest, and became a military republic where any freeborn man could rise to the highest titles by success in war. It stopped the jihad at Osogbo in 1840, destroyed its rival Ijaye in 1862, and by the 1870s ruled an empire over much of northern and eastern Yorubaland through resident agents, the ajele. Their abuses raised the Ekitiparapo against it in the sixteen-year Kiriji war, which ended in a British-brokered peace; in 1893 Ibadan signed a treaty making it a British protectorate.","refs":[1,6],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Baale, later Olubadan (rule by war chiefs)","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"peoples":[{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba","lgas":57}],"snapshots":[{"year":1829,"yearLabel":"c. 1829","title":"A war camp becomes a city","text":"Lagelu's old site at the edge of the forest becomes the camp of the armies that destroyed Owu: warriors from Oyo, Ife and Ijebu. After the Egba leave, Oyo warriors take over, and refugees from the Fulani raids pour in. Ibadan is run by its war chiefs rather than a king, with titles open to every freeborn man and one reserved for a woman.","capital":{"name":"Ibadan","point":[3.9,7.38]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"high","label":[3.8925,7.3555],"bounds":[3.8565,7.3555,3.9215,7.422],"refs":[1,1,2],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1840,"title":"Victory at Osogbo","text":"In 1840 Ibadan's army decisively defeats Ilorin at Osogbo, halting the jihad's advance into the forest. Alaafin Atiba charges Ibadan with guarding New Oyo from the north.","capital":{"name":"Ibadan","point":[3.9,7.38]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Osogbo","point":[4.56,7.77]},"label":"Battle of Osogbo","refs":[]}],"core":"high","label":[3.902,7.422],"bounds":[3.711,7.2125,4.063,7.5765],"refs":[1,3,1,4],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1860,"yearLabel":"1860–1869","title":"Ijaye destroyed","text":"Ibadan goes to war with Ijaye, its rival war-town under the Kakanfo Kurunmi, in 1860. Kurunmi dies in 1861 and Ijaye falls in 1862; its people scatter, many to Abeokuta. Ibadan is now the strongest power in Yorubaland.","capital":{"name":"Ibadan","point":[3.9,7.38]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Ijaye","point":[3.84,7.6]},"label":"Ijaye destroyed (1862)","confidence":"high","refs":[5,6]}],"core":"high","label":[3.902,7.422],"bounds":[3.711,7.2125,4.063,7.5765],"refs":[6],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1870,"yearLabel":"c. 1860–1877","title":"The Ibadan empire","text":"Ibadan rules Ibarapa, Osun, Ife, Ijesa, Ekiti, Igbomina, Yagba and Akoko through its ajele, resident agents who seize goods and people. It cannot master the Egba or the Ijebu, who hold the roads to the coast.","capital":{"name":"Ibadan","point":[3.9,7.38]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[4.237,7.561],"bounds":[3.161,7.203,5.9025,8.2625],"refs":[3,1,6],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1878,"yearLabel":"1878–1885","title":"Jalumi","text":"The Ekiti, Ila and Ijesa, joined by Ilorin, besiege Ikirun. On 1 November 1878 the Balogun Ogboriefon relieves it, crushes the Ijesa at Iba and drives the Ilorin army into the flooded Otin river, where thousands of men, women and horses drown: the Jalumi war. But the eastern alliance holds, and the war settles at Kiriji.","capital":{"name":"Ibadan","point":[3.9,7.38]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Ikirun","point":[4.67,7.91]},"label":"Jalumi: Ikirun relieved (1878)","confidence":"high","refs":[7]}],"core":"high","label":[3.902,7.422],"bounds":[3.711,7.2125,4.063,7.5765],"refs":[7,6],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1886,"title":"Stalemate at Kiriji","text":"The Ekitiparapo war (from 1877) ends in stalemate at Kiriji; British mediation brings a ceasefire in 1886, and Ibadan accepts a British treaty in 1893.","capital":{"name":"Ibadan","point":[3.9,7.38]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Kiriji war camp, near Imesi-Ile (approximate)","point":[4.9,7.88]},"label":"Kiriji war","refs":[]}],"core":"high","label":[4.063,7.5405],"bounds":[3.161,7.203,4.5865,7.8455],"refs":[1,3],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1893,"yearLabel":"1893","title":"A British protectorate","text":"On 15 August 1893 Baale Fijabi of Ibadan signs a treaty with Acting Governor Denton of Lagos; Ibadan becomes a British protectorate, and a British Resident, Captain Bower, is posted there.","capital":{"name":"Ibadan","point":[3.9,7.38]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"high","label":[3.902,7.422],"bounds":[3.711,7.2125,4.063,7.5765],"refs":[1,8],"confidence":"high"}],"today":{"text":"The Olubadan of Ibadanland reigns in Ibadan, chosen in turn from senior chiefs, a system that grew out of its war-chief past.","title":"Olubadan of Ibadanland","seat":{"name":"Ibadan","point":[3.9,7.38]},"refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-ibadan","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ibadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-abeokuta","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Abeokuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeokuta","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"akintoye-1971","citation":"Akintoye, S. A. (1971). Revolution and Power Politics in Yorubaland, 1840–1893: Ibadan Expansion and the Rise of Ekitiparapo. Longman, London","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-oyo-empire","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Oyo Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-ijaye","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ijaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijaye","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-kiriji-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kiriji War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiriji_War","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-jalumi-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jalumi War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalumi_War","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-ogedengbe","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ogedengbe of Ilesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogedengbe_of_Ilesa","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Iwo and Ede were allies more than subjects at times."]},{"id":"lokoja","name":"Lokoja","kind":"city-state","status":"published","otherNames":["Lokoja settlement","Mount Patti"],"shortName":"Lokoja","color":"#6d5f9e","span":{"from":1841,"to":1900,"fromLabel":"1841, the Attah’s grant","toLabel":"1900","refs":[1,2,5],"confidence":"medium","note":"Lokoja stands on its own on the map from the Attah’s grant of 1841, when it left his direct rule, until it became the capital of Northern Nigeria."},"peak":1869,"summary":{"text":"Lokoja, where the Niger meets the Benue, was never one people’s town and was never sacked or plundered. Nupe, Kupa, Kakanda and Oworo lived on and around Mount Patti; the Attah granted the land to the British in 1841; and as the jihad came down the Niger, Bassa-Nge and other refugees settled at the foot of the hill. Masaba of Nupe himself sent Baikie there in 1859, and his settlement grew into a town of freed slaves, Sierra Leone and Lagos emigrants and traders from every side, under its own Hausa rulers, the Maigari. “Lokoja,” Dike writes, “belonged to no particular tribe and was the meeting place of adventurers from all quarters.” When the British consul left in 1869 the townspeople chose their own manager and asked Masaba for protection, without becoming his. From 1886 it was the Royal Niger Company’s headquarters, and in 1900 the first capital of Northern Nigeria.","refs":[5,7,3,1,6,9],"confidence":"medium"},"ruler":{"title":"Maigari of Lokoja, beside the British consul (to 1869), then a manager chosen by the townspeople","refs":[3,7],"confidence":"medium"},"peoples":[],"livesThereToday":[],"snapshots":[{"year":1841,"title":"Land at the confluence","text":"The Attah grants the land around Adda Kuddu and Mount Patti to the British for a model farm and a fort. The farm is set up at Stirling Hill and soon abandoned. On and around Patti live Nupe, Kupa, Kakanda and Oworo; Igala fishermen work the river; and refugees from the raids up the Niger begin to arrive.","capital":{"name":"Stirling Hill (Lokoja)","point":[6.74,7.8]},"nodes":[{"name":"Mount Patti","point":[6.735,7.81]}],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[6.5985,8.043],"bounds":[6.5985,7.8,6.74,8.043],"refs":[1,2,3,4],"confidence":"medium","note":"Drawn over all of today’s Lokoja LGA, as the owner directs (2026-10-11); the town itself was only the hills and plain around Patti."},{"year":1857,"yearLabel":"1857–1859","title":"Baikie’s town","text":"Baikie, who came in 1854 and again in 1857, is sent to Lokoja by Masaba of Nupe, “where he said the British could stay”. He settles emigrants from Sierra Leone and Lagos and slaves he has redeemed, and persuades the hill people and their Maigari, Muhammadu Maikarfi, to come down to the plain. Bassa-Nge refugees live at the foot of Patti. A British consul sits here.","capital":{"name":"Lokoja","point":[6.74,7.8]},"nodes":[{"name":"Mount Patti","point":[6.735,7.81]}],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[6.5985,8.043],"bounds":[6.5985,7.8,6.74,8.043],"refs":[5,3,6],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1869,"title":"A town of its own","text":"Britain withdraws its consul, and the townspeople, “cast upon their own resources”, elect a manager of the settlement. They ask Masaba, “whose dominions surround Lokoja”, to protect them and to recognise their manager; he sends a sub-manager to report on any wrongs by his war men. Lokoja stays the meeting place of many peoples, never Bida’s town: Kyadya exiles from Bida’s own wars find refuge here in the 1880s.","capital":{"name":"Lokoja","point":[6.74,7.8]},"nodes":[{"name":"Mount Patti","point":[6.735,7.81]}],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[6.5985,8.043],"bounds":[6.5985,7.8,6.74,8.043],"refs":[7,5,8],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1886,"title":"The Company’s headquarters","text":"The Royal Niger Company makes Lokoja its military headquarters. In January 1897 its troops march from here against Bida.","capital":{"name":"Lokoja","point":[6.74,7.8]},"nodes":[{"name":"Mount Patti","point":[6.735,7.81]}],"links":[],"core":"medium","label":[6.5985,8.043],"bounds":[6.5985,7.8,6.74,8.043],"refs":[3,8],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1900,"title":"Capital of Northern Nigeria","text":"On 1 January 1900 the Company’s lands pass to the Crown, and Lokoja becomes the first capital of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria.","capital":{"name":"Lokoja","point":[6.74,7.8]},"nodes":[],"links":[],"core":"high","label":[6.5985,8.043],"bounds":[6.5985,7.8,6.74,8.043],"refs":[3],"confidence":"high"}],"today":{"text":"Lokoja is the capital of Kogi State and still a town of many peoples. Its traditional ruler is the Maigari of Lokoja.","title":"Maigari of Lokoja","seat":{"name":"Lokoja","point":[6.74,7.8]},"refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"allen-thomson-1848","citation":"Allen, William; Thomson, T. R. H. (1848). A Narrative of the Expedition sent by Her Majesty’s Government to the River Niger in 1841, vol. I, chapters XII (the conference with the Attàh), XIV (Adda Kuddu) and XV (conquests of the Filatahs). Richard Bentley, London (transcribed by P. Davis)","url":"https://www.pdavis.nl/Niger_Contents.htm","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"trotter-1843-report","citation":"Trotter, H. D. (1843). Report of Proceedings from Captain Trotter, First Commissioner, to Lord Stanley (Parliamentary Papers No. 52, 1843): the land bought “on the right bank of the river near Adda-Kuddu, and embracing Baraga or Beaufort Island”. House of Commons (transcribed by P. Davis)","url":"https://www.pdavis.nl/PP_Niger_3.htm","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-lokoja","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Lokoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokoja","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"owner-2026-10-06-lokoja-fishermen","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: indigenous Igala fishermen lived at Lokoja when the Attah leased the land to the British; no one in Lokoja should be described as settled","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"dike-1957","citation":"Dike, K. Onwuka. (1957). Origins of the Niger Mission 1841–1891 (Lokoja “belonged to no particular tribe and was the meeting place of adventurers from all quarters”). CMS Niger Mission, Ibadan (Project Canterbury transcription)","url":"https://anglicanhistory.org/africa/ng/dike_origins1957.html","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"bassange-community-history","citation":"Bassa Nge Community of North America. Our History (the Bassa-Nge flight from Masaba’s raids of the early 1840s, Eku Anupe; Masaba camps where Lokoja now stands)","url":"https://www.bassangecommunityna.org/our-ministries","checked":false},{"n":7,"id":"crowther-1872","citation":"Crowther, Samuel Adjai. (1872). Bishop Crowther’s Report of the Overland Journey from Lokoja to Bida, on the River Niger, and thence to Lagos (introduction: Lokoja’s community asks Masaba, “whose dominions surround Lokoja”, for protection after 1869). Church Missionary Society (Project Canterbury transcription)","url":"https://anglicanhistory.org/africa/crowther/niger1872.html","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"idrees-1989-bida","citation":"Idrees, Aliyu A. (1989). Collaboration and the British Conquest of Bida in 1897: The Role and Achievement of the Indigenous Interest Groups. African Study Monographs 10(2): 69–82","url":"https://jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/ASM%20%20Vol.10%20No.2%201989/Aliyu%20A.%20IDREES.pdf","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"owner-2026-10-11-north","citation":"Direction from the HistoNaija owner: the Attah’s northern reach (Abaji, Toto, Umaisha and the rest) held until the jihad-era campaigns","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Lokoja is drawn as its own town, neither Igala nor Nupe, on the owner’s direction (2026-10-11): never sacked or plundered, and the meeting place of many peoples (Dike 1957). Suleiman (2023) says Nupe conquered the Kakanda and Oworo districts of today’s Lokoja LGA; they are not drawn separately.","Dike (1957) says the consulate was “harassed by native attacks” before it closed in 1869; this is not shown as a sack.","Dates for Baikie’s settlement vary: 1857 (Wikipedia), 1859 (Dike), 1860 (Britannica)."]},{"id":"opobo","name":"Opobo","kind":"city-state","status":"published","otherNames":[],"shortName":"Opobo","color":"#a33f5a","span":{"from":1869,"to":1891,"refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high"},"peak":1880,"summary":{"text":"Opobo was founded in 1869 by Jaja (Jubo Jubogha), an Igbo-born former slave who had risen to head Bonny's Anna Pepple house, after his house lost a war with Oko Jumbo's Manilla Pepple house. Settling 26 miles east of Bonny, astride the Imo river trade, he shut out European and African middlemen and by 1870 sold 8,000 tons of palm oil a year directly to the British, shipping some straight to Liverpool. He schooled his children in Glasgow and kept missionaries out. When he refused to stop taxing British traders, Vice-Consul Harry Johnston lured him aboard a ship in 1887, and he died in 1891 on his way home from exile.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"Amanyanabo (King Jaja and successors)","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"peoples":[{"id":"ijaw","name":"Ijaw"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"annang","name":"Annang","lgas":2},{"id":"ibibio","name":"Ibibio","lgas":2},{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo","lgas":2},{"id":"ijaw","name":"Ijaw","lgas":1}],"snapshots":[{"year":1869,"title":"Jaja founds Opobo","text":"Kidnapped as a boy in Igboland, perhaps by Aro traders, and sold in Bonny, Jaja buys his way to freedom, takes over his late master's trade and makes the Anna Pepple house the strongest in Bonny. After the 1869 battle with Oko Jumbo's house he leads his followers 26 miles east and founds Opobo, ritually adopted as an Ijaw king.","capital":{"name":"Opobo","point":[7.54,4.51]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Grand Bonny","point":[7.17,4.43]},"label":"Break with Bonny","refs":[]},{"kind":"descent","to":{"name":"Arochukwu","point":[7.91,5.39]},"label":"Jaja, kidnapped from Igboland, perhaps by the Aro","confidence":"disputed","refs":[1]}],"core":"high","label":[7.4985,4.527],"bounds":[7.4985,4.51,7.54,4.527],"refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1880,"yearLabel":"1873–1887","title":"Master of the Imo river","text":"Jaja bars European and African middlemen from the Imo markets and by 1870 sells 8,000 tons of palm oil a year directly to the British; some goes straight to Liverpool. He sends his children to school in Glasgow, staffs a secular school with whites, and keeps missionaries out. His son Prince Waribo dies at school in Frodsham, Cheshire, in 1882.","capital":{"name":"Opobo","point":[7.54,4.51]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Essene (approximate)","point":[7.55,4.68]},"label":"Essene","refs":[]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Azumini (approximate)","point":[7.45,5.06]},"label":"Azumini","refs":[]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Akwete","point":[7.36,4.97]},"label":"Akwete","refs":[]},{"kind":"trade","to":{"name":"Liverpool (across the sea)","point":[-3,8]},"label":"Palm oil shipped direct to Liverpool","note":"The point marks the edge of the map.","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"medium","influence":"medium","label":[7.4985,4.527],"bounds":[7.2545,4.51,7.754,4.934],"refs":[2,3,1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1887,"title":"Jaja deported","text":"The 1884 Berlin conference counts Opobo as British. When Jaja will not stop taxing British traders, Vice-Consul Harry Johnston invites him to talks in 1887 and seizes him on board ship. He is tried in Accra and exiled to London, Saint Vincent and Barbados, where his treatment stirs unrest. Allowed home in 1891, he dies on the way, and Opobo's power fades.","capital":{"name":"Opobo","point":[7.54,4.51]},"nodes":[],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Accra","point":[-0.19,5.6]},"label":"Jaja tried in Accra and exiled","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"high","label":[7.4985,4.527],"bounds":[7.4985,4.51,7.54,4.527],"refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"}],"today":{"text":"The Amanyanabo of Opobo, of the Jaja line, reigns in Opobo, Rivers State.","title":"Amanyanabo of Opobo","seat":{"name":"Opobo","point":[7.54,4.51]},"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-jaja-of-opobo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jaja of Opobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaja_of_Opobo","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-opobo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Opobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opobo","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"dike-1956","citation":"Dike, K. Onwuka. (1956). Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta, 1830–1885. Clarendon Press, Oxford","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["Jaja's deportation date and Johnston's role are taken from general histories; confirm against Dike (1956)."]},{"id":"ekitiparapo","name":"Ekitiparapo","kind":"confederacy","status":"published","otherNames":["Ekiti Parapo","Kiriji alliance"],"shortName":"Ekitiparapo","color":"#5f7f8f","span":{"from":1878,"to":1893,"refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"peak":1880,"summary":{"text":"The Ekitiparapo (“Ekiti united”) was the alliance of the Ekiti, Ijesa, Akoko, Igbomina and Yagba kingdoms, formed in 1878 to throw off Ibadan's ajele. Its army, armed with breech-loading rifles bought through Lagos and led by the Ijesa warrior Ogedengbe, held Ibadan to a standstill at Kiriji for eight years, until a British-brokered treaty in 1886. Where Ibadan wanted one Yoruba state, the confederacy stood for a league of free kingdoms, and it preserved them to this day.","refs":[3,4],"confidence":"high"},"ruler":{"title":"A council of kings and war leaders (no single ruler)","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"peoples":[{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba"}],"livesThereToday":[{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba","lgas":30}],"snapshots":[{"year":1878,"title":"The alliance forms","text":"Insulted by an Ibadan ajele, Prince Fabunmi of Okemesi kills him and calls the east to rise. The Ekiti, Ijesa, Akoko, Igbomina and Yagba form the Ekitiparapo; with Ilorin and Ila they besiege Ikirun, but Ibadan breaks the siege at Jalumi in November 1878.","nodes":[{"name":"Ilesa","point":[4.74,7.62]},{"name":"Ado-Ekiti","point":[5.22,7.62]}],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Ikirun","point":[4.67,7.91]},"label":"Siege of Ikirun; defeat at Jalumi","confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"core":"high","label":[5.056,7.689],"bounds":[4.6415,7.415,5.6715,8.2625],"refs":[2,1,3],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1880,"yearLabel":"1878–1886","title":"The Kiriji war","text":"Ogedengbe of Ilesa, twice captured by Ibadan and twice escaped, gives up a journey to Benin to command; Fabunmi stands aside for him. He had attacked Idoani in 1878. The two armies dig in facing each other at Kiriji, near Imesi-Ile, where the crack of the Ekitiparapo's breech-loaders gives the war its name.","nodes":[{"name":"Kiriji war camp, near Imesi-Ile (approximate)","point":[4.9,7.88]},{"name":"Ilesa","point":[4.74,7.62]},{"name":"Ado-Ekiti","point":[5.22,7.62]},{"name":"Ilesa","point":[4.73,7.62]},{"name":"Okemesi","point":[4.92,7.82]}],"links":[{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Ibadan","point":[3.9,7.38]},"label":"War with Ibadan","refs":[]},{"kind":"war","to":{"name":"Idoani","point":[5.6,7.38]},"label":"Ogedengbe's attack on Idoani (1878–79)","confidence":"medium","refs":[4]}],"core":"high","label":[5.188,7.713],"bounds":[4.6415,7.415,5.9025,8.2625],"refs":[2,4,3],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1886,"title":"Peace treaty","text":"On 23 September 1886 the British broker peace and both camps are to break up. Ogedengbe withdraws to Imesi; when his men raid farms in 1894 Captain Bower arrests him, and the Owa of Ilesa pays £6,000 for his release. In 1898 he becomes the Obanla of Ilesa, refusing the crown itself.","nodes":[{"name":"Kiriji war camp, near Imesi-Ile (approximate)","point":[4.9,7.88]}],"links":[],"core":"high","label":[5.056,7.689],"bounds":[4.6415,7.415,5.6715,7.993],"refs":[2,4],"confidence":"high"}],"today":{"text":"The alliance ended with British rule. Its member kingdoms continue under their own Obas, such as the Owa Obokun of Ijeshaland and the Ewi of Ado-Ekiti; the Kiriji war is still commemorated.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-jalumi-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jalumi War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalumi_War","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"akintoye-1971","citation":"Akintoye, S. A. (1971). Revolution and Power Politics in Yorubaland, 1840–1893: Ibadan Expansion and the Rise of Ekitiparapo. Longman, London","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kiriji-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kiriji War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiriji_War","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-ogedengbe","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ogedengbe of Ilesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogedengbe_of_Ilesa","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]}],"events":[{"id":"yaji-at-tagara","name":"Yaji besieges Kwararafa at Tagara","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1349,"yearLabel":"1349–1410","until":1410,"actors":[{"name":"Kano","polity":"kano","side":"attacker","color":"#b07a2a"},{"name":"Kwararafa","polity":"kwararafa","side":"defender","color":"#8c3d3d"}],"summary":{"text":"Sarki Yaji, Kano's first Muslim king, destroyed the shrine town of Santolo and then marched on Kwararafa, the one people south of Kano who would not submit. They fled to the hill of Tagara. Yaji camped below for seven months until they paid him a hundred slaves; his praise song calls him “conqueror of the rocky heights”. His son Kanajeji (1390–1410) demanded tribute again and got two hundred slaves, and a trade of Kano horses for Kwararafa slaves followed.","refs":[1,3,2],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[],"moments":[{"when":"Reign of Yaji (1349–1385)","title":"Santolo destroyed","text":"Yaji takes Santolo, the shrine town of the old religion, south of Kano.","mark":"burned","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"Reign of Yaji","title":"Seven months below Tagara","text":"The Kwararafa abandon their town for the hill of Tagara. Nobody comes down for seven months; then they pay a hundred slaves. One tradition says Yaji died there.","mark":"camp","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,2]},{"when":"Reign of Kanajeji (1390–1410)","title":"Horses for slaves","text":"Kanajeji asks why Kwararafa has stopped paying. They send 200 slaves, and from then on Kano sends horses and Kwararafa sends slaves.","at":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[3,2]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["kano","kwararafa"],"bounds":[8.52,12,8.52,12],"refs":[1,3,2],"confidence":"high","note":"Neither Santolo nor Tagara has been located, so the siege is told but not drawn.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-yaji-i","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Yaji I (quotes Palmer’s Kano Chronicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaji_I","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"palmer-1908-kano-chronicle","citation":"Palmer, H. R. (translator). (1908). The Kano Chronicle. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 38: 58–98","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kanajeji","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kanajeji (quotes Palmer’s Kano Chronicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanajeji","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Some writers read Santolo as an early Kwararafa capital; the Kano Chronicle treats it as a Hausa shrine town. Both readings are kept apart here."]},{"id":"galadima-dauda-raids","name":"Galadima Dauda's seven-year raid","kind":"raid","status":"published","year":1438,"yearLabel":"reign of Abdullahi Burja (1438–1452)","until":1460,"actors":[{"name":"Kano","polity":"kano","side":"attacker","color":"#b07a2a"},{"name":"Warjawa and other peoples south of Kano","side":"defender","color":"#7a6a4a"}],"summary":{"text":"Once Kano paid tribute to Bornu and the kola road to Gonja opened, Kano needed captives to trade. From Dutse, Abdullahi Burja's Galadima, Dauda, led the army south against the Warjawa and other peoples towards today's Bauchi. For seven years he sent the Sarki a thousand captives a month; the Chronicle says no one was left in Kano but the Sarki and the very old. Called home, he stopped every three miles and founded a town, leaving 500 men and 500 women in each: 21 towns of slaves, the Ibdabu, which he ruled as their lord. M. G. Smith called it unprecedented in scale and in its systematic devastation.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"raid","path":[[9.34,11.76],[9.355,11.749],[9.369,11.738],[9.383,11.727],[9.397,11.716],[9.411,11.704],[9.424,11.693],[9.438,11.681],[9.451,11.669],[9.463,11.657],[9.476,11.645],[9.488,11.632],[9.501,11.62],[9.513,11.607],[9.524,11.594],[9.536,11.581],[9.547,11.567],[9.558,11.554],[9.569,11.54],[9.579,11.527],[9.59,11.513],[9.6,11.499],[9.61,11.484],[9.62,11.47],[9.629,11.455],[9.638,11.441],[9.647,11.426],[9.656,11.411],[9.665,11.396],[9.673,11.38],[9.681,11.365],[9.689,11.349],[9.697,11.333],[9.704,11.317],[9.711,11.301],[9.718,11.284],[9.725,11.268],[9.732,11.251],[9.738,11.234],[9.744,11.217],[9.75,11.2]],"label":"South from Dutse against the Warjawa","by":"Kano","note":"The Warjawa are placed around Warji in Bauchi State; the raids' extent is not recorded.","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#b07a2a"},{"kind":"loot","path":[[9.75,11.2],[9.747,11.202],[9.742,11.205],[9.735,11.209],[9.725,11.216],[9.712,11.223],[9.697,11.233],[9.679,11.244],[9.659,11.256],[9.636,11.27],[9.61,11.286],[9.582,11.303],[9.552,11.322],[9.519,11.342],[9.483,11.364],[9.445,11.388],[9.405,11.413],[9.364,11.438],[9.324,11.462],[9.284,11.488],[9.245,11.513],[9.206,11.538],[9.167,11.563],[9.128,11.588],[9.09,11.613],[9.051,11.638],[9.013,11.663],[8.976,11.688],[8.939,11.712],[8.901,11.737],[8.865,11.763],[8.828,11.788],[8.792,11.813],[8.758,11.836],[8.726,11.858],[8.697,11.878],[8.67,11.897],[8.645,11.914],[8.622,11.93],[8.602,11.944],[8.583,11.956],[8.568,11.967],[8.554,11.977],[8.543,11.984],[8.534,11.991],[8.527,11.995],[8.522,11.998],[8.52,12]],"label":"Home to Kano, founding 21 slave towns on the way","by":"Kano","confidence":"medium","refs":[2,3],"color":"#b07a2a"}],"moments":[{"when":"Seven years","title":"A thousand captives a month","text":"The Galadima sends 1,000 captives a month to Kano; the Sarki sends horses and clothes in return.","mark":"loot","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[2,3]},{"when":"On the way home","title":"The 21 towns","text":"A town every three miles, with 1,000 slaves in each; he gives the Sarki 3,000 more on arrival.","mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[2,3]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["kano"],"bounds":[8.52,11.2,9.75,12],"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high","note":"The 21 towns are not named in the Chronicle and are not drawn.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-sultanate-of-kano","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Kano","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-abdullahi-burja","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Abdullahi Burja (quotes Palmer’s Kano Chronicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullahi_Burja","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"palmer-1908-kano-chronicle","citation":"Palmer, H. R. (translator). (1908). The Kano Chronicle. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 38: 58–98","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"kano-katsina-wars","name":"The Kano–Katsina wars","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1463,"yearLabel":"c. 1463–1565","until":1570,"actors":[{"name":"Kano","polity":"kano","side":"attacker","color":"#b07a2a"},{"name":"Katsina","polity":"katsina","side":"defender","color":"#7d5aa6"}],"summary":{"text":"Kano and Katsina, the two great market cities of Hausaland, fought over the trade routes for a century. Muhammad Rumfa's war with Katsina lasted eleven years and ended with neither side winning; Rumfa was the first Sarki to use the Dawakin Zaggi in it. His son Abdullahi and grandson Muhammad Kisoki fought a second war, again inconclusive, even as Kano conquered Zazzau. The rivalry outlived the wars: under Muhammad Zaki, Katsina harried a Kano weakened by Kwararafa, and the two only made peace around 1650, against Kwararafa.","refs":[1,2,4,3],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[8.52,12],[8.489,12.018],[8.459,12.036],[8.429,12.054],[8.399,12.073],[8.37,12.092],[8.342,12.111],[8.313,12.131],[8.285,12.151],[8.258,12.171],[8.231,12.192],[8.204,12.214],[8.177,12.235],[8.152,12.257],[8.126,12.28],[8.101,12.302],[8.076,12.325],[8.052,12.349],[8.028,12.373],[8.004,12.397],[7.981,12.421],[7.958,12.446],[7.936,12.472],[7.914,12.497],[7.892,12.523],[7.871,12.55],[7.85,12.577],[7.83,12.604],[7.809,12.631],[7.79,12.659],[7.771,12.687],[7.752,12.716],[7.733,12.745],[7.715,12.774],[7.698,12.804],[7.68,12.834],[7.663,12.865],[7.647,12.895],[7.631,12.927],[7.615,12.958],[7.6,12.99]],"label":"Kano against Katsina","by":"Kano","note":"Start and target only.","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#b07a2a"}],"moments":[{"when":"1463–1499","title":"Rumfa's eleven-year war","text":"Kano's first war with Katsina lasts eleven years and ends inconclusively.","mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,2]},{"when":"1499–1565","title":"Abdullahi and Kisoki's war","text":"A second war, fought by Rumfa's son and grandson, is also inconclusive.","mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"c. 1650","title":"Peace against Kwararafa","text":"Kano and Katsina sign a treaty to face Kwararafa together.","at":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[3]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["kano","katsina"],"bounds":[7.6,12,8.52,12.99],"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-sultanate-of-kano","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Kano","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-muhammad-rumfa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muhammad Rumfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Rumfa","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kwararafa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kwararafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwararafa","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-muhammad-zaki","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muhammad Zaki (quotes Palmer’s Kano Chronicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zaki","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Katsina's own account of these wars (Usman 1981) has not been checked."]},{"id":"portuguese-at-the-coast","name":"The Portuguese reach the coast","kind":"contact","status":"published","year":1472,"yearLabel":"1472 – early 16th century","until":1530,"actors":[{"name":"Portuguese ships","side":"european","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Kingdom of Benin","polity":"benin","side":"trader","color":"#8e2f3c"}],"summary":{"text":"The first Europeans to reach the coast of what is now Nigeria were Portuguese sailors. Rui de Sequeira sailed into the Bight of Benin in 1472 and named the lagoon at Eko Lago de Curamo, from which Lagos takes its name. In about 1485 João Afonso de Aveiro came up the creeks to Ughoton, Benin's port, and on to Benin City. Benin and Portugal built a strong trade: the Edo sold ivory, pepper, palm oil and captives for manillas and guns, and in the early 16th century the Oba sent an ambassador to Lisbon while Portugal sent missionaries to Benin City.","refs":[3,1,2,4],"confidence":"medium","note":"It is not certain how far the 1472 voyage went; Aveiro's visit of about 1485 (or 1486) is the first documented Portuguese visit to Benin."},"routes":[{"kind":"voyage","vessel":"sail","path":[[0.6,4.6],[0.606,4.604],[0.619,4.612],[0.638,4.623],[0.663,4.639],[0.694,4.659],[0.731,4.682],[0.775,4.709],[0.825,4.741],[0.881,4.776],[0.944,4.815],[1.013,4.858],[1.088,4.905],[1.169,4.955],[1.256,5.01],[1.35,5.069],[1.45,5.131],[1.548,5.192],[1.643,5.251],[1.736,5.308],[1.827,5.364],[1.915,5.417],[2.001,5.469],[2.084,5.52],[2.166,5.568],[2.245,5.615],[2.321,5.66],[2.395,5.703],[2.467,5.744],[2.537,5.784],[2.604,5.822],[2.669,5.858],[2.731,5.892],[2.791,5.925],[2.847,5.957],[2.9,5.988],[2.95,6.017],[2.996,6.045],[3.04,6.072],[3.08,6.098],[3.117,6.122],[3.151,6.145],[3.182,6.167],[3.21,6.188],[3.234,6.207],[3.256,6.225],[3.274,6.242],[3.289,6.258],[3.301,6.272],[3.312,6.286],[3.322,6.298],[3.332,6.31],[3.341,6.321],[3.349,6.331],[3.357,6.34],[3.363,6.348],[3.369,6.355],[3.374,6.361],[3.379,6.367],[3.383,6.371],[3.386,6.375],[3.388,6.377],[3.389,6.379],[3.39,6.38]],"label":"Rui de Sequeira sails into the Bight of Benin","by":"Portuguese ships","when":"1472","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"voyage","vessel":"sail","path":[[0.4,4.2],[0.409,4.204],[0.426,4.213],[0.452,4.226],[0.486,4.243],[0.529,4.264],[0.58,4.29],[0.641,4.32],[0.709,4.355],[0.787,4.393],[0.873,4.436],[0.967,4.484],[1.07,4.535],[1.182,4.591],[1.302,4.651],[1.431,4.716],[1.569,4.784],[1.705,4.849],[1.84,4.911],[1.974,4.968],[2.107,5.022],[2.239,5.072],[2.369,5.119],[2.498,5.162],[2.627,5.201],[2.754,5.236],[2.879,5.268],[3.004,5.296],[3.127,5.32],[3.25,5.34],[3.371,5.357],[3.491,5.37],[3.609,5.38],[3.723,5.39],[3.831,5.4],[3.935,5.411],[4.033,5.423],[4.126,5.435],[4.214,5.448],[4.296,5.462],[4.374,5.476],[4.446,5.49],[4.513,5.506],[4.575,5.521],[4.632,5.538],[4.684,5.555],[4.73,5.572],[4.772,5.591],[4.808,5.609],[4.843,5.628],[4.876,5.647],[4.907,5.666],[4.937,5.684],[4.965,5.703],[4.992,5.722],[5.017,5.741],[5.04,5.759],[5.062,5.778],[5.083,5.797],[5.101,5.816],[5.118,5.834],[5.134,5.853],[5.147,5.872],[5.16,5.891],[5.17,5.909],[5.181,5.928],[5.192,5.946],[5.202,5.963],[5.213,5.98],[5.224,5.997],[5.235,6.013],[5.246,6.029],[5.257,6.044],[5.268,6.059],[5.279,6.073],[5.29,6.087],[5.301,6.101],[5.312,6.114],[5.323,6.127],[5.334,6.139],[5.346,6.151],[5.356,6.162],[5.366,6.172],[5.375,6.182],[5.384,6.191],[5.391,6.199],[5.398,6.207],[5.405,6.213],[5.41,6.219],[5.415,6.224],[5.419,6.229],[5.423,6.233],[5.426,6.236],[5.428,6.238],[5.429,6.239],[5.43,6.24]],"label":"Aveiro comes up the creeks to Ughoton, Benin's port","by":"Portuguese ships","when":"c. 1485","confidence":"medium","refs":[3,4],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"voyage","vessel":"sail","path":[[5.43,6.24],[5.429,6.238],[5.426,6.234],[5.422,6.229],[5.416,6.221],[5.409,6.211],[5.401,6.2],[5.392,6.186],[5.381,6.171],[5.368,6.154],[5.355,6.135],[5.34,6.114],[5.323,6.091],[5.306,6.066],[5.286,6.039],[5.266,6.01],[5.244,5.98],[5.218,5.949],[5.187,5.918],[5.152,5.886],[5.112,5.855],[5.068,5.823],[5.02,5.791],[4.967,5.759],[4.91,5.726],[4.849,5.694],[4.783,5.661],[4.712,5.627],[4.637,5.594],[4.558,5.56],[4.474,5.526],[4.386,5.492],[4.294,5.458],[4.195,5.421],[4.089,5.381],[3.976,5.339],[3.857,5.295],[3.73,5.248],[3.598,5.198],[3.458,5.146],[3.312,5.091],[3.159,5.034],[2.999,4.974],[2.833,4.912],[2.66,4.847],[2.48,4.78],[2.293,4.71],[2.1,4.637],[1.9,4.563],[1.713,4.492],[1.538,4.427],[1.375,4.366],[1.225,4.309],[1.088,4.258],[0.963,4.211],[0.85,4.169],[0.75,4.131],[0.663,4.098],[0.588,4.07],[0.525,4.047],[0.475,4.028],[0.438,4.014],[0.413,4.005],[0.4,4]],"label":"Benin's ambassador sails for Lisbon","by":"Kingdom of Benin","when":"Early 16th century","confidence":"medium","refs":[3],"color":"#8e2f3c"}],"moments":[{"when":"1472","title":"Lago de Curamo","text":"Rui de Sequeira sails into the Bight of Benin and names the lagoon around Eko Lago de Curamo. The name Lagos is Portuguese for lakes.","at":{"name":"Eko (Lagos)","point":[3.394,6.455]},"mark":"anchor","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2]},{"when":"c. 1485","title":"Portuguese ships at Ughoton","text":"João Afonso de Aveiro reaches Ughoton, the port of Benin, and goes on to the Oba's court: the first documented Portuguese visit to Benin.","at":{"name":"Ughoton (Gwato)","point":[5.43,6.24]},"mark":"anchor","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[3,2,4]},{"when":"From c. 1485","title":"Trade with Benin","text":"The Edo trade ivory, pepper, palm oil and captives for European manillas and guns. Some people in Benin City still spoke a pidgin Portuguese in the late 19th century.","at":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[3,4]},{"when":"Early 16th century","title":"An ambassador to Lisbon","text":"The Oba sends an ambassador to Lisbon, and the king of Portugal sends Christian missionaries to Benin City.","at":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[3]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["benin"],"bounds":[0.4,4,5.627,6.455],"refs":[3,1,2,4],"confidence":"medium","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-history-of-lagos","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. History of Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lagos","checked":false},{"n":2,"id":"ebsco-portuguese-foothold","citation":"Portuguese Establish a Foothold in Africa. EBSCO Research Starters","url":"https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/portuguese-establish-foothold-africa/","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-benin","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"ryder-1969","citation":"Ryder, A. F. C. (1969). Benin and the Europeans, 1485–1897. Longmans, London","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["Sea lanes are drawn, not traced: the ships come in from the west, along the coast from the Portuguese fort at Elmina, but the exact courses are not recorded.","Ryder (1969) is the standard history of Benin and the Portuguese; the dates here come from the web sources and should be checked against it."]},{"id":"ginuwa-to-warri","name":"Ginuwa founds the Itsekiri kingdom","kind":"migration","status":"published","year":1480,"yearLabel":"c. 1480","until":1510,"actors":[{"name":"Prince Ginuwa’s party","polity":"warri","side":"migrant","color":"#4a6fa5"},{"name":"Kingdom of Benin","polity":"benin","side":"origin","color":"#8e2f3c"}],"summary":{"text":"Itsekiri tradition remembers Ginuwa, a prince of Benin, leading a party down the creeks to found the kingdom of Warri among the Itsekiri. Its Olus trace their line to him.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"migration","path":[[5.627,6.335],[5.626,6.335],[5.625,6.334],[5.622,6.333],[5.619,6.331],[5.615,6.329],[5.611,6.327],[5.605,6.325],[5.599,6.322],[5.592,6.318],[5.585,6.315],[5.576,6.311],[5.567,6.306],[5.557,6.301],[5.546,6.296],[5.535,6.29],[5.522,6.285],[5.51,6.277],[5.499,6.269],[5.487,6.26],[5.476,6.249],[5.466,6.238],[5.456,6.225],[5.446,6.211],[5.436,6.196],[5.427,6.179],[5.418,6.162],[5.409,6.143],[5.401,6.123],[5.393,6.102],[5.386,6.08],[5.378,6.057],[5.372,6.033],[5.365,6.009],[5.359,5.985],[5.353,5.962],[5.348,5.939],[5.342,5.916],[5.338,5.894],[5.333,5.872],[5.329,5.85],[5.326,5.829],[5.322,5.808],[5.319,5.788],[5.316,5.768],[5.314,5.748],[5.312,5.728],[5.311,5.709],[5.309,5.691],[5.308,5.673],[5.307,5.657],[5.306,5.641],[5.305,5.627],[5.304,5.614],[5.304,5.603],[5.303,5.592],[5.302,5.583],[5.302,5.575],[5.301,5.568],[5.301,5.562],[5.3,5.557],[5.3,5.554],[5.3,5.551],[5.3,5.55]],"label":"Ginuwa’s party goes down the creeks from Benin","by":"Prince Ginuwa’s party","refs":[],"color":"#4a6fa5"}],"moments":[{"when":"c. 1480","title":"Ode-Itsekiri","text":"The new kingdom’s seat, Ode-Itsekiri (Big Warri), is founded.","at":{"name":"Ode-Itsekiri (Big Warri) (approximate)","point":[5.3,5.55]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"refs":[]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["warri","benin"],"bounds":[5.3,5.55,5.627,6.335],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-warri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Warri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Warri","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-doc1","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Owner's notes on the reach of Igala, Benin, Oyo and Aro, the British conquests, and migrations (hintsPrompts/doc1.md)","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"idoma-from-apa","name":"The Idoma from Apa, through Igala land","kind":"migration","status":"published","year":1500,"yearLabel":"c. 1500–1650","until":1680,"actors":[{"name":"Idoma clans","side":"migrant","color":"#5c4a38"},{"name":"Apa (Kwararafa)","polity":"kwararafa","side":"origin","color":"#8c3d3d"},{"name":"Igala Kingdom","polity":"igala","side":"origin","color":"#c9822a"}],"summary":{"text":"Idoma tradition traces the clans to Apa, the Kwararafa country of the Jukun. Around 1500 they dispersed: the Agatu settled near the Benue, and others moved on to Idah. After a power struggle at Idah, about 1625, groups left north (the Alago) and south, and the western Idoma kingdoms, Igumale, Agila, Ugboju and Adoka among them, took shape around 1650.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"disputed"},"routes":[{"kind":"migration","path":[[9.78,7.87],[9.777,7.87],[9.77,7.871],[9.759,7.872],[9.746,7.873],[9.728,7.875],[9.708,7.877],[9.684,7.879],[9.656,7.881],[9.625,7.884],[9.591,7.887],[9.553,7.891],[9.512,7.894],[9.467,7.898],[9.419,7.903],[9.368,7.908],[9.313,7.913],[9.258,7.917],[9.203,7.92],[9.149,7.923],[9.095,7.925],[9.042,7.926],[8.988,7.927],[8.935,7.927],[8.882,7.926],[8.83,7.924],[8.778,7.922],[8.726,7.919],[8.674,7.915],[8.622,7.91],[8.571,7.905],[8.52,7.898],[8.47,7.892],[8.422,7.885],[8.378,7.879],[8.337,7.874],[8.299,7.868],[8.264,7.864],[8.232,7.859],[8.204,7.855],[8.179,7.852],[8.156,7.849],[8.137,7.846],[8.122,7.844],[8.109,7.843],[8.099,7.841],[8.093,7.84],[8.09,7.84]],"label":"From Apa: the Agatu settle near the Benue","by":"Idoma clans","when":"c. 1500","refs":[],"color":"#5c4a38"},{"kind":"migration","path":[[9.78,7.87],[9.775,7.869],[9.766,7.866],[9.752,7.863],[9.734,7.858],[9.711,7.851],[9.683,7.844],[9.651,7.835],[9.614,7.825],[9.573,7.814],[9.526,7.801],[9.476,7.788],[9.42,7.773],[9.361,7.756],[9.296,7.739],[9.227,7.72],[9.153,7.7],[9.08,7.68],[9.008,7.661],[8.936,7.643],[8.865,7.625],[8.795,7.607],[8.725,7.59],[8.657,7.573],[8.588,7.557],[8.521,7.541],[8.454,7.526],[8.388,7.511],[8.323,7.497],[8.258,7.483],[8.194,7.469],[8.131,7.456],[8.069,7.444],[8.007,7.431],[7.945,7.418],[7.884,7.405],[7.824,7.392],[7.764,7.379],[7.705,7.366],[7.646,7.353],[7.588,7.339],[7.53,7.325],[7.473,7.312],[7.417,7.298],[7.36,7.284],[7.305,7.27],[7.25,7.255],[7.195,7.241],[7.142,7.226],[7.091,7.213],[7.044,7.2],[7,7.188],[6.959,7.177],[6.922,7.167],[6.889,7.158],[6.858,7.15],[6.831,7.142],[6.808,7.136],[6.788,7.131],[6.771,7.126],[6.757,7.122],[6.747,7.12],[6.74,7.118],[6.737,7.117]],"label":"From Apa to Idah","by":"Idoma clans","when":"c. 1500","refs":[],"color":"#5c4a38"},{"kind":"migration","path":[[6.737,7.117],[6.739,7.12],[6.744,7.126],[6.75,7.135],[6.759,7.148],[6.77,7.163],[6.783,7.181],[6.799,7.203],[6.816,7.227],[6.836,7.255],[6.858,7.285],[6.882,7.319],[6.909,7.356],[6.937,7.395],[6.968,7.438],[7.001,7.484],[7.036,7.533],[7.073,7.581],[7.112,7.627],[7.153,7.673],[7.196,7.717],[7.241,7.761],[7.288,7.803],[7.336,7.844],[7.387,7.884],[7.439,7.922],[7.494,7.96],[7.55,7.997],[7.608,8.032],[7.668,8.066],[7.731,8.099],[7.795,8.131],[7.86,8.162],[7.922,8.191],[7.98,8.218],[8.034,8.243],[8.083,8.266],[8.128,8.287],[8.17,8.306],[8.207,8.324],[8.24,8.339],[8.268,8.353],[8.293,8.364],[8.314,8.374],[8.33,8.381],[8.343,8.387],[8.351,8.391],[8.355,8.393]],"label":"After a power struggle at Idah, the Alago ancestors go north to Doma","by":"Idoma clans","when":"c. 1625","refs":[],"color":"#5c4a38"}],"moments":[{"when":"c. 1650","title":"Igumale","text":"Igumale is among the western Idoma kingdoms founded around 1650. It later took its ruler’s staff from the Attah.","at":{"name":"Igumale","point":[7.9641,6.7784]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"refs":[]},{"when":"c. 1650","title":"Agila","text":"Agila, in today’s Ado, is founded in the same wave.","at":{"name":"Agila","point":[7.9207,6.7619]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"refs":[]},{"when":"c. 1650","title":"Ugboju","text":"Ugboju, led by Edor the great, became the nucleus for later groups such as Okpiko and Onyagede.","at":{"name":"Ugboju","point":[8.0531,7.3515]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"refs":[]},{"when":"c. 1650","title":"Adoka","text":"Adoka is founded in the same wave.","at":{"name":"Adoka","point":[7.9439,7.4768]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"refs":[]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["kwararafa","igala"],"bounds":[6.737,6.7619,9.78,8.393],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Dates and routes follow one published timeline of Idoma history; Idoma clans tell their migrations in many versions.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"okopi-idoma-timeline","citation":"Okopi, Jonathan. Timeline of Idoma History (from pre-history to 1960). Opinion Nigeria","url":"https://www.opinionnigeria.com/timeline-of-idoma-history-from-pre-history-to-1960-by-okopi-jonathan/","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-doc1","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Owner's notes on the reach of Igala, Benin, Oyo and Aro, the British conquests, and migrations (hintsPrompts/doc1.md)","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Find an academic source for the Idoma migrations (for example Erim, Idoma Nationality 1600–1900, 1981) before publishing."]},{"id":"kisoki-against-bornu","name":"Kisoki throws off Bornu","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1509,"yearLabel":"reign of Muhammad Kisoki (1509–1565)","until":1565,"actors":[{"name":"Kano","polity":"kano","side":"attacker","color":"#b07a2a"},{"name":"Bornu","polity":"kanem-bornu","side":"defender","color":"#9c5a2c"}],"summary":{"text":"Kano had paid tribute to Bornu since Abdullahi Burja. While Songhai and Bornu were torn by internal strife, Muhammad Kisoki marched into Bornu, then beat off the mai's counter-attack, ending Bornu's overlordship. The Kano Chronicle credits him with ruling “all Hausaland, east and west, north and south”.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[8.52,12],[8.608,12.057],[8.696,12.113],[8.784,12.167],[8.874,12.219],[8.963,12.27],[9.053,12.319],[9.143,12.367],[9.234,12.414],[9.325,12.458],[9.417,12.502],[9.509,12.543],[9.601,12.583],[9.694,12.622],[9.788,12.659],[9.881,12.695],[9.976,12.729],[10.07,12.761],[10.165,12.792],[10.261,12.821],[10.357,12.849],[10.453,12.876],[10.55,12.9],[10.647,12.924],[10.745,12.945],[10.843,12.965],[10.942,12.984],[11.041,13.001],[11.14,13.017],[11.24,13.031],[11.34,13.043],[11.441,13.054],[11.542,13.063],[11.644,13.071],[11.746,13.078],[11.848,13.082],[11.951,13.085],[12.054,13.087],[12.158,13.087],[12.262,13.086],[12.367,13.083]],"label":"Kisoki's expedition into Bornu","by":"Kano","note":"Start and Bornu's capital only; how far he went is not recorded.","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#b07a2a"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[12.367,13.083],[12.279,13.026],[12.191,12.97],[12.103,12.916],[12.013,12.864],[11.924,12.813],[11.834,12.764],[11.744,12.716],[11.653,12.669],[11.562,12.625],[11.47,12.581],[11.378,12.54],[11.286,12.5],[11.193,12.461],[11.099,12.424],[11.006,12.388],[10.911,12.354],[10.817,12.322],[10.722,12.291],[10.626,12.262],[10.53,12.234],[10.434,12.207],[10.337,12.183],[10.24,12.159],[10.142,12.138],[10.044,12.118],[9.945,12.099],[9.846,12.082],[9.747,12.066],[9.647,12.052],[9.547,12.04],[9.446,12.029],[9.345,12.02],[9.243,12.012],[9.141,12.005],[9.039,12.001],[8.936,11.998],[8.833,11.996],[8.729,11.996],[8.625,11.997],[8.52,12]],"label":"The mai's reprisal, beaten off","by":"Bornu","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#9c5a2c"}],"moments":[{"when":"1509–1565","title":"Bornu's reprisal fails","text":"The mai marches on Kano and is decisively repelled.","at":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["kano","kanem-bornu"],"bounds":[8.52,12,12.367,13.083],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-muhammad-kisoki","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muhammad Kisoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Kisoki","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"palmer-1908-kano-chronicle","citation":"Palmer, H. R. (translator). (1908). The Kano Chronicle. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 38: 58–98","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["Bornu's chronicles have not been checked for this war; the Kano account may flatter Kisoki."]},{"id":"songhai-over-katsina","name":"Songhai rules Katsina","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1512,"yearLabel":"1512–1554","until":1554,"actors":[{"name":"Songhai","side":"attacker","color":"#9a6a2a"},{"name":"Katsina","polity":"katsina","side":"defender","color":"#7d5aa6"}],"summary":{"text":"Askia Muhammad, the first Askia of Songhai, conquered Katsina in 1512, and it became a vassal of Gao. Scholars from Timbuktu came with the conquest. Katsina won its freedom in 1554 at Karfata, where 400 horsemen of the Lipti country met a Songhai detachment of 24 riders under the Hi-Koi Ali Dudo, sent by Askia Daud. After a long and bloody fight the Katsinawa killed 15, including the Hi-Koi, and so admired the nine wounded survivors that they nursed them and sent them home, saying such men did not deserve to die.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[-0.04,16.27],[0.177,16.248],[0.392,16.222],[0.606,16.194],[0.818,16.162],[1.03,16.127],[1.24,16.09],[1.449,16.049],[1.656,16.005],[1.862,15.958],[2.067,15.908],[2.27,15.855],[2.472,15.799],[2.673,15.74],[2.873,15.678],[3.071,15.613],[3.268,15.545],[3.463,15.473],[3.658,15.399],[3.851,15.322],[4.042,15.241],[4.233,15.158],[4.422,15.071],[4.609,14.981],[4.796,14.889],[4.981,14.793],[5.165,14.694],[5.347,14.592],[5.528,14.487],[5.708,14.379],[5.887,14.268],[6.064,14.154],[6.24,14.037],[6.415,13.917],[6.588,13.794],[6.76,13.667],[6.93,13.538],[7.1,13.406],[7.268,13.27],[7.435,13.132],[7.6,12.99]],"label":"Askia Muhammad's conquest (1512)","by":"Songhai","note":"From Gao; the route is not recorded.","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#9a6a2a"}],"moments":[{"when":"1512","title":"Katsina conquered","text":"Katsina becomes a vassal of Gao.","at":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"mark":"captured","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1554","title":"The battle of Karfata","text":"400 Katsina horsemen beat 24 Songhai riders and win back the kingdom's freedom.","mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["katsina"],"bounds":[-0.04,12.99,7.6,16.27],"refs":[1],"confidence":"high","note":"Karfata has not been located, so the battle is told but not drawn.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-history-of-katsina","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Katsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Katsina","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"igala-benin-war","name":"The Igala–Benin war","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1515,"yearLabel":"1515–1516","until":1530,"actors":[{"name":"Igala Kingdom","polity":"igala","side":"attacker","color":"#c9822a"},{"name":"Kingdom of Benin","polity":"benin","side":"defender","color":"#8e2f3c"},{"name":"Portuguese musketeers","side":"ally","color":"#5c4a38"}],"summary":{"text":"An Igala army crossed the Niger and marched on Benin. Oba Esigie’s whole war council took the field, Queen Mother Idia raised her own troops, and Portuguese musketeers fought on Benin’s side. After about two years of war in northern Benin country, the Igala forces were driven back across the Niger to Idah. Igala tradition does not count it a defeat: the army came home, Benin never crossed the river, and the Attah stayed free of Benin, owing it no tribute. Benin remembers a victory, and the war did end Igala advances west of the river; Benin kept the bank opposite Idah.","refs":[1,5,4,3,2],"confidence":"disputed"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.737,7.117],[6.737,7.117],[6.736,7.117],[6.735,7.116],[6.734,7.116],[6.732,7.115],[6.731,7.114],[6.729,7.113],[6.726,7.112],[6.723,7.11],[6.72,7.109],[6.717,7.107],[6.714,7.106],[6.71,7.104],[6.705,7.102],[6.701,7.1],[6.696,7.097],[6.69,7.094],[6.683,7.089],[6.675,7.084],[6.666,7.077],[6.655,7.069],[6.644,7.059],[6.631,7.049],[6.618,7.038],[6.603,7.025],[6.587,7.011],[6.57,6.996],[6.552,6.98],[6.533,6.963],[6.513,6.945],[6.491,6.925],[6.469,6.905],[6.446,6.884],[6.424,6.864],[6.401,6.844],[6.379,6.823],[6.357,6.803],[6.335,6.783],[6.312,6.764],[6.29,6.744],[6.268,6.724],[6.246,6.705],[6.224,6.686],[6.202,6.666],[6.18,6.647],[6.158,6.628],[6.136,6.609],[6.114,6.591],[6.092,6.573],[6.071,6.555],[6.049,6.539],[6.028,6.523],[6.006,6.508],[5.985,6.493],[5.964,6.48],[5.943,6.467],[5.922,6.454],[5.901,6.443],[5.88,6.432],[5.86,6.422],[5.839,6.413],[5.819,6.404],[5.799,6.396],[5.778,6.389],[5.759,6.382],[5.742,6.376],[5.725,6.37],[5.71,6.365],[5.696,6.36],[5.684,6.355],[5.672,6.351],[5.662,6.348],[5.653,6.344],[5.646,6.342],[5.64,6.339],[5.635,6.338],[5.631,6.336],[5.628,6.335],[5.627,6.335]],"label":"The Igala army crosses the Niger and marches on Benin","by":"Igala Kingdom","note":"The route is not recorded; the line joins the crossing opposite Idah to Benin City.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[],"color":"#c9822a"},{"kind":"alliance","path":[[5.43,6.24],[5.434,6.244],[5.438,6.248],[5.443,6.251],[5.447,6.255],[5.451,6.259],[5.456,6.262],[5.46,6.266],[5.465,6.269],[5.469,6.272],[5.474,6.276],[5.478,6.279],[5.483,6.282],[5.487,6.285],[5.492,6.288],[5.497,6.29],[5.502,6.293],[5.506,6.296],[5.511,6.298],[5.516,6.301],[5.521,6.303],[5.526,6.306],[5.531,6.308],[5.536,6.31],[5.541,6.312],[5.546,6.314],[5.551,6.316],[5.556,6.318],[5.562,6.32],[5.567,6.321],[5.572,6.323],[5.577,6.325],[5.583,6.326],[5.588,6.327],[5.594,6.329],[5.599,6.33],[5.605,6.331],[5.61,6.332],[5.616,6.333],[5.621,6.334],[5.627,6.335]],"label":"Portuguese musketeers join Oba Esigie’s army","by":"Portuguese musketeers","refs":[],"color":"#5c4a38"},{"kind":"retreat","path":[[5.95,6.5],[5.952,6.501],[5.955,6.504],[5.959,6.508],[5.966,6.514],[5.973,6.521],[5.983,6.529],[5.994,6.538],[6.006,6.549],[6.02,6.562],[6.036,6.575],[6.053,6.59],[6.072,6.607],[6.092,6.624],[6.114,6.644],[6.138,6.664],[6.163,6.686],[6.187,6.707],[6.211,6.728],[6.235,6.749],[6.259,6.769],[6.282,6.788],[6.305,6.807],[6.328,6.826],[6.35,6.844],[6.372,6.862],[6.393,6.879],[6.414,6.896],[6.435,6.912],[6.456,6.928],[6.476,6.943],[6.495,6.958],[6.515,6.972],[6.533,6.986],[6.551,6.999],[6.567,7.011],[6.583,7.022],[6.598,7.033],[6.612,7.043],[6.625,7.052],[6.637,7.06],[6.648,7.068],[6.658,7.074],[6.668,7.081],[6.676,7.086],[6.684,7.09],[6.69,7.094],[6.696,7.097],[6.701,7.1],[6.705,7.102],[6.71,7.104],[6.714,7.106],[6.717,7.107],[6.72,7.109],[6.723,7.11],[6.726,7.112],[6.729,7.113],[6.731,7.114],[6.732,7.115],[6.734,7.116],[6.735,7.116],[6.736,7.117],[6.737,7.117],[6.737,7.117]],"label":"The Igala forces are driven back to Idah","by":"Igala Kingdom","refs":[1,2],"color":"#c9822a"}],"moments":[{"when":"1515","title":"The Attah musters the kingdom","text":"Every part of the kingdom sends fighters and food; women sworn to the army cook for the warriors. Igala tradition remembers the cause as an insult at court; Benin’s historian Egharevba tells of a noble, the Oliha, who set the two kings against each other.","at":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.737,7.117]},"mark":"camp","colonial":false,"refs":[3,4]},{"when":"1515","title":"Benin takes the field","text":"The danger is so great that Benin’s war council goes out together. Queen Mother Idia raises troops of her own, and Oba Esigie hires Portuguese musketeers.","at":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"mark":"camp","colonial":false,"refs":[1,5]},{"when":"1516","title":"Driven back to Idah","text":"A servant of Idia kills the Igala general, and Benin’s archers and Portuguese guns stop the advance. The Igala forces fall back across the Niger to Idah. Benin tells it as a victory, and the Attah says the war drums the Igala left behind are still kept in Benin; Igala memory tells of an army driven home, not a kingdom defeated. The battlefield itself is not recorded.","mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"disputed","refs":[1,3,2]},{"when":"After the war","title":"Survivors in the marshes","text":"Tradition says survivors who dared not face the Attah settled the marshy riverbanks south of Idah, and that their descendants are the Ibaji, the people of the riverside.","at":{"name":"Ibaji marshes, south of Idah (approximate)","point":[6.78,6.93]},"mark":"flight","colonial":false,"confidence":"disputed","refs":[3]},{"when":"After the war","title":"Benin takes the bank opposite Idah","text":"Agenebode, across the Niger from Idah, was Igala land before the war and through it, on the owner’s account: it was lost only when the Igala army, after two years of pushing into northern Benin territory, was driven back across the river. Benin tradition remembers founding it as a garrison: its name is read as Edo Ago-ni-ba-ode, “camp of the guard”, and Okwoli and Omachi (cited by Shaibu) say towns such as Agenebode grew up under Benin to check further Igala crossings. The owner’s notes also record Agenebode paying allegiance to Igala at other times; the frontier changed hands.","at":{"name":"Agenebode","point":[6.6908,7.1155]},"mark":"garrison","colonial":false,"confidence":"disputed","refs":[6,7,8,3,9]},{"when":"1515–1516","title":"A war camp at Igueben","text":"By Christopher Okojie's account, Igueben in Esanland grew around a camp set up during the war.","at":{"name":"Igueben","point":[6.236,6.603]},"mark":"camp","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[10]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["igala","benin"],"bounds":[5.43,6.24,6.78,7.117],"refs":[1,5,4,3,11,10,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"The war’s length and the Portuguese part rest on a letter of Duarte Pacheco Pereira, as cited by Wikipedia. Shaibu dates the conflict 1515–1556 in a heading but 1515–1516 in the text.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-igala-benin-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igala–Benin War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igala%E2%80%93Benin_War","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"owner-2026-10-10-benin-war","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: the Igala–Benin war was not an Igala defeat; the Igala forces were driven back to Idah","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"shaibu-2024","citation":"Shaibu, Margaret Aladi. (2024). Warfares and Weaponry of Pre-Colonial Igala Land 1500–1900: A Historical Analysis. NIU Journal of Humanities 9(3): 49–63","url":"https://www.kampalajournals.ac.ug/ojs/index.php/niuhums/article/download/1951/2730","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"egharevba-1968","citation":"Egharevba, Jacob. (1968). A Short History of Benin (4th edition). Ibadan University Press","checked":false},{"n":5,"id":"ryder-1969","citation":"Ryder, A. F. C. (1969). Benin and the Europeans, 1485–1897. Longmans, London","checked":false},{"n":6,"id":"owner-2026-10-08-agenebode","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: before and during the Igala–Benin war Agenebode was Igala land; it was lost when the Igala forces were pushed back after two years of pushing into northern Benin territory","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-agenebode","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Agenebode was Igala land before the Igala–Benin war, after which Benin took it","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-agenebode","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Agenebode (name from Edo Ago-ni-ba-ode, “camp of the guard”; Uwanno people tracing descent to Benin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenebode","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-doc1","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Owner's notes on the reach of Igala, Benin, Oyo and Aro, the British conquests, and migrations (hintsPrompts/doc1.md)","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-igueben","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igueben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igueben","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"yusufu-2020","citation":"Yusufu, Abdullahi Musa. (2020). Historicizing the Myriad of Traditions on the Origin of Igala of Central Nigeria. FUWukari Journal of Politics and Development 4(2): 87–99","url":"https://www.fuwjpd.com.ng/download-pdf-article/82","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The owner asked (2026-10-10) that the war not be told as an Igala defeat: the Igala forces were driven back to Idah. Benin sources and Wikipedia call it a Benin victory. Both are told; the outcome is marked disputed."]},{"id":"kanta-revolt","name":"Kanta's revolt against Songhai","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1516,"yearLabel":"1516–1537","until":1540,"actors":[{"name":"Kebbi","polity":"kebbi","side":"attacker","color":"#8a6d3b"},{"name":"Songhai","side":"defender","color":"#9a6a2a"}],"summary":{"text":"Kanta, a captain in Askia Muhammad's conquest of Hausaland, marched with the Songhai army against Aïr in 1515. When he asked the dendi-fari for his share of the spoils he was told he would be treated as a rebel. “Good,” said his men, “we will be treated as rebels as well as you.” The Askia's army sent in 1517 was beaten, and when Askia Muhammad Benkan (1531–1537) tried again his army was scattered and he barely escaped with his life. The Tarikh al-Sudan says no Askia tried again.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[-0.04,16.27],[0.097,16.209],[0.232,16.147],[0.365,16.082],[0.498,16.017],[0.628,15.949],[0.757,15.88],[0.885,15.808],[1.011,15.736],[1.136,15.661],[1.259,15.585],[1.38,15.507],[1.5,15.427],[1.619,15.346],[1.736,15.263],[1.852,15.178],[1.966,15.091],[2.078,15.003],[2.189,14.913],[2.299,14.822],[2.407,14.728],[2.513,14.633],[2.618,14.536],[2.722,14.438],[2.824,14.337],[2.924,14.236],[3.023,14.132],[3.12,14.026],[3.216,13.919],[3.311,13.81],[3.404,13.7],[3.495,13.588],[3.585,13.474],[3.673,13.358],[3.76,13.241],[3.846,13.121],[3.93,13.001],[4.012,12.878],[4.093,12.754],[4.172,12.628],[4.25,12.5]],"label":"Songhai armies against Kebbi (1517, 1530s)","by":"Songhai","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2],"color":"#9a6a2a"}],"moments":[{"when":"1515","title":"The spoils of Aïr","text":"Kanta's share of the plunder from Agadez is refused.","at":{"name":"Agadez","point":[7.99,16.97]},"mark":"loot","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1517","title":"Songhai beaten","text":"The army sent to punish Kanta is defeated.","at":{"name":"Leka (approximate)","point":[4.25,12.5]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[2]},{"when":"1531–1537","title":"Askia Benkan routed","text":"The Askia's army is scattered pell-mell.","at":{"name":"Surame","point":[4.899,13.088]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[2,1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["kebbi"],"bounds":[-0.04,12.5,7.99,16.97],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kanta-kotal","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kanta Kotal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanta_Kotal","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kebbi-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Kebbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebbi_Kingdom","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bornu-siege-of-surame","name":"Bornu besieges Surame","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1530,"yearLabel":"Kanta's reign (c. 1530–1561)","until":1561,"actors":[{"name":"Bornu","polity":"kanem-bornu","side":"attacker","color":"#9c5a2c"},{"name":"Kebbi","polity":"kebbi","side":"defender","color":"#8a6d3b"}],"summary":{"text":"Bornu, once overlord of Hausaland, saw Kanta's empire as a threat to its hold on the Saharan trade. A Bornu army chased Kanta's forces across Hausaland to Surame and besieged it. When the Bornu commander prepared his final assault, he saw the walls lined with defenders grinning at him. Many were dead men, propped up with their lips slit. Believing the Kebbawa far stronger than he thought, he lifted the siege: the origin of the Hausa saying “dariya ba loto”, laughter without end. In another battle Mai Muhammad is said to have fielded 100,000 men. Kanta died of a wound taken near Katsina on his own campaign against Bornu.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[12.367,13.083],[12.352,13.079],[12.322,13.07],[12.277,13.058],[12.217,13.041],[12.142,13.02],[12.051,12.994],[11.946,12.965],[11.826,12.931],[11.691,12.893],[11.54,12.85],[11.375,12.804],[11.195,12.753],[11,12.698],[10.789,12.639],[10.564,12.575],[10.323,12.508],[10.084,12.448],[9.845,12.398],[9.607,12.355],[9.37,12.322],[9.134,12.296],[8.899,12.28],[8.665,12.271],[8.432,12.271],[8.199,12.28],[7.967,12.297],[7.737,12.323],[7.507,12.357],[7.278,12.399],[7.05,12.45],[6.823,12.51],[6.596,12.578],[6.384,12.642],[6.186,12.701],[6.002,12.756],[5.833,12.807],[5.677,12.854],[5.536,12.897],[5.408,12.935],[5.295,12.969],[5.196,12.999],[5.111,13.024],[5.04,13.046],[4.984,13.062],[4.941,13.075],[4.913,13.084],[4.899,13.088]],"label":"Bornu's army across Hausaland to Surame","by":"Bornu","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#9c5a2c"},{"kind":"retreat","path":[[4.899,13.088],[5.086,13.146],[5.272,13.201],[5.459,13.253],[5.646,13.303],[5.833,13.349],[6.019,13.392],[6.206,13.432],[6.393,13.469],[6.58,13.504],[6.766,13.535],[6.953,13.563],[7.14,13.588],[7.326,13.611],[7.513,13.63],[7.7,13.646],[7.887,13.66],[8.073,13.67],[8.26,13.677],[8.447,13.682],[8.633,13.683],[8.82,13.681],[9.007,13.677],[9.193,13.669],[9.38,13.659],[9.567,13.645],[9.754,13.628],[9.94,13.609],[10.127,13.586],[10.314,13.561],[10.5,13.532],[10.687,13.501],[10.874,13.466],[11.06,13.429],[11.247,13.388],[11.434,13.345],[11.62,13.299],[11.807,13.249],[11.994,13.197],[12.18,13.141],[12.367,13.083]],"label":"The siege lifted","by":"Bornu","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#9c5a2c"}],"moments":[{"when":"Reign of Idris Katakarmabi or Ali II","title":"Laughter without end","text":"The Bornu commander turns back from walls lined with grinning dead.","at":{"name":"Surame","point":[4.899,13.088]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"disputed","refs":[1]},{"when":"1550s","title":"Kanta's last campaign","text":"Wounded near Katsina fighting Bornu, Kanta dies on the way home; his men build false tombs to hide his grave.","at":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["kanem-bornu","kebbi"],"bounds":[4.899,12,12.367,13.088],"refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kanta-kotal","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kanta Kotal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanta_Kotal","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The grinning-dead story is tradition; Bornu sources have not been checked."]},{"id":"tsoede-up-the-niger","name":"Tsoede goes up the Niger","kind":"migration","status":"published","year":1531,"yearLabel":"c. 1531 (tradition)","until":1560,"actors":[{"name":"Tsoede (Edegi)","polity":"nupe","side":"migrant","color":"#2a7a7a"},{"name":"Igala Kingdom","polity":"igala","side":"origin","color":"#c9822a"}],"summary":{"text":"Nupe tradition makes Tsoede (Edegi) a son of an Attah of Idah and a Nupe mother. Threatened at the Igala court, he escaped up the Niger with regalia from Idah, bronze figures, chains and drums, and united the Nupe chiefdoms into one kingdom with its capital at Gbara.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"migration","path":[[6.737,7.117],[6.737,7.118],[6.737,7.121],[6.736,7.125],[6.736,7.13],[6.735,7.137],[6.735,7.144],[6.734,7.153],[6.733,7.164],[6.732,7.176],[6.731,7.189],[6.73,7.203],[6.729,7.218],[6.727,7.235],[6.726,7.254],[6.724,7.273],[6.723,7.294],[6.721,7.315],[6.72,7.336],[6.719,7.357],[6.718,7.378],[6.718,7.399],[6.717,7.42],[6.717,7.441],[6.717,7.463],[6.717,7.484],[6.718,7.506],[6.719,7.527],[6.72,7.549],[6.721,7.571],[6.722,7.592],[6.724,7.614],[6.726,7.636],[6.727,7.659],[6.726,7.683],[6.724,7.709],[6.721,7.735],[6.717,7.763],[6.711,7.792],[6.704,7.822],[6.696,7.853],[6.687,7.886],[6.676,7.919],[6.664,7.954],[6.651,7.99],[6.637,8.027],[6.621,8.065],[6.604,8.105],[6.586,8.145],[6.567,8.185],[6.548,8.224],[6.529,8.263],[6.509,8.3],[6.489,8.337],[6.468,8.373],[6.447,8.408],[6.425,8.442],[6.403,8.476],[6.381,8.509],[6.358,8.541],[6.335,8.572],[6.311,8.602],[6.287,8.632],[6.263,8.661],[6.238,8.689],[6.214,8.715],[6.192,8.74],[6.172,8.763],[6.153,8.784],[6.136,8.803],[6.12,8.821],[6.106,8.837],[6.094,8.851],[6.083,8.863],[6.073,8.874],[6.066,8.882],[6.059,8.889],[6.055,8.895],[6.052,8.898],[6.05,8.9]],"label":"Tsoede’s flight up the Niger, in tradition by bronze canoe","by":"Tsoede (Edegi)","refs":[],"color":"#2a7a7a"}],"moments":[{"when":"c. 1531","title":"Tsoede leaves Idah","text":"Raised at the Attah’s court, Tsoede flees upriver when his half-brothers turn against him, taking regalia that the Nupe still treat as sacred.","at":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.737,7.117]},"mark":"flight","colonial":false,"refs":[]},{"when":"c. 1531","title":"The Nupe kingdom founded","text":"At Gbara (Nupeko) he unites the Nupe chiefdoms under one king, the Etsu. Tradition credits him with bringing kingship and bronze casting from Idah.","at":{"name":"Gbara (Nupe court)","point":[6.05,8.9]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"refs":[]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["nupe","igala"],"bounds":[6.05,7.117,6.74,8.9],"refs":[1,2,3,4],"confidence":"medium","note":"A founding tradition. Nupe king lists give 1531 for Tsoede; other writers place him in the 15th century.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"nadel-1942","citation":"Nadel, S. F. (1942). A Black Byzantium: The Kingdom of Nupe in Nigeria. Oxford University Press for the International African Institute","checked":false},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-tsoede","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Tsoede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsoede","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"lasttribes-igala","citation":"101 Last Tribes. Igala (tribal profile: extent at its height, vassals at Panda, Igu and Kakanda, the Tsoede tradition)","url":"https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/igala.html","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-doc1","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Owner's notes on the reach of Igala, Benin, Oyo and Aro, the British conquests, and migrations (hintsPrompts/doc1.md)","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The Nupe polity file starts its story with Tsoede in 1450, while this event follows the king-list date of 1531. One of the two should change once the owner chooses a chronology."]},{"id":"oyo-exile-igboho","name":"Oyo’s court in exile","kind":"migration","status":"published","year":1535,"yearLabel":"c. 1535–1610","until":1612,"actors":[{"name":"Nupe","polity":"nupe","side":"attacker","color":"#2a7a7a"},{"name":"The Alaafin’s court","polity":"oyo","side":"migrant","color":"#2e5c8a"}],"summary":{"text":"Around 1535 the Nupe sacked Oyo-Ile and the ruling house fled, first to Borgu and then to a capital in exile at Igboho. For some eighty years Oyo was an exiled dynasty, until Alaafin Abipa brought the court home in the early 17th century.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.05,8.9],[6.047,8.901],[6.04,8.902],[6.03,8.905],[6.017,8.908],[6,8.912],[5.98,8.916],[5.957,8.922],[5.93,8.928],[5.901,8.935],[5.867,8.943],[5.831,8.952],[5.791,8.961],[5.748,8.971],[5.701,8.982],[5.652,8.994],[5.598,9.006],[5.545,9.017],[5.492,9.027],[5.438,9.036],[5.384,9.044],[5.33,9.05],[5.276,9.055],[5.222,9.058],[5.167,9.061],[5.113,9.062],[5.058,9.061],[5.003,9.06],[4.948,9.057],[4.893,9.053],[4.837,9.048],[4.782,9.041],[4.726,9.033],[4.674,9.026],[4.625,9.019],[4.579,9.013],[4.538,9.007],[4.499,9.002],[4.464,8.997],[4.433,8.992],[4.405,8.988],[4.381,8.985],[4.36,8.982],[4.342,8.98],[4.328,8.978],[4.318,8.976],[4.311,8.975],[4.308,8.975]],"label":"The Nupe sack Oyo-Ile","by":"Nupe","refs":[],"color":"#2a7a7a"},{"kind":"migration","path":[[4.308,8.975],[4.306,8.977],[4.303,8.982],[4.299,8.989],[4.294,8.999],[4.287,9.011],[4.278,9.026],[4.268,9.043],[4.257,9.063],[4.245,9.085],[4.231,9.109],[4.215,9.136],[4.199,9.165],[4.18,9.197],[4.161,9.231],[4.14,9.268],[4.118,9.307],[4.096,9.342],[4.074,9.373],[4.053,9.4],[4.032,9.423],[4.012,9.442],[3.992,9.457],[3.973,9.468],[3.954,9.475],[3.935,9.478],[3.917,9.477],[3.9,9.472],[3.882,9.463],[3.865,9.45],[3.849,9.433],[3.833,9.413],[3.817,9.388],[3.803,9.363],[3.789,9.338],[3.777,9.313],[3.766,9.289],[3.757,9.264],[3.748,9.24],[3.741,9.216],[3.734,9.192],[3.729,9.168],[3.725,9.144],[3.723,9.12],[3.721,9.097],[3.721,9.073],[3.721,9.05],[3.723,9.027],[3.727,9.003],[3.729,8.982],[3.732,8.962],[3.735,8.943],[3.737,8.925],[3.739,8.909],[3.741,8.895],[3.743,8.882],[3.745,8.87],[3.746,8.86],[3.747,8.852],[3.748,8.844],[3.749,8.839],[3.749,8.834],[3.75,8.831],[3.75,8.83]],"label":"The court flees to Borgu, then settles at Igboho","by":"The Alaafin’s court","when":"c. 1535","refs":[],"color":"#2e5c8a"},{"kind":"migration","path":[[3.75,8.83],[3.763,8.838],[3.776,8.846],[3.789,8.853],[3.802,8.861],[3.815,8.868],[3.828,8.874],[3.841,8.881],[3.854,8.887],[3.867,8.894],[3.881,8.9],[3.894,8.905],[3.908,8.911],[3.921,8.916],[3.935,8.921],[3.948,8.926],[3.962,8.931],[3.976,8.935],[3.989,8.939],[4.003,8.943],[4.017,8.947],[4.031,8.95],[4.045,8.954],[4.059,8.957],[4.073,8.96],[4.088,8.962],[4.102,8.965],[4.116,8.967],[4.131,8.969],[4.145,8.97],[4.159,8.972],[4.174,8.973],[4.189,8.974],[4.203,8.975],[4.218,8.976],[4.233,8.976],[4.248,8.976],[4.262,8.976],[4.277,8.976],[4.292,8.975],[4.308,8.975]],"label":"Alaafin Abipa returns the court to Oyo-Ile","by":"The Alaafin’s court","when":"c. 1610","refs":[],"color":"#2e5c8a"}],"moments":[{"when":"c. 1535","title":"Oyo-Ile sacked","text":"The Nupe take and sack the capital.","at":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"mark":"burned","colonial":false,"refs":[]},{"when":"c. 1535–1610","title":"Igboho, the capital in exile","text":"Igboho serves as the capital for the exiled dynasty; tradition says four Alaafin are buried there.","at":{"name":"Igboho","point":[3.75,8.83]},"mark":"camp","colonial":false,"refs":[]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["nupe","oyo"],"bounds":[3.7,8.83,6.05,9.6],"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"The refuge in Borgu is placed approximately.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-oyo-empire","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Oyo Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"law-1977","citation":"Law, Robin. (1977). The Oyo Empire, c. 1600 – c. 1836: A West African Imperialism in the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade. Clarendon Press, Oxford","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"smith-1988","citation":"Smith, Robert S. (1988). Kingdoms of the Yoruba (3rd edition). University of Wisconsin Press / James Currey","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"eri-from-igala","name":"Eri comes down from Igala","kind":"migration","status":"published","year":1550,"yearLabel":"c. 1550–1650 by Idigo’s reckoning; other accounts far earlier","until":1600,"actors":[{"name":"Eri and his followers","polity":"nri","side":"migrant","color":"#7a5c99"},{"name":"Igala Kingdom","polity":"igala","side":"origin","color":"#c9822a"}],"summary":{"text":"Prince M. C. M. Idigo of the Aguleri royal family wrote in his History of Aguleri (1955) that the Aguleri people came from Igala. Their leader Eri was an Igala warrior who came to the Anambra valley with his followers on a military expedition and set up his war camp at Eri-aka, near the Odanduli stream. That was three or four centuries before Idigo wrote. The colonial ethnographer C. K. Meek (1937) heard the same from the northern Umueri towns: the clan was founded by a man called Eri who came from the Igala country. Meek also recorded that Aguleri’s ruling family descends from Aguve, who was given the title of Eze by the Attah at Idah. Eri’s children founded the Umueri towns: Agulu founded Aguleri, Menri founded Nri, Onugu founded Igbariam and Ogbodulu founded Amanuke, and his daughter Iguedo was the mother of Nteje, Awkuzu, Ogbunike, Umuleri, Nando and Ogboli in Onitsha. Igala elders tell it the same way from Idah: they remember an Attah Eri whose sons left Idah and founded Aguleri and the towns around it. Other traditions disagree. Nri, Igbariam and Amanuke say Eri came down from the sky, sent by Chukwu, and some Aguleri writers say instead that Eri’s son founded Igala.","refs":[2,6,7,3,8,1,4,9,10],"confidence":"disputed"},"routes":[{"kind":"migration","path":[[6.877,6.326],[6.879,6.323],[6.882,6.321],[6.885,6.318],[6.887,6.315],[6.89,6.313],[6.893,6.31],[6.895,6.307],[6.898,6.304],[6.9,6.302],[6.902,6.299],[6.905,6.296],[6.907,6.293],[6.909,6.29],[6.911,6.287],[6.913,6.284],[6.916,6.281],[6.918,6.278],[6.92,6.275],[6.921,6.272],[6.923,6.269],[6.925,6.266],[6.927,6.262],[6.929,6.259],[6.93,6.256],[6.932,6.253],[6.933,6.249],[6.935,6.246],[6.936,6.243],[6.938,6.239],[6.939,6.236],[6.94,6.232],[6.942,6.229],[6.943,6.225],[6.944,6.222],[6.945,6.218],[6.946,6.215],[6.947,6.211],[6.948,6.207],[6.949,6.204],[6.95,6.2]],"label":"Nri, Eri’s son, goes out to found his own kingdom","by":"Eri and his followers","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#7a5c99"},{"kind":"migration","path":[[6.877,6.326],[6.878,6.326],[6.879,6.327],[6.88,6.327],[6.881,6.327],[6.882,6.328],[6.883,6.328],[6.884,6.329],[6.885,6.329],[6.886,6.329],[6.887,6.329],[6.888,6.33],[6.889,6.33],[6.89,6.33],[6.891,6.33],[6.892,6.331],[6.894,6.331],[6.895,6.331],[6.896,6.331],[6.897,6.331],[6.898,6.331],[6.899,6.331],[6.9,6.332],[6.901,6.332],[6.902,6.332],[6.903,6.332],[6.904,6.332],[6.906,6.332],[6.907,6.332],[6.908,6.332],[6.909,6.332],[6.91,6.331],[6.911,6.331],[6.912,6.331],[6.913,6.331],[6.914,6.331],[6.916,6.331],[6.917,6.331],[6.918,6.33],[6.919,6.33],[6.92,6.33]],"label":"Onugu founds Igbariam","by":"Eri and his followers","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#7a5c99"}],"moments":[{"when":"Three or four centuries before 1955","title":"The war camp at Eri-aka","text":"Eri, an Igala warrior from Idah, comes with his followers on a military expedition and makes his camp at Eri-aka, near the Odanduli stream. Aguleri, the town his son Agulu founds here, is of Igala origin by this account. His shrine, Obu Uga (Obu-Gad), stands in Enugwu Aguleri, and each new Eze Nri comes to sit on Eri’s throne there before he is crowned.","at":{"name":"Aguleri (Eri-aka)","point":[6.8765,6.3258]},"mark":"camp","colonial":false,"confidence":"disputed","refs":[2,3,4,5]},{"when":"Recorded 1937","title":"The title from Idah","text":"Meek records that the ruling families of Aguleri descend from Aguve, who was given the title of Eze by the Attah at Idah.","at":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.737,7.117]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":false,"confidence":"disputed","refs":[6,3]},{"when":"In tradition","title":"Nri","text":"Nri (Menri), Eri’s son, leaves his father’s camp and founds his own kingdom at Agukwu Nri, while Agulu stays at Aguleri. Nri’s priest-kings carry Eri’s line and ritual authority across Igboland, and each new Eze Nri still comes back to sit on Eri’s throne at Aguleri. Nri itself may be far older than this date.","at":{"name":"Nri","point":[6.95,6.2]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1,5]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["nri","igala"],"bounds":[6.737,6.2,6.95,7.117],"refs":[2,6,7,3,8,1,4,9,10],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Drawn as the owner asked, after Prince M. C. M. Idigo of Aguleri. On the owner’s request (2026-10-10) no migration line is drawn from Idah; the Igala origin is told on Aguleri itself (the town card and the camp mark). Dates for Eri range from 1043 (Angulu) to the 1500s; Idigo’s ‘three or four centuries’ before 1955 is used here.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-eri-king","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Eri (king)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eri_(king)","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"idigo-1955","citation":"M. C. M. Idigo. (1955). The History of Aguleri. Nicholas Printing and Publishing Co., Yaba","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"adojoh-2024","citation":"Ayegba Abdullahi Adojoh, Izoduwa Amowie Imasuen, Omede Abdul Solomon and Onucheyo Sunday. (2024). Examining the Interwoven Relationship Between Igala, Benin, Ika, Urhobo, Isoko and Ijaw (quotes Idigo 1955, Meek 1937 and Boston 1960 on Eri). International Journal of Trend in Research and Development 11 (1)","url":"https://www.ijtrd.com/papers/IJTRD28300.pdf","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-aguleri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Aguleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguleri","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-nri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Nri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"meek-1937","citation":"C. K. Meek. (1937). Law and Authority in a Nigerian Tribe: A Study in Indirect Rule. Oxford University Press","checked":false},{"n":7,"id":"boston-1960","citation":"J. S. Boston. (1960). Notes on contact between the Igala and the Ibo. Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 2 (1)","checked":false},{"n":8,"id":"dailytrust-2022-igala-enugu","citation":"Daily Trust. (2022). Igala footprints in Enugu","url":"https://dailytrust.com/igala-footprints-in-enugu/","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-eri","citation":"Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Eri is of Igala origin, according to Prince Michael Idigo of the Aguleri royal family","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"owner-2026-10-10-nri","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Eri came from Igala, as Prince M. C. M. Idigo of the Aguleri royal family wrote; Nri, his son, founded his own kingdom","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Idigo (1955), Meek (1937) and Boston (1960) are quoted from Adojoh et al. (2024); the books themselves have not been read.","Nri’s own tradition (Onwuejeogwu 1981) gives Eri a sky origin and a much earlier date. If the timeline should follow the earlier date, the event moves before 1100."]},{"id":"orhogbua-eko","name":"Benin’s war camp at Eko","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1550,"yearLabel":"c. 1550–1578","until":1600,"actors":[{"name":"Kingdom of Benin","polity":"benin","side":"attacker","color":"#8e2f3c"},{"name":"Awori of the island","side":"defender","color":"#5c4a38"}],"summary":{"text":"Oba Orhogbua carried Benin’s wars west along the lagoons and made the Awori island a Benin war camp, Eko. Ashipa, remembered in Benin as Orhogbua’s son or grandson, became its first ruler, founding the dynasty whose Obas still reign in Lagos. Lagos paid tribute to Benin until about 1830.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[5.627,6.335],[5.626,6.335],[5.625,6.334],[5.622,6.333],[5.619,6.331],[5.615,6.329],[5.611,6.327],[5.605,6.325],[5.599,6.322],[5.592,6.318],[5.585,6.315],[5.576,6.311],[5.567,6.306],[5.557,6.301],[5.546,6.296],[5.535,6.29],[5.522,6.285],[5.508,6.279],[5.493,6.273],[5.475,6.267],[5.456,6.261],[5.435,6.255],[5.413,6.249],[5.389,6.244],[5.363,6.238],[5.335,6.232],[5.306,6.226],[5.275,6.221],[5.243,6.215],[5.208,6.209],[5.172,6.203],[5.135,6.198],[5.095,6.192],[5.056,6.188],[5.016,6.185],[4.976,6.183],[4.935,6.182],[4.894,6.183],[4.853,6.185],[4.812,6.188],[4.77,6.192],[4.729,6.198],[4.687,6.205],[4.644,6.213],[4.601,6.222],[4.559,6.233],[4.515,6.245],[4.472,6.258],[4.428,6.272],[4.384,6.286],[4.341,6.299],[4.297,6.312],[4.253,6.324],[4.209,6.335],[4.165,6.346],[4.121,6.356],[4.077,6.365],[4.033,6.374],[3.989,6.383],[3.945,6.39],[3.901,6.397],[3.857,6.404],[3.813,6.41],[3.769,6.415],[3.725,6.42],[3.684,6.424],[3.645,6.428],[3.609,6.432],[3.576,6.436],[3.546,6.439],[3.518,6.442],[3.493,6.444],[3.471,6.447],[3.452,6.449],[3.435,6.451],[3.422,6.452],[3.411,6.453],[3.402,6.454],[3.397,6.455],[3.394,6.455]],"label":"Orhogbua’s war canoes go west along the lagoons","by":"Kingdom of Benin","refs":[],"color":"#8e2f3c"}],"moments":[{"when":"c. 1550s","title":"The war camp","text":"The Benin army camps on the island. Benin tradition takes the name Eko from the Edo for a war camp.","at":{"name":"Eko (Lagos Island)","point":[3.394,6.455]},"mark":"camp","colonial":false,"refs":[]},{"when":"Late 16th century","title":"Ashipa, first ruler of Lagos","text":"Ashipa is installed, and Edo chiefs found the lineages that serve the new court. The tribute to Benin lasts until about 1830.","at":{"name":"Eko (Lagos Island)","point":[3.394,6.455]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"refs":[]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["benin"],"bounds":[3.394,6.15,5.627,6.455],"refs":[1,2,3,4],"confidence":"medium","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-orhogbua","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Orhogbua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhogbua","checked":false},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-history-of-lagos","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. History of Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lagos","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"ryder-1969","citation":"Ryder, A. F. C. (1969). Benin and the Europeans, 1485–1897. Longmans, London","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-doc1","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Owner's notes on the reach of Igala, Benin, Oyo and Aro, the British conquests, and migrations (hintsPrompts/doc1.md)","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"umuezechima-migration","name":"The Umuezechima migration to Onitsha","kind":"migration","status":"published","year":1550,"yearLabel":"16th or 17th century","until":1650,"actors":[{"name":"Chima’s people (Umuezechima)","side":"migrant","color":"#5c4a38"},{"name":"Kingdom of Benin","polity":"benin","side":"origin","color":"#8e2f3c"}],"summary":{"text":"Followers of Eze Chima left Benin after a quarrel with the court, one tradition says with the Queen Mother over farmland or tribute, and fought Benin’s armies as they went. Branches founded the Umuezechima towns west of the Niger, among them Issele-Uku, Onicha-Olona, Onicha-Ugbo and Obior. Chima died before the crossing, and his son Oraeze led the rest over the river to found Onicha Mmili, Onitsha.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"disputed"},"routes":[{"kind":"migration","path":[[5.627,6.335],[5.628,6.335],[5.631,6.335],[5.636,6.335],[5.642,6.334],[5.649,6.334],[5.658,6.334],[5.668,6.333],[5.679,6.333],[5.693,6.332],[5.707,6.332],[5.723,6.331],[5.741,6.33],[5.76,6.33],[5.78,6.329],[5.802,6.328],[5.825,6.327],[5.848,6.326],[5.872,6.325],[5.895,6.323],[5.919,6.322],[5.942,6.32],[5.966,6.318],[5.989,6.317],[6.013,6.315],[6.036,6.312],[6.06,6.31],[6.083,6.308],[6.107,6.305],[6.131,6.302],[6.154,6.299],[6.178,6.296],[6.202,6.293],[6.224,6.29],[6.246,6.288],[6.266,6.286],[6.285,6.284],[6.303,6.282],[6.32,6.281],[6.335,6.28],[6.35,6.279],[6.363,6.279],[6.375,6.279],[6.386,6.279],[6.396,6.279],[6.405,6.28],[6.412,6.281],[6.419,6.283],[6.424,6.285],[6.429,6.286],[6.436,6.287],[6.442,6.287],[6.449,6.287],[6.457,6.286],[6.464,6.285],[6.473,6.283],[6.481,6.281],[6.491,6.279],[6.5,6.275],[6.51,6.272],[6.521,6.268],[6.532,6.263],[6.543,6.258],[6.555,6.252],[6.568,6.246],[6.58,6.24],[6.591,6.234],[6.603,6.229],[6.614,6.223],[6.625,6.218],[6.636,6.213],[6.646,6.208],[6.656,6.203],[6.666,6.198],[6.675,6.194],[6.685,6.19],[6.693,6.186],[6.702,6.182],[6.71,6.178],[6.719,6.174],[6.726,6.171],[6.734,6.168],[6.741,6.165],[6.747,6.162],[6.753,6.159],[6.758,6.157],[6.763,6.155],[6.767,6.153],[6.771,6.151],[6.775,6.15],[6.778,6.148],[6.78,6.147],[6.782,6.146],[6.784,6.146],[6.785,6.145],[6.785,6.145]],"label":"From Benin to the Niger, then across it to Onitsha","by":"Chima’s people (Umuezechima)","refs":[],"color":"#5c4a38"}],"moments":[{"when":"Setting out","title":"Chima leaves Benin","text":"After a quarrel with the court, Chima’s people leave Benin and fight off the Oba’s armies.","at":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"mark":"flight","colonial":false,"refs":[]},{"when":"On the way","title":"The Umuezechima towns","text":"Branches of the migration found Obior, Issele-Uku, Onicha-Olona, Onicha-Ugbo and other towns that still call themselves Umuezechima, children of Chima.","at":{"name":"Issele-Uku","point":[6.4629,6.2982]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"refs":[]},{"when":"The crossing","title":"Onicha Mmili","text":"Chima dies before the crossing. His son Oraeze leads the people over the Niger and founds Onicha Mmili, “Onitsha on the water”.","at":{"name":"Onitsha","point":[6.785,6.145]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"refs":[]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["benin"],"bounds":[5.627,6.145,6.785,6.335],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"disputed","note":"One account dates the migration to the reign of Oba Esigie in the 16th century; another places Onitsha’s founding between 1630 and 1680.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-onitsha","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Onitsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onitsha","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-doc1","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Owner's notes on the reach of Igala, Benin, Oyo and Aro, the British conquests, and migrations (hintsPrompts/doc1.md)","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The owner’s notes say Igala merchants and royals shaped Onitsha’s early kingship. No written source found yet; a reference would let it be added as a link."]},{"id":"idris-alooma-campaigns","name":"Idris Alooma's campaigns","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1570,"yearLabel":"c. 1570–1603","until":1614,"actors":[{"name":"Bornu","polity":"kanem-bornu","side":"attacker","color":"#9c5a2c"},{"name":"Bilala of Kanem","side":"defender","color":"#7a5a3a"},{"name":"Tuareg of Aïr","side":"defender","color":"#8a6d3b"}],"summary":{"text":"Idris Alooma inherited a Bornu worn by famine, raided on every side and still at war with the Bilala of Kanem. With Turkish musketeers and a reformed army he ended the Bilala war, secured the east of Lake Chad, subdued the Sao and Ngizim at home, and brought the Tuareg of Aïr and the Tubu of Bilma and Tibesti under Bornu, so that Bornu held the central Saharan road. He sent envoys to Istanbul and Morocco over the Fezzan, where the Ottoman garrison was massacred in the 1580s. His imam Ahmad ibn Fartuwa wrote the history of his first twelve years. In 1614 Bornu installed Aldawa Nanda as king of Mandara.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[12.367,13.083],[12.379,13.087],[12.403,13.096],[12.438,13.108],[12.485,13.125],[12.545,13.146],[12.616,13.171],[12.699,13.2],[12.794,13.233],[12.9,13.271],[13.019,13.312],[13.149,13.358],[13.291,13.408],[13.445,13.462],[13.611,13.521],[13.789,13.583],[13.978,13.65],[14.164,13.707],[14.346,13.755],[14.525,13.794],[14.7,13.823],[14.871,13.843],[15.039,13.854],[15.203,13.856],[15.364,13.848],[15.52,13.83],[15.673,13.804],[15.823,13.768],[15.969,13.723],[16.111,13.668],[16.249,13.604],[16.384,13.531],[16.516,13.449],[16.639,13.371],[16.754,13.299],[16.86,13.232],[16.959,13.17],[17.049,13.114],[17.131,13.062],[17.205,13.016],[17.27,12.974],[17.328,12.938],[17.377,12.907],[17.418,12.882],[17.451,12.861],[17.475,12.845],[17.492,12.835],[17.5,12.83]],"label":"East against the Bilala of Kanem","by":"Bornu","refs":[1],"color":"#9c5a2c"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[12.367,13.083],[12.227,13.146],[12.089,13.211],[11.952,13.277],[11.817,13.346],[11.684,13.416],[11.552,13.487],[11.421,13.561],[11.293,13.636],[11.165,13.713],[11.04,13.792],[10.915,13.873],[10.793,13.955],[10.672,14.039],[10.552,14.125],[10.434,14.212],[10.318,14.302],[10.203,14.393],[10.089,14.485],[9.978,14.58],[9.868,14.676],[9.759,14.774],[9.652,14.874],[9.546,14.976],[9.442,15.079],[9.34,15.184],[9.239,15.291],[9.14,15.399],[9.042,15.51],[8.946,15.622],[8.851,15.736],[8.758,15.851],[8.666,15.968],[8.576,16.088],[8.488,16.208],[8.401,16.331],[8.316,16.455],[8.232,16.581],[8.15,16.709],[8.069,16.839],[7.99,16.97]],"label":"North to Aïr","by":"Bornu","refs":[1],"color":"#9c5a2c"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[12.367,13.083],[12.369,13.105],[12.373,13.149],[12.38,13.214],[12.389,13.302],[12.399,13.412],[12.412,13.543],[12.427,13.696],[12.445,13.871],[12.464,14.069],[12.486,14.288],[12.51,14.529],[12.535,14.791],[12.564,15.076],[12.594,15.383],[12.626,15.711],[12.661,16.062],[12.711,16.399],[12.777,16.724],[12.859,17.036],[12.956,17.335],[13.07,17.621],[13.198,17.894],[13.343,18.154],[13.504,18.402],[13.68,18.636],[13.872,18.858],[14.079,19.067],[14.303,19.262],[14.542,19.445],[14.796,19.616],[15.067,19.773],[15.353,19.917],[15.621,20.053],[15.872,20.179],[16.105,20.296],[16.319,20.404],[16.516,20.504],[16.695,20.594],[16.856,20.675],[16.999,20.747],[17.124,20.811],[17.232,20.865],[17.321,20.91],[17.393,20.946],[17.446,20.973],[17.482,20.991],[17.5,21]],"label":"To Bilma and Tibesti","by":"Bornu","refs":[1],"color":"#9c5a2c"}],"moments":[{"when":"1580s","title":"The Fezzan regained","text":"The Ottoman garrison in the Fezzan is massacred and the Awlad Muhammad return, perhaps with Bornu's encouragement.","at":{"name":"Fezzan (Murzuq)","point":[13.92,25.92]},"mark":"massacre","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"when":"1614","title":"A king for Mandara","text":"Bornu installs Aldawa Nanda at Dulo.","at":{"name":"Dulo (Mandara)","point":[14.07,11.02]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[2]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["kanem-bornu"],"bounds":[7.99,11.02,17.5,25.92],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-idris-alooma","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Idris Alooma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_Alooma","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-mandara","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Mandara Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandara_kingdom","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Mandara's account says Idris personally installed Nanda in 1614, after Idris's usual death date of 1603; the dates conflict."]},{"id":"amina-campaigns","name":"Amina's campaigns","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1576,"yearLabel":"c. 1576–1610 (Zazzau tradition)","until":1610,"actors":[{"name":"Zazzau","polity":"zazzau","side":"attacker","color":"#b0473a"},{"name":"Nupe","polity":"nupe","side":"defender","color":"#2a7a7a"},{"name":"Kwararafa","polity":"kwararafa","side":"defender","color":"#8c3d3d"}],"summary":{"text":"Amina, daughter of Bakwa Turunku, led Zazzau's army for 34 years. Blocked to the north by Kano and Katsina and to the east by the Jos Plateau, she struck south-east and south-west, through Bauchi to Kwararafa and west to Yauri and Nupe. The king of Nupe sent her 40 eunuchs and 10,000 kola nuts, which tradition says first brought both to Hausaland. Wherever she camped she raised earthen walls, the ganuwar Amina. Sultan Bello, writing around 1812, said her lands reached the Niger and that Kano and Katsina paid her tribute; historians doubt the second claim. She is said to have died in battle at Attaagar, perhaps near Idah, her body never found.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[7.7,11.07],[7.708,11.067],[7.725,11.061],[7.75,11.052],[7.784,11.04],[7.825,11.025],[7.876,11.008],[7.934,10.987],[8.001,10.963],[8.076,10.936],[8.16,10.907],[8.252,10.874],[8.352,10.838],[8.461,10.8],[8.578,10.758],[8.703,10.714],[8.837,10.666],[8.962,10.613],[9.078,10.555],[9.186,10.492],[9.285,10.423],[9.375,10.348],[9.456,10.269],[9.529,10.184],[9.593,10.094],[9.649,9.998],[9.695,9.897],[9.733,9.791],[9.762,9.679],[9.783,9.562],[9.795,9.439],[9.798,9.312],[9.792,9.178],[9.787,9.054],[9.782,8.937],[9.777,8.829],[9.773,8.729],[9.769,8.638],[9.766,8.554],[9.763,8.48],[9.76,8.413],[9.757,8.355],[9.755,8.305],[9.754,8.263],[9.752,8.23],[9.751,8.205],[9.75,8.188],[9.75,8.18]],"label":"South-east through Bauchi to Kwararafa","by":"Zazzau","note":"Direction only; her routes are not recorded.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[1],"color":"#b0473a"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[7.7,11.07],[7.629,11.04],[7.558,11.012],[7.486,10.985],[7.415,10.959],[7.343,10.934],[7.272,10.91],[7.2,10.887],[7.128,10.866],[7.056,10.846],[6.984,10.827],[6.911,10.809],[6.839,10.792],[6.767,10.777],[6.694,10.762],[6.622,10.749],[6.549,10.737],[6.476,10.726],[6.403,10.716],[6.33,10.708],[6.257,10.701],[6.183,10.694],[6.11,10.689],[6.036,10.686],[5.963,10.683],[5.889,10.682],[5.815,10.681],[5.741,10.682],[5.667,10.684],[5.593,10.687],[5.519,10.692],[5.444,10.697],[5.37,10.704],[5.295,10.712],[5.221,10.721],[5.146,10.731],[5.071,10.743],[4.996,10.755],[4.921,10.769],[4.845,10.784],[4.77,10.8]],"label":"West to Yauri","by":"Zazzau","confidence":"disputed","refs":[1],"color":"#b0473a"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[7.7,11.07],[7.67,11.002],[7.64,10.935],[7.609,10.869],[7.577,10.804],[7.544,10.739],[7.51,10.675],[7.475,10.612],[7.44,10.549],[7.403,10.487],[7.366,10.426],[7.328,10.366],[7.289,10.306],[7.249,10.247],[7.208,10.189],[7.167,10.132],[7.125,10.075],[7.081,10.019],[7.037,9.964],[6.992,9.91],[6.947,9.856],[6.9,9.803],[6.852,9.751],[6.804,9.7],[6.755,9.649],[6.705,9.599],[6.654,9.55],[6.602,9.501],[6.55,9.453],[6.496,9.406],[6.442,9.36],[6.387,9.315],[6.331,9.27],[6.274,9.226],[6.216,9.182],[6.158,9.14],[6.098,9.098],[6.038,9.057],[5.977,9.017],[5.915,8.977],[5.852,8.938]],"label":"South-west to Nupe","by":"Zazzau","confidence":"disputed","refs":[1,2],"color":"#b0473a"},{"kind":"loot","path":[[5.852,8.938],[5.882,9.006],[5.912,9.073],[5.943,9.139],[5.975,9.204],[6.008,9.269],[6.042,9.333],[6.077,9.396],[6.112,9.459],[6.149,9.521],[6.186,9.582],[6.224,9.642],[6.263,9.702],[6.303,9.761],[6.344,9.819],[6.385,9.876],[6.427,9.933],[6.471,9.989],[6.515,10.044],[6.56,10.098],[6.605,10.152],[6.652,10.205],[6.7,10.257],[6.748,10.308],[6.797,10.359],[6.847,10.409],[6.898,10.458],[6.95,10.507],[7.002,10.555],[7.056,10.602],[7.11,10.648],[7.165,10.693],[7.221,10.738],[7.278,10.782],[7.336,10.826],[7.394,10.868],[7.454,10.91],[7.514,10.951],[7.575,10.991],[7.637,11.031],[7.7,11.07]],"label":"40 eunuchs and 10,000 kola nuts from the Nupe king","by":"Nupe","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2],"color":"#2a7a7a"}],"moments":[{"when":"c. 1576","title":"Three months after her accession","text":"Amina calls her people to “resharpen their weapons” and sets out.","at":{"name":"Zaria","point":[7.7,11.07]},"mark":"camp","colonial":false,"confidence":"disputed","refs":[1]},{"when":"c. 1610","title":"Death at Attaagar","text":"By tradition she dies in battle at Attaagar, which Hogben places near Idah; others say Vom near Jos.","at":{"name":"Attaagar (perhaps near Idah)","point":[6.74,7.11]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"disputed","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["zazzau","nupe","kwararafa"],"bounds":[4.77,7.11,9.84,11.07],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Amina is not on the Zaria king lists, and her dates are argued: the Kano Chronicle puts her in the 1420s–30s, Abdullahi Smith after 1576.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-amina-zazzau","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Amina of Zazzau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina_of_Zazzau","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-zazzau","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Zazzau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zazzau","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"oyo-against-benin","name":"Oyo's failed attack on Benin","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1578,"yearLabel":"between 1578 and 1608","until":1610,"actors":[{"name":"Oyo","polity":"oyo","side":"attacker","color":"#2e5c8a"},{"name":"Benin","polity":"benin","side":"defender","color":"#8e2f3c"}],"summary":{"text":"After its return from exile Oyo tried to conquer the kingdom of Benin, some time between 1578 and 1608. Its cavalry could not get through the hills of Ekiti, and the campaign failed. Some Ekiti kingdoms fell under Oyo, Otun Ekiti remained a free town between the two powers, and Oyo left the non-Yoruba lands south-east of its heartland alone as a buffer with Benin.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[4.308,8.975],[4.311,8.971],[4.317,8.963],[4.327,8.952],[4.34,8.936],[4.356,8.917],[4.375,8.894],[4.397,8.867],[4.423,8.836],[4.452,8.802],[4.484,8.763],[4.52,8.721],[4.558,8.675],[4.6,8.625],[4.645,8.571],[4.693,8.513],[4.744,8.452],[4.794,8.391],[4.841,8.331],[4.886,8.272],[4.928,8.213],[4.969,8.155],[5.008,8.098],[5.044,8.042],[5.078,7.987],[5.11,7.932],[5.14,7.878],[5.167,7.825],[5.193,7.772],[5.216,7.721],[5.238,7.67],[5.257,7.62],[5.273,7.57],[5.289,7.524],[5.304,7.481],[5.318,7.441],[5.33,7.404],[5.342,7.37],[5.353,7.339],[5.362,7.311],[5.37,7.286],[5.378,7.265],[5.384,7.246],[5.389,7.231],[5.394,7.219],[5.397,7.209],[5.399,7.203],[5.4,7.2]],"label":"Towards Benin through Ekiti","by":"Oyo","note":"Direction only; the army stalled in the Ekiti hills.","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#2e5c8a"}],"moments":[{"when":"1578–1608","title":"Stopped by the hills","text":"Oyo's horse cannot pass the Ekiti hills; Otun Ekiti is left as a buffer.","at":{"name":"Otun Ekiti","point":[5.13,7.99]},"mark":"camp","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["oyo","benin"],"bounds":[4.3075,7.2,5.4,8.9747],"refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-oyo-empire","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Oyo Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Benin's own tradition of this war has not been checked."]},{"id":"kwararafa-raids-kano","name":"Kwararafa invades Kano","kind":"raid","status":"published","year":1600,"yearLabel":"c. 1600–1700","until":1710,"actors":[{"name":"Kwararafa","polity":"kwararafa","side":"attacker","color":"#8c3d3d"},{"name":"Kano","polity":"kano","side":"defender","color":"#b07a2a"}],"summary":{"text":"Three hundred years after Sarki Yaji of Kano had made Kwararafa pay tribute in slaves, the Benue confederacy turned on Kano. The Kano Chronicle records three invasions. Under Muhammad Zaki (1582–1618) the people of Kano fled to Daura while the invaders “ate up the whole country”. In the 1650s Sarkin Kwararafa Adashu battered down the Kofan Kawayi gate. Under Dadi (1670–1703) they broke in by the Kofan Gadon Kaya, fought as far as the Kurmi market, and the Sarki fled to Daura.","refs":[3,5,4,1,2],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"raid","path":[[9.75,8.18],[9.689,8.266],[9.63,8.352],[9.573,8.439],[9.517,8.527],[9.463,8.614],[9.41,8.703],[9.358,8.792],[9.308,8.881],[9.26,8.971],[9.213,9.061],[9.168,9.152],[9.124,9.243],[9.082,9.335],[9.041,9.427],[9.002,9.52],[8.965,9.614],[8.929,9.707],[8.894,9.802],[8.861,9.896],[8.829,9.992],[8.799,10.087],[8.771,10.184],[8.744,10.28],[8.719,10.378],[8.695,10.475],[8.672,10.573],[8.652,10.672],[8.632,10.771],[8.615,10.871],[8.598,10.971],[8.584,11.072],[8.57,11.173],[8.559,11.275],[8.549,11.377],[8.54,11.479],[8.533,11.583],[8.527,11.686],[8.523,11.79],[8.521,11.895],[8.52,12]],"label":"Kwararafa armies march on Kano","by":"Kwararafa","when":"c. 1600, 1650s and c. 1671","note":"Only the start and the target are known. The road the armies took is not recorded.","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2],"color":"#8c3d3d"},{"kind":"exile","path":[[8.52,12],[8.507,12.024],[8.494,12.049],[8.482,12.074],[8.47,12.098],[8.459,12.123],[8.448,12.148],[8.437,12.173],[8.427,12.198],[8.417,12.223],[8.408,12.248],[8.399,12.273],[8.39,12.299],[8.382,12.324],[8.374,12.349],[8.367,12.375],[8.36,12.401],[8.354,12.426],[8.348,12.452],[8.342,12.478],[8.337,12.504],[8.332,12.53],[8.328,12.556],[8.324,12.582],[8.32,12.609],[8.317,12.635],[8.314,12.661],[8.312,12.688],[8.31,12.715],[8.309,12.741],[8.308,12.768],[8.307,12.795],[8.307,12.822],[8.307,12.849],[8.308,12.876],[8.309,12.903],[8.31,12.93],[8.312,12.958],[8.314,12.985],[8.317,13.012],[8.32,13.04]],"label":"The people of Kano take refuge at Daura","by":"Kano","when":"c. 1600 and c. 1671","confidence":"high","refs":[3,4,1],"color":"#b07a2a"}],"moments":[{"when":"Reign of Muhammad Zaki (1582–1618)","title":"Kano empties to Daura","text":"The Sarkin Kwararafa attacks. The people of Kano leave the city for Daura, the invaders strip the countryside, and Kano is left weak while Katsina harries it.","at":{"name":"Daura","point":[8.32,13.04]},"mark":"flight","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[3,2]},{"when":"1650s (reign of Muhammad Kukuna)","title":"Adashu breaks the Kofan Kawayi","text":"Sarkin Kwararafa Adashu attacks. Muhammad Kukuna withdraws to Auyo for 40 days, and comes back to find the Kofan Kawayi gate battered down. He rebuilds it. Other writers date this attack to 1653.","at":{"name":"Kano (the gate itself is not placed)","point":[8.51,12.01]},"mark":"captured","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[5,1,2]},{"when":"Reign of Dadi (1670–1703), often dated 1671","title":"Kwararafa inside Kano","text":"Kwararafa enters by the Kofan Gadon Kaya, kills many, and reaches the Kurmi market near the palace. Dadi’s warriors and 99 malams around him are cut down, and the Sarki flees to Daura.","at":{"name":"Kano (Kofan Gadon Kaya to the Kurmi market)","point":[8.52,12]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[4,1,2]},{"when":"After the invasions (date unknown)","title":"Igala and Jukun settle at Bebeji","text":"The owner says Igala and Jukun from the Kwararafa forces stayed and settled in Kano quarters such as Bebeji, 45 km south-west of the city. Later some of these Igala went home and founded the Angwa quarter of Idah (see “The Kano Igala come home”). No written source for the settlement has been found yet, and the Kano Chronicle names a Fulani chief of Bebeji, Abdua, among Dadi’s war chiefs.","at":{"name":"Bebeji","point":[8.265,11.663]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"disputed","refs":[6]}],"area":true,"pieces":[],"polities":["kwararafa","kano"],"bounds":[8.265,8.18,9.75,13.04],"refs":[1,2,6],"confidence":"medium","note":"The Chronicle gives reigns, not years. The years 1653 and 1671 come from later writers.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kwararafa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kwararafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwararafa","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"palmer-1908-kano-chronicle","citation":"Palmer, H. R. (translator). (1908). The Kano Chronicle. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 38: 58–98","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-muhammad-zaki","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muhammad Zaki (quotes Palmer’s Kano Chronicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zaki","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-dadi-kano","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Dadi (sultan) (quotes Palmer’s Kano Chronicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadi_(sultan)","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-muhammad-kukuna","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muhammad Kukuna (quotes Palmer’s Kano Chronicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Kukuna","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"owner-2026-10-09-bebeji","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Kwararafa forces invaded Kano, and some of their peoples, such as the Igala and Jukun, settled in Kano quarters like Bebeji","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Owner: the Igala and Jukun settlement at Bebeji has no written source yet. Which Bebeji families or ward trace their descent to Kwararafa? Is there a book, a palace history or a Bebeji elder who records it?","The Kwararafa host was a confederacy (Jukun, Igala, Idoma, Alago and others; see forces/kwararafa.json), but no written account of the Kano raids names the Igala.","The raided area is the old walled city and its fringe by today's LGAs. The Muhammad Zaki invasion stripped much more of the countryside, but how far is not recorded."]},{"id":"hausa-bebeji-to-idah","name":"The Kano Igala come home: Angwa at Idah","kind":"migration","status":"published","year":1620,"yearLabel":"17th century, after the Kwararafa invasions of Kano","until":1700,"actors":[{"name":"Igala returning from Kano, led by Aliyu","polity":"igala","side":"migrant","color":"#c9822a"},{"name":"Kano","polity":"kano","side":"origin","color":"#b07a2a"}],"summary":{"text":"Igala who had marched north with the Kwararafa armies did not all go home. Some stayed on around Bebeji, south-west of Kano, and lived among the Hausa for a generation or more. Later a party of them, led by a man named Aliyu, came back to Idah to rejoin their homeland and founded the Angwa quarter (Hausa unguwa, “quarter”). They came home Muslim and Hausa in name, which may be why Idah remembers them as Hausa from Bebeji. They brought Islam to Igala land, became fully Igala again in speech, and their descendants keep the Oganyi festival.","refs":[1,3,2],"confidence":"disputed"},"routes":[{"kind":"migration","path":[[8.265,11.663],[8.263,11.538],[8.258,11.413],[8.252,11.288],[8.244,11.165],[8.234,11.042],[8.223,10.919],[8.209,10.797],[8.194,10.676],[8.177,10.556],[8.158,10.436],[8.138,10.316],[8.115,10.197],[8.091,10.079],[8.065,9.962],[8.037,9.845],[8.007,9.728],[7.976,9.613],[7.942,9.497],[7.907,9.383],[7.87,9.269],[7.831,9.156],[7.79,9.043],[7.748,8.931],[7.704,8.819],[7.658,8.708],[7.61,8.598],[7.56,8.488],[7.508,8.379],[7.455,8.271],[7.4,8.163],[7.343,8.056],[7.284,7.949],[7.223,7.843],[7.161,7.738],[7.096,7.633],[7.03,7.529],[6.962,7.425],[6.893,7.322],[6.821,7.22],[6.748,7.118]],"label":"Home from Bebeji to Idah","by":"Igala returning from Kano, led by Aliyu","note":"Only the start and the end are known. The road they took is not recorded.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[1,2],"color":"#c9822a"}],"moments":[{"when":"During the Kwararafa invasions","title":"Left behind in Kano","text":"Igala in the Kwararafa host stay behind and settle around Bebeji. Over the years they take up Islam and live as Hausa.","at":{"name":"Bebeji","point":[8.265,11.663]},"mark":"camp","colonial":false,"confidence":"disputed","refs":[3]},{"when":"Setting out","title":"Aliyu leads them home","text":"Aliyu leads a party south from Bebeji towards Idah.","at":{"name":"Bebeji (departure, offset so both marks show)","point":[8.235,11.64]},"mark":"flight","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2]},{"when":"Arrival","title":"Angwa founded at Idah","text":"The returnees settle at Angwa, the first Hausa-named quarter in Igala land and the first home of Islam there. Today it is Angwa Ategune in Ukwaja ward, Idah.","at":{"name":"Angwa, Idah","point":[6.7476,7.1178]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[2]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["igala","kano"],"bounds":[6.7476,7.1178,8.265,11.663],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"disputed","note":"The written tradition (Oduntan 2022) says Aliyu’s people were Hausa, not returning Igala, and dates them 400–600 years before 2022 (c. 1420–1620). That window overlaps only the first Kwararafa invasion, under Muhammad Zaki (1582–1618). The homecoming account is the owner’s.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"owner-2026-10-09-angwa","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: the founders of Angwa at Idah were Igala left behind in Kano after the Kwararafa invasion, who came back to rejoin their homeland","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"oduntan-2022-igala","citation":"Oduntan, Olalekan. (2022). Igala the Mini Nigeria: True Nigerians","url":"http://www.olaleone.org/2022/04/igala-mini-nigeria-true-nigerians.html","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"owner-2026-10-09-bebeji","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Kwararafa forces invaded Kano, and some of their peoples, such as the Igala and Jukun, settled in Kano quarters like Bebeji","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Headline account is owner testimony (2026-10-09): Angwa’s founders were Igala left in Kano after the Kwararafa invasion who came back to their homeland. No written source yet says they were Igala; the only written account calls them Hausa. Owner: is there an Idah or Angwa family history that says so?","“Took up Islam and lived as Hausa” is the compiler’s reading, joining the owner’s account to the written one (why else would returning Igala be remembered as Hausa?). Please confirm or correct.","Angwa is placed at GRID3’s “Angwa Ategune” (Ukwaja ward, Idah). Please confirm this is the old quarter."]},{"id":"abutu-eje-from-wukari","name":"Abutu-Eje leads the Igala home from Kwararafa","kind":"migration","status":"published","year":1630,"yearLabel":"c. 1630 (tradition)","until":1660,"actors":[{"name":"Abutu-Eje and the Igala of the confederacy","polity":"igala","side":"migrant","color":"#c9822a"},{"name":"Kwararafa court at Wukari","polity":"kwararafa","side":"origin","color":"#8c3d3d"},{"name":"Idoma, Alago, Etulo and Ebira companions","side":"ally","color":"#6b5a45"}],"summary":{"text":"Abutu-Eje was the Igala representative at the Kwararafa court, leader of its Igala people. When the confederacy chose its next ruler he claimed the throne by right, but it went to his Jukun rival, Adi Agbu Kenjo, against what he held to be the confederacy’s own rule of succession. He broke with Kwararafa and led his people away down the south bank of the Benue, Idoma, Alago, Etulo and Ebira going with him, back to his fellow Igala of the Igala-Ogba and the Igala-Mela, who held Idah long before any king. At Agatu, on the Benue, he consolidated the migrants: the leaders of the Igala, Idoma and Alago came together under one rotating kingship carrying the old Igala royal title, Àtá. Kwararafa attacked them there and Abutu-Eje was killed, remembered as the ‘Martyr of Agatu’; Adoga Oje of the Idoma house succeeded him. His line carried the kingship on to Idah, where his daughter Ebulejonu became the first Attah of his line. Colonial writers told it differently, calling Abutu-Eje a Jukun noble, and the Attahship a Jukun import.","refs":[3,1,4,5,8,9],"confidence":"disputed"},"routes":[{"kind":"migration","path":[[9.78,7.87],[9.776,7.87],[9.767,7.87],[9.755,7.87],[9.738,7.869],[9.717,7.869],[9.691,7.868],[9.662,7.868],[9.628,7.867],[9.59,7.866],[9.548,7.866],[9.502,7.865],[9.451,7.864],[9.396,7.863],[9.337,7.862],[9.274,7.861],[9.206,7.859],[9.14,7.858],[9.074,7.858],[9.009,7.857],[8.946,7.857],[8.883,7.857],[8.821,7.857],[8.76,7.857],[8.7,7.858],[8.64,7.858],[8.582,7.859],[8.525,7.861],[8.468,7.862],[8.413,7.864],[8.358,7.866],[8.305,7.868],[8.252,7.87],[8.202,7.873],[8.154,7.876],[8.109,7.879],[8.066,7.883],[8.025,7.887],[7.987,7.892],[7.951,7.897],[7.918,7.902],[7.887,7.907],[7.859,7.913],[7.833,7.919],[7.809,7.926],[7.788,7.933],[7.77,7.94],[7.753,7.948],[7.74,7.955],[7.726,7.962],[7.713,7.967],[7.701,7.972],[7.689,7.974],[7.677,7.976],[7.666,7.976],[7.655,7.975],[7.644,7.972],[7.634,7.969],[7.625,7.964],[7.616,7.957],[7.607,7.95],[7.598,7.941],[7.591,7.93],[7.583,7.919],[7.576,7.906],[7.566,7.891],[7.554,7.875],[7.539,7.856],[7.521,7.836],[7.501,7.813],[7.478,7.789],[7.453,7.763],[7.425,7.735],[7.394,7.705],[7.361,7.673],[7.325,7.639],[7.286,7.604],[7.245,7.566],[7.201,7.527],[7.155,7.485],[7.105,7.442],[7.059,7.401],[7.016,7.363],[6.976,7.328],[6.94,7.296],[6.906,7.266],[6.875,7.239],[6.848,7.214],[6.823,7.193],[6.801,7.174],[6.783,7.158],[6.768,7.144],[6.755,7.133],[6.746,7.125],[6.74,7.12],[6.737,7.117]],"label":"Abutu-Eje leads the Igala home, from Kwararafa to Idah","by":"Abutu-Eje and the Igala of the confederacy","note":"Tradition gives the start, Agatu and the end. Omala remembers Otutubatu as the Igala’s way in from the Kwararafa country, and Ife as an early seat; the way between is drawn through them.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[1,2],"color":"#c9822a"}],"moments":[{"when":"c. 1610–1640","title":"The contest for the Kwararafa throne","text":"At Biepi, the Kwararafa capital of the day, Abutu-Eje stands for the throne as the Igala leader and a rightful contender, and loses to the Jukun Adi Agbu Kenjo. Holding that the choice broke the confederacy’s rule of succession, he cuts his ties with Kwararafa and leaves.","at":{"name":"Kwararafa court (Wukari)","point":[9.78,7.87]},"mark":"exile","colonial":false,"confidence":"disputed","refs":[1,3]},{"when":"c. 1620s","title":"Agatu: the migrants made one kingdom","text":"Abutu-Eje settles the migrants at Agatu and consolidates them: the leaders of the Igala (the leopard), the Idoma and the Alago found one kingship there, rotating between their houses, under the title Àtá, long the title of the Igala king at Idah. When Kwararafa attacks Agatu, Abutu-Eje is killed and is honoured as the ‘Martyr of Agatu’. Adoga Oje of the Idoma ruling house succeeds him.","at":{"name":"Agatu","point":[7.857,7.888]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"disputed","refs":[1,4,3]},{"when":"Tradition","title":"Otutubatu, the way in","text":"Omala tradition says the Igala came in from the Kwararafa country by way of Omala, through the ancient spiritual town of Otutubatu. Abutu-Eje never reached Idah: he fell at Agatu, and tradition buries him at Amagede, where the Otutubatu shrine of his line still stands.","at":{"name":"Otutubatu (Omagede), Omala","point":[7.636,8.015]},"mark":"shrine","colonial":false,"confidence":"disputed","refs":[2,1,5]},{"when":"Tradition","title":"Ife, ‘he almost became the Attah’","text":"The Ife kingdom of Omala is remembered as one of the earliest and most influential Igala kingdoms, tied to Abutu-Eje. Its ruler, the Onu Ife, carries the praise name Ojogba ki ma ch’Ata, ‘but for God, we would have been the Attah’. The Igala of Omala speak the Ife dialect.","at":{"name":"Ife (seat of the Onu Ife), Omala","point":[7.523,7.81]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[2,6]},{"when":"c. 1630","title":"Home to the Igala-Mela: Ebulejonu, the first Attah of the line","text":"Ebulejonu brings her father’s people to Idah, where the Igala-Ogba and the nine clans of the Igala-Mela receive them, and she is installed as Attah. Her brother Agenapoje follows her, then Idoko, father of Ayegba. The Igala-Mela remain the kingmakers.","at":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.737,7.117]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[3,4,5,7]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["igala","kwararafa"],"bounds":[6.737,7.117,9.78,8.015],"refs":[3,1,4,5,8,9,10,11,2,6],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Two accounts. The owner and Kigala (drawing on Sargent’s 1984 thesis) make Abutu-Eje the Igala leader within Kwararafa who came home after losing the succession. The colonial officer Clifford (Miles) wrote in 1936 that he was a noble of the Jukun court, and that the Attahship began with him; Boston (1968) showed the Igala-Mela held Idah long before. The date c. 1630 is Sargent’s, cited by Yusufu (2020); Kigala dates the contest to c. 1610–1640 and Abutu-Eje’s life to c. 1597–1627. The owner’s account that Abutu-Eje consolidated the kingdom is borne out by Kigala, after Sargent, for Agatu, where he united the Igala, Idoma and Alago under the Àtá; he did not live to reach Idah, and how the kingship passed from Agatu to Idah is not told there.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"kigala-2020-abutu-eje","citation":"Kigala. (2020). Igala History: Àbùtù Ẹ̀jẹ̀ (drawing on R. A. Sargent, Politics, Economics and Social Change in the Benue Basin, 1300–1700, PhD thesis, 1984)","url":"https://ki-gala.com/igala-kingship-history","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-omala","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Omala, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omala,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"owner-2026-10-08-abutu-eje","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Abutu-Eje was not a Jukun but the Igala representative at the Wukari court; after a dispute over who would next rule the confederacy he came back to his fellow Igala of the Igala-Ogba and the Igala-Mela","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-igala-history","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: the Igala-Mela and the Igala Ogba group lived at Idah before Abutu-Eje consolidated the kingdom; Asaba and some Benin groups trace Igala ancestry","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"ochoga-imanah-2022","citation":"Ochoga Edwin Ochoga and Imanah Sunday Omoafena. (2022). A History of the Agila in Ado Local Government Area of Benue State. WuKari International Studies 6 (1)","url":"https://wissjournals.com.ng/index.php/wiss/article/download/25/21/21","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-ife","citation":"Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Ife in Omala should be shown as part of Igala land","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-igala-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igala Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igala_Kingdom","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"clifford-1936","citation":"Clifford, Miles. (1936). A Nigerian Chiefdom: Some Notes on the Igala Tribe in Southern Nigeria and Their \"Divine King\". Journal of the Royal African Society 35 (cited in Yusufu 2020 for the Jukun tradition of Abutu-Eje)","checked":false},{"n":9,"id":"yusufu-2020","citation":"Yusufu, Abdullahi Musa. (2020). Historicizing the Myriad of Traditions on the Origin of Igala of Central Nigeria. FUWukari Journal of Politics and Development 4(2): 87–99","url":"https://www.fuwjpd.com.ng/download-pdf-article/82","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"sargent-1999","citation":"Sargent, R. A. (1999). Politics and Economy in the Benue Basin c. 1300–1700 (cited in Yusufu 2020 for the two Idah dynasties and the Abutu-Eje date of c. 1630)","checked":false},{"n":11,"id":"boston-1968","citation":"Boston, J. S. (1968). The Igala Kingdom. Oxford University Press for the Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, Ibadan","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["Biepi, the Kwararafa capital of Abutu-Eje’s day, is not located; the contest is marked at Wukari.","Agatu is marked at the Agatu LGA centre; the place of the Agatu monarchy is not given.","Ask the owner: does Igala tradition say how the Àtá kingship passed from Agatu, under Adoga Oje of the Idoma house, to Ebulejonu at Idah?","Find Sargent (1984/1999) or another written Igala history that states Abutu-Eje’s Igala identity directly."]},{"id":"aro-founding","name":"The founding of Arochukwu","kind":"alliance","status":"published","year":1650,"yearLabel":"c. 1650–1700","until":1720,"actors":[{"name":"Eze Agwu clan (Igbo)","polity":"aro","side":"migrant","color":"#b5532f"},{"name":"Nnachi of Edda","side":"ally","color":"#5c4a38"},{"name":"The Akpa, under Osim and Akuma Nnubi","side":"ally","color":"#5c4a38"},{"name":"Ibom, the Ibibio state of Obong Okon Ita","side":"defender","color":"#5c4a38"}],"summary":{"text":"Arochukwu was born of a war. Igbo settlers of the Eze Agwu clan came among the Ibibio of Ibom, whose state was ruled by Obong Okon Ita, and quarrels over land became a bloody stalemate. The Igbo leader Nna Uru called in Nnachi, a priest of the Edda clan, and Nnachi brought in the Akpa from east of the Cross River, who had European firearms. Led by the Akpa brothers Osim and Akuma Nnubi, the allies drove the Ibibio out. Osim fell; Akuma became the first Eze Aro, and after him the kingship passed to Nnachi’s son Oke Nnachi, whose line reigns to this day. Nineteen villages, old and new, became one state.","refs":[2,3,4,5],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"migration","path":[[7.73,5.67],[7.731,5.669],[7.732,5.668],[7.733,5.666],[7.735,5.664],[7.738,5.661],[7.741,5.658],[7.744,5.654],[7.748,5.649],[7.753,5.644],[7.758,5.638],[7.764,5.631],[7.77,5.624],[7.776,5.617],[7.783,5.608],[7.791,5.6],[7.799,5.59],[7.807,5.581],[7.814,5.572],[7.822,5.563],[7.828,5.554],[7.835,5.545],[7.841,5.536],[7.847,5.527],[7.853,5.518],[7.858,5.509],[7.863,5.501],[7.868,5.492],[7.872,5.484],[7.876,5.476],[7.88,5.467],[7.883,5.459],[7.887,5.451],[7.889,5.443],[7.892,5.436],[7.895,5.43],[7.897,5.424],[7.899,5.418],[7.901,5.413],[7.903,5.408],[7.905,5.404],[7.906,5.401],[7.907,5.398],[7.908,5.395],[7.909,5.393],[7.909,5.392],[7.91,5.391],[7.91,5.39]],"label":"The Eze Agwu clan settles among the Ibibio of Ibom","by":"Eze Agwu clan (Igbo)","note":"Wikipedia names Agwu Inobia from Abiriba as the group’s leader.","refs":[],"color":"#b5532f"},{"kind":"alliance","path":[[7.79,5.76],[7.79,5.759],[7.791,5.758],[7.792,5.756],[7.794,5.753],[7.795,5.749],[7.797,5.745],[7.8,5.74],[7.803,5.735],[7.806,5.728],[7.809,5.721],[7.813,5.714],[7.817,5.705],[7.822,5.696],[7.827,5.686],[7.832,5.676],[7.838,5.664],[7.843,5.653],[7.848,5.642],[7.853,5.63],[7.858,5.619],[7.862,5.608],[7.867,5.596],[7.871,5.585],[7.874,5.573],[7.878,5.561],[7.881,5.55],[7.884,5.538],[7.887,5.526],[7.89,5.515],[7.892,5.503],[7.894,5.491],[7.896,5.479],[7.898,5.468],[7.899,5.458],[7.901,5.448],[7.902,5.439],[7.904,5.431],[7.905,5.423],[7.906,5.417],[7.907,5.411],[7.908,5.406],[7.908,5.401],[7.909,5.397],[7.909,5.394],[7.91,5.392],[7.91,5.391],[7.91,5.39]],"label":"Nnachi, priest of Edda, answers Nna Uru’s call","by":"Nnachi of Edda","refs":[],"color":"#5c4a38"},{"kind":"alliance","path":[[8.36,5.32],[8.359,5.32],[8.357,5.32],[8.354,5.32],[8.351,5.32],[8.346,5.32],[8.34,5.32],[8.334,5.32],[8.326,5.32],[8.318,5.32],[8.308,5.32],[8.298,5.32],[8.287,5.32],[8.275,5.32],[8.262,5.32],[8.247,5.32],[8.232,5.32],[8.218,5.32],[8.203,5.321],[8.188,5.322],[8.174,5.323],[8.159,5.324],[8.145,5.326],[8.131,5.328],[8.117,5.33],[8.103,5.332],[8.089,5.335],[8.075,5.338],[8.062,5.341],[8.048,5.345],[8.035,5.349],[8.022,5.353],[8.008,5.357],[7.996,5.361],[7.985,5.365],[7.974,5.369],[7.964,5.372],[7.955,5.375],[7.947,5.378],[7.94,5.38],[7.933,5.382],[7.927,5.384],[7.922,5.386],[7.918,5.387],[7.915,5.388],[7.912,5.389],[7.911,5.39],[7.91,5.39]],"label":"The Akpa bring guns from across the Cross River","by":"The Akpa, under Osim and Akuma Nnubi","note":"The Akpa homeland east of the Cross River is placed approximately.","refs":[],"color":"#5c4a38"},{"kind":"retreat","path":[[7.91,5.39],[7.912,5.384],[7.915,5.378],[7.917,5.372],[7.919,5.366],[7.921,5.359],[7.923,5.353],[7.925,5.347],[7.927,5.341],[7.928,5.335],[7.93,5.329],[7.931,5.323],[7.933,5.316],[7.934,5.31],[7.935,5.304],[7.936,5.298],[7.937,5.292],[7.938,5.285],[7.939,5.279],[7.939,5.273],[7.94,5.267],[7.94,5.26],[7.941,5.254],[7.941,5.248],[7.941,5.242],[7.941,5.235],[7.941,5.229],[7.941,5.223],[7.941,5.216],[7.94,5.21],[7.94,5.204],[7.939,5.197],[7.939,5.191],[7.938,5.185],[7.937,5.178],[7.936,5.172],[7.935,5.166],[7.934,5.159],[7.933,5.153],[7.931,5.146],[7.93,5.14]],"label":"The Ibibio of Ibom are driven out","by":"Ibom, the Ibibio state of Obong Okon Ita","refs":[],"color":"#5c4a38"}],"moments":[{"when":"The war","title":"Stalemate, then the allied assault","text":"The Akpa warlords lead the allied forces against Ibom. Osim is killed in the fighting.","at":{"name":"Arochukwu","point":[7.91,5.39]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"refs":[]},{"when":"After the war","title":"Nineteen villages, one state","text":"The victors combine nineteen villages, old and new, into Arochukwu. In honour of Osim, his brother Akuma becomes the first Eze Aro; then the kingship returns to the Igbo line through Oke Nnachi. Nnachi’s lineage becomes the state’s priestly and intellectual class.","at":{"name":"Arochukwu","point":[7.91,5.39]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"refs":[]},{"when":"The kindreds","title":"Three kindreds across nineteen villages","text":"Under the Eze Aro, Arochukwu is three kindreds whose members live across the villages. Oke Nnachi: Amankwu, Amangwu, Asaga, Atani, Amuvi, Isimkpu, Obinkita (Nde Agor), Oror and Utughugwu. Ibom Isii: Agbagwu, Amasu, Amukwa, Atani, Ibom Etiti, Oror, Ugwuakuma and Ujari. Eze Agwu na Okwara Agwu: Amannagwu, Amoba, Atani, Obinkita, Ugbo and Ugwuavor. The nineteen villages are Agbagwu, Amannagwu, Amangwu, Amankwu, Amasu, Amoba, Amukwa, Amuvi, Asaga, Atani, Ibom, Isimkpu, Obinkita, Oror, Ugbo, Ugwuakuma, Ugwuavor, Ujari and Utughugwu.","at":{"name":"Arochukwu","point":[7.91,5.39]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"when":"From the founding","title":"Ibini Ukpabi","text":"The oracle of Ibini Ukpabi, the “Long Juju”, becomes a court of appeal for a wide region and the heart of the Aro trading network.","at":{"name":"Arochukwu","point":[7.91,5.39]},"mark":"shrine","colonial":false,"refs":[]}],"area":true,"pieces":[],"polities":["aro"],"bounds":[7.73,5.14,8.36,5.76],"refs":[2,3,4,1,5],"confidence":"medium","note":"Dated about 1650–1700; the owner’s notes place the war in the late 17th century.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"aronews-kindreds","citation":"Unity in Diversity: A Great Gain for Arochukwu Kingdom (quoting J. K. Oji, The Kingdom of Arochukwu, on the three kindreds and nineteen villages). Aro News Online","url":"https://www.aronewsonline.com/unity-in-diversity-a-great-gain-for-arochukwu-kingdom/","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-arochukwu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Arochukwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arochukwu","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-aro-confederacy","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Aro Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aro_Confederacy","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"dike-ekejiuba-1990","citation":"Dike, K. Onwuka; Ekejiuba, Felicia. (1990). The Aro of South-eastern Nigeria, 1650–1980. University Press, Ibadan","checked":false},{"n":5,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-doc1","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Owner's notes on the reach of Igala, Benin, Oyo and Aro, the British conquests, and migrations (hintsPrompts/doc1.md)","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"atlantic-slave-trade","name":"The Atlantic slave trade at the coast","kind":"contact","status":"published","year":1650,"yearLabel":"c. 1650–1807","until":1807,"actors":[{"name":"European slave ships","side":"european","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Bonny","polity":"bonny","side":"trader","color":"#2d7f8f"},{"name":"Kalabari (New Calabar)","polity":"kalabari","side":"trader","color":"#8f6d2d"},{"name":"Old Calabar","polity":"old-calabar","side":"trader","color":"#3f5fa0"},{"name":"Lagos","polity":"lagos","side":"trader","color":"#c0603a"}],"summary":{"text":"For more than two centuries European ships came to the coast to buy people. From the Bight of Biafra alone, about one in ten of all the Africans carried to the Americas before 1700 left from this coast, and about one in seven in the 18th century; British ships carried more than two thirds of them. Three ports, Bonny, Elem Kalabari (New Calabar) and Old Calabar, handled over 90 per cent of that trade, and Bonny led by the middle of the 1700s. Further west, English slavers made the first recorded purchase at Lagos in 1652, and from the 1760s Lagos became a major slave port. Among the captives were Igbo, Efik and Ibibio people and many others from the interior. In 1807 Britain made the trade illegal and sent the Royal Navy to stop the slave ships, though it went on at Lagos for decades more.","refs":[1,5,6,4],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"voyage","vessel":"sail","path":[[4.4,2.4],[4.408,2.405],[4.423,2.414],[4.447,2.428],[4.478,2.447],[4.517,2.47],[4.564,2.498],[4.619,2.531],[4.681,2.569],[4.752,2.611],[4.83,2.658],[4.916,2.709],[5.009,2.766],[5.111,2.827],[5.22,2.892],[5.338,2.963],[5.463,3.038],[5.582,3.11],[5.697,3.181],[5.807,3.25],[5.912,3.316],[6.011,3.38],[6.106,3.442],[6.195,3.502],[6.28,3.56],[6.359,3.616],[6.433,3.669],[6.502,3.721],[6.566,3.77],[6.625,3.817],[6.679,3.862],[6.728,3.905],[6.772,3.945],[6.813,3.984],[6.852,4.021],[6.888,4.056],[6.922,4.089],[6.953,4.121],[6.982,4.151],[7.008,4.178],[7.032,4.204],[7.053,4.228],[7.072,4.251],[7.088,4.271],[7.102,4.29],[7.113,4.306],[7.122,4.321],[7.128,4.334],[7.132,4.346],[7.135,4.356],[7.139,4.366],[7.142,4.375],[7.145,4.384],[7.147,4.391],[7.149,4.398],[7.152,4.405],[7.153,4.41],[7.155,4.415],[7.156,4.419],[7.158,4.423],[7.159,4.426],[7.159,4.428],[7.16,4.429],[7.16,4.43]],"label":"Slave ships come in to Bonny","by":"European slave ships","confidence":"high","refs":[1,2],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"voyage","vessel":"sail","path":[[3.6,2.9],[3.61,2.904],[3.629,2.912],[3.659,2.925],[3.698,2.941],[3.746,2.962],[3.805,2.986],[3.873,3.015],[3.952,3.048],[4.039,3.085],[4.137,3.126],[4.245,3.171],[4.362,3.22],[4.489,3.273],[4.625,3.331],[4.772,3.392],[4.928,3.458],[5.077,3.521],[5.219,3.582],[5.354,3.641],[5.481,3.697],[5.601,3.751],[5.714,3.802],[5.82,3.852],[5.918,3.898],[6.009,3.943],[6.093,3.985],[6.17,4.025],[6.239,4.063],[6.302,4.098],[6.357,4.13],[6.405,4.161],[6.445,4.189],[6.484,4.217],[6.52,4.244],[6.555,4.27],[6.587,4.296],[6.617,4.321],[6.645,4.346],[6.671,4.37],[6.694,4.393],[6.716,4.416],[6.736,4.438],[6.753,4.46],[6.768,4.481],[6.781,4.501],[6.793,4.521],[6.802,4.541],[6.808,4.559],[6.815,4.577],[6.821,4.593],[6.826,4.609],[6.832,4.623],[6.836,4.636],[6.841,4.647],[6.845,4.658],[6.848,4.667],[6.851,4.675],[6.854,4.682],[6.856,4.688],[6.857,4.693],[6.859,4.696],[6.86,4.699],[6.86,4.7]],"label":"Slave ships come in to Elem Kalabari (New Calabar)","by":"European slave ships","confidence":"high","refs":[1,3],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"voyage","vessel":"sail","path":[[6.4,2.2],[6.407,2.207],[6.422,2.22],[6.445,2.24],[6.474,2.266],[6.511,2.3],[6.556,2.339],[6.608,2.386],[6.667,2.439],[6.734,2.499],[6.808,2.565],[6.89,2.638],[6.979,2.718],[7.075,2.804],[7.179,2.897],[7.291,2.997],[7.409,3.103],[7.521,3.205],[7.625,3.303],[7.722,3.397],[7.812,3.487],[7.894,3.573],[7.969,3.654],[8.037,3.732],[8.098,3.805],[8.151,3.875],[8.197,3.94],[8.236,4.001],[8.268,4.058],[8.292,4.111],[8.309,4.16],[8.319,4.205],[8.321,4.245],[8.324,4.285],[8.326,4.324],[8.327,4.361],[8.329,4.398],[8.33,4.434],[8.331,4.469],[8.332,4.502],[8.333,4.535],[8.333,4.567],[8.333,4.598],[8.333,4.628],[8.333,4.657],[8.332,4.685],[8.332,4.712],[8.331,4.738],[8.329,4.763],[8.328,4.786],[8.327,4.808],[8.326,4.828],[8.325,4.847],[8.324,4.864],[8.324,4.88],[8.323,4.894],[8.322,4.906],[8.322,4.917],[8.321,4.927],[8.321,4.934],[8.32,4.941],[8.32,4.945],[8.32,4.948],[8.32,4.95]],"label":"Slave ships come up the Cross River estuary to Old Calabar","by":"European slave ships","confidence":"high","refs":[1,4],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"voyage","vessel":"sail","path":[[0.8,4.2],[0.808,4.206],[0.823,4.218],[0.847,4.235],[0.878,4.259],[0.917,4.288],[0.964,4.323],[1.019,4.364],[1.081,4.411],[1.152,4.464],[1.23,4.522],[1.316,4.587],[1.409,4.657],[1.511,4.733],[1.62,4.815],[1.738,4.903],[1.862,4.997],[1.982,5.087],[2.096,5.174],[2.204,5.257],[2.307,5.337],[2.405,5.413],[2.497,5.486],[2.583,5.555],[2.664,5.62],[2.74,5.682],[2.81,5.741],[2.874,5.796],[2.933,5.848],[2.986,5.896],[3.034,5.94],[3.077,5.981],[3.113,6.019],[3.148,6.054],[3.18,6.088],[3.21,6.12],[3.238,6.151],[3.263,6.179],[3.287,6.206],[3.307,6.231],[3.326,6.254],[3.342,6.275],[3.356,6.295],[3.368,6.313],[3.377,6.329],[3.385,6.343],[3.389,6.355],[3.392,6.366],[3.392,6.374],[3.392,6.383],[3.393,6.39],[3.393,6.397],[3.393,6.404],[3.393,6.41],[3.393,6.415],[3.393,6.42],[3.394,6.425],[3.394,6.429],[3.394,6.432],[3.394,6.435],[3.394,6.437],[3.394,6.438],[3.394,6.439],[3.394,6.44]],"label":"Slave ships cross the Lagos bar","by":"European slave ships","confidence":"high","refs":[5,6],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"voyage","vessel":"sail","path":[[7.16,4.43],[7.158,4.426],[7.153,4.418],[7.147,4.406],[7.138,4.39],[7.127,4.37],[7.114,4.346],[7.099,4.317],[7.081,4.285],[7.062,4.249],[7.04,4.209],[7.016,4.164],[6.989,4.116],[6.961,4.064],[6.93,4.008],[6.897,3.947],[6.863,3.883],[6.82,3.816],[6.771,3.747],[6.714,3.676],[6.651,3.603],[6.58,3.528],[6.502,3.45],[6.416,3.37],[6.324,3.288],[6.224,3.203],[6.117,3.117],[6.003,3.028],[5.882,2.937],[5.753,2.843],[5.618,2.748],[5.475,2.65],[5.325,2.55],[5.169,2.454],[5.006,2.362],[4.838,2.273],[4.663,2.189],[4.481,2.109],[4.294,2.032],[4.1,1.959],[3.9,1.891],[3.694,1.826],[3.481,1.765],[3.263,1.708],[3.038,1.655],[2.806,1.605],[2.569,1.56],[2.325,1.519],[2.075,1.481],[1.841,1.446],[1.622,1.413],[1.419,1.383],[1.231,1.355],[1.059,1.329],[0.903,1.305],[0.763,1.284],[0.638,1.266],[0.528,1.249],[0.434,1.235],[0.356,1.223],[0.294,1.214],[0.247,1.207],[0.216,1.202],[0.2,1.2]],"label":"Captives carried across the Atlantic to the Americas","by":"European slave ships","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#c8102e"}],"moments":[{"when":"1652","title":"The first recorded sale at Lagos","text":"English slavers make the first recorded purchase of captives at Lagos.","at":{"name":"Eko (Lagos)","point":[3.394,6.455]},"mark":"anchor","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[5]},{"when":"17th–18th centuries","title":"Old Calabar","text":"Efik traders at Old Calabar deal with European captains, selling captives brought down from the interior.","at":{"name":"Old Calabar (Duke Town)","point":[8.32,4.95]},"mark":"anchor","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[4,1]},{"when":"By the mid-1700s","title":"Bonny, the leading port","text":"Bonny becomes the busiest slave port of the Bight of Biafra. With Elem Kalabari and Old Calabar it handles over 90 per cent of the trade from this coast.","at":{"name":"Bonny","point":[7.17,4.45]},"mark":"anchor","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,2]},{"when":"1760s","title":"Lagos opens to the trade","text":"Akinsemoyin, who had met European slave traders while in exile at Badagry, takes power at Lagos and opens it to the slave trade.","at":{"name":"Eko (Lagos)","point":[3.394,6.455]},"mark":"anchor","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[5,6]},{"when":"1807","title":"Britain bans the trade","text":"The United Kingdom makes the international slave trade illegal and sends the Royal Navy to stop slave ships. The trade goes on at Lagos until the British bombardment of 1851.","mark":"treaty","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,5]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["bonny","kalabari","old-calabar","lagos"],"bounds":[0.2,1.2,8.34,6.455],"refs":[1,5,6,4],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-bight-of-biafra","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bight of Biafra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bight_of_Biafra","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-bonny","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Bonny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bonny","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kalabari-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kalabari Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabari_Kingdom","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"latham-1973","citation":"Latham, A. J. H. (1973). Old Calabar, 1600–1891: The Impact of the International Economy upon a Traditional Society. Clarendon Press, Oxford","checked":false},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-history-of-lagos","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. History of Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lagos","checked":false},{"n":6,"id":"mann-2007","citation":"Mann, Kristin. (2007). Slavery and the Birth of an African City: Lagos, 1760–1900. Indiana University Press","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["The shares (10.7 per cent of all captives before 1700, 14.97 per cent in 1701–1800) are of all enslaved people carried to the Americas, for the Bight of Biafra only; the Bight of Benin (Lagos, Badagry) is not counted in them.","The Aro network supplied many of the captives sold at Bonny and Calabar; the Aro are on the timeline but no source for that link has been checked yet, so they are left out of this event.","Sea lanes are drawn, not traced: ships came from many directions, and the lane out across the Atlantic stands for every voyage."]},{"id":"igala-down-the-niger","name":"Igala settlement down the Niger","kind":"migration","status":"published","year":1650,"yearLabel":"c. 17th–18th century","until":1720,"actors":[{"name":"Igala settlers, traders and royals","polity":"igala","side":"migrant","color":"#c9822a"}],"summary":{"text":"Over centuries of trade and expansion down the Niger, Igala people settled on the west bank. Igala settlers from Idah founded Ojuwo in Unuedegor, opposite Idah; Ebu, Ilushi and Ifeku still speak Igala, and Illah counts an Igala line among its founders. The owner’s notes add towns deeper in Delta State, Oko, Amai, Ossissa, Onu-Aboh and Obiaruku, with founding or political ties traced to Idah.","refs":[2,3,7,1,4],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"migration","path":[[6.737,7.117],[6.736,7.116],[6.735,7.114],[6.734,7.11],[6.732,7.106],[6.729,7.1],[6.726,7.094],[6.722,7.086],[6.718,7.077],[6.714,7.067],[6.708,7.056],[6.703,7.043],[6.696,7.03],[6.69,7.015],[6.682,7],[6.675,6.983],[6.666,6.965],[6.658,6.948],[6.651,6.931],[6.645,6.915],[6.639,6.899],[6.634,6.883],[6.629,6.868],[6.625,6.854],[6.622,6.84],[6.619,6.826],[6.617,6.813],[6.615,6.801],[6.615,6.789],[6.614,6.777],[6.615,6.766],[6.616,6.756],[6.617,6.745],[6.619,6.736],[6.62,6.727],[6.621,6.719],[6.623,6.711],[6.624,6.704],[6.625,6.698],[6.626,6.692],[6.626,6.687],[6.627,6.683],[6.628,6.679],[6.628,6.676],[6.629,6.673],[6.629,6.672],[6.629,6.67],[6.629,6.67]],"label":"Up the west bank: Ifeku and Ilushi, Igala-speaking today","by":"Igala settlers, traders and royals","refs":[1],"color":"#c9822a"},{"kind":"migration","path":[[6.737,7.117],[6.737,7.116],[6.736,7.113],[6.736,7.11],[6.735,7.105],[6.734,7.098],[6.733,7.091],[6.732,7.082],[6.73,7.072],[6.729,7.061],[6.727,7.049],[6.725,7.035],[6.723,7.02],[6.72,7.004],[6.718,6.987],[6.715,6.968],[6.712,6.949],[6.709,6.929],[6.706,6.909],[6.702,6.889],[6.699,6.869],[6.695,6.849],[6.691,6.829],[6.687,6.809],[6.683,6.789],[6.679,6.77],[6.675,6.75],[6.67,6.73],[6.666,6.71],[6.661,6.689],[6.656,6.669],[6.651,6.649],[6.645,6.629],[6.641,6.61],[6.636,6.592],[6.633,6.575],[6.629,6.559],[6.627,6.544],[6.624,6.531],[6.623,6.518],[6.621,6.506],[6.621,6.495],[6.62,6.486],[6.62,6.477],[6.621,6.47],[6.622,6.463],[6.624,6.458],[6.626,6.453],[6.629,6.45],[6.631,6.447],[6.634,6.444],[6.636,6.441],[6.638,6.439],[6.64,6.436],[6.641,6.434],[6.643,6.432],[6.644,6.431],[6.645,6.429],[6.646,6.428],[6.647,6.427],[6.648,6.426],[6.648,6.425],[6.649,6.425],[6.649,6.425]],"label":"Down the river: Ebu, Igala-speaking today, and the Igala quarters of Illah","by":"Igala settlers, traders and royals","refs":[2,3],"color":"#c9822a"},{"kind":"migration","path":[[6.649,6.425],[6.649,6.423],[6.65,6.421],[6.651,6.417],[6.652,6.412],[6.653,6.406],[6.655,6.398],[6.657,6.389],[6.659,6.379],[6.661,6.368],[6.664,6.355],[6.667,6.341],[6.671,6.326],[6.674,6.309],[6.678,6.291],[6.682,6.272],[6.687,6.252],[6.69,6.232],[6.694,6.212],[6.696,6.192],[6.698,6.172],[6.699,6.152],[6.699,6.132],[6.699,6.113],[6.698,6.093],[6.697,6.074],[6.694,6.055],[6.691,6.035],[6.688,6.016],[6.684,5.997],[6.679,5.978],[6.673,5.959],[6.667,5.941],[6.661,5.922],[6.654,5.904],[6.648,5.885],[6.642,5.867],[6.636,5.85],[6.63,5.832],[6.624,5.815],[6.618,5.797],[6.612,5.78],[6.606,5.763],[6.6,5.747],[6.594,5.73],[6.588,5.714],[6.582,5.698],[6.576,5.682],[6.57,5.666],[6.564,5.652],[6.557,5.64],[6.55,5.629],[6.542,5.621],[6.533,5.614],[6.524,5.608],[6.515,5.605],[6.505,5.604],[6.494,5.604],[6.483,5.606],[6.472,5.61],[6.46,5.615],[6.447,5.622],[6.434,5.632],[6.42,5.642],[6.406,5.655],[6.392,5.667],[6.379,5.678],[6.367,5.688],[6.355,5.698],[6.343,5.707],[6.332,5.714],[6.322,5.722],[6.312,5.728],[6.302,5.733],[6.293,5.738],[6.285,5.742],[6.277,5.745],[6.27,5.748],[6.263,5.749],[6.257,5.75],[6.251,5.75],[6.246,5.75],[6.241,5.75],[6.236,5.75],[6.232,5.75],[6.228,5.75],[6.224,5.75],[6.221,5.75],[6.218,5.75],[6.216,5.75],[6.213,5.75],[6.212,5.75],[6.21,5.75],[6.209,5.75],[6.208,5.75],[6.208,5.75]],"label":"Ties claimed deeper in the Delta: Onu-Aboh, Amai, Obiaruku","by":"Igala settlers, traders and royals","note":"From the owner’s notes only; Aboh and Ukwuani traditions mostly name Benin or Igbo origins.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[4],"color":"#c9822a"}],"moments":[{"when":"Today","title":"Ebu","text":"Ebu, on the west bank, still speaks Igala.","at":{"name":"Ebu","point":[6.6061,6.4786]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[2]},{"when":"Founding","title":"Illah: two Igala quarters","text":"Igala princes from Idah founded two of Illah’s quarters, Ukpologwu and Ogbe-Olu. Illah was not an Igala foundation alone: its first quarters were founded by the sons of an Igbo father from Nri and an Igala mother, and its Ukwumege quarter by a prince of Benin.","at":{"name":"Illah","point":[6.649,6.4246]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"refs":[3,5,6]},{"when":"Today","title":"Ilushi and Ifeku","text":"Ilushi and Ifeku, in Edo State, speak Igala.","at":{"name":"Ilushi (Uloshi)","point":[6.6292,6.6697]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"refs":[1]},{"when":"After the founding","title":"Ojuwo, in Unuedegor","text":"Igala people from Idah crossed the Niger and settled a section of Unuedegor, in today’s Etsako East, naming it Ojuwo. The owner says an Igala population still lives there.","at":{"name":"Unuedegor","point":[6.7061,7.1471]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[7,8]},{"when":"Tradition","title":"Onu-Aboh","text":"The owner’s notes record ties between Aboh and Idah. Not yet found in a written source.","at":{"name":"Aboh (Onu-Aboh)","point":[6.5263,5.5475]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"disputed","refs":[4]},{"when":"Tradition","title":"Amai and Obiaruku","text":"The owner’s notes record Igala ties for Amai and Obiaruku in Ukwuani. Not yet found in a written source.","at":{"name":"Obiaruku","point":[6.1567,5.8245]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"disputed","refs":[4]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["igala"],"bounds":[6.1567,5.5475,6.737,7.1471],"refs":[2,3,7,1,4],"confidence":"medium","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"owner-2026-10-06","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Anambra West, Ifeku and Ilushi are Igala speaking, and most people in those communities are Igala","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-igala-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igala people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igala_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-illah","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Illah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illah","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-doc1","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Owner's notes on the reach of Igala, Benin, Oyo and Aro, the British conquests, and migrations (hintsPrompts/doc1.md)","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"esogbue-2023-enuani","citation":"Emeka Esogbue. (2023). The Enuani: Who Are They?","url":"http://emekaesogbue.blogspot.com/2023/08/the-enuani-who-are-they.html","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"owner-2026-10-08-anioma","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: the Anioma are a fusion of Igala, Igbo, Benin and Olukumi peoples, and together they fought the Ekumeku war; Illah was not founded by the Igala alone","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-unuedegor","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Unuedegor (sections, founding from Egor, Igala settlers from Idah at Ojuwo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unuedegor","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-ojuwo","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Unuedegor, and its Ojuwo section in particular, has a historical and resident population of Igala origin","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Oko, Ossissa, Onu-Aboh, Amai and Obiaruku come only from the owner’s notes. Which tradition links each to Idah, and who tells it? They are drawn as disputed history only, never on the peoples atlas."]},{"id":"kwararafa-northern-wars","name":"Kwararafa against Katsina, Zazzau and Bornu","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1670,"yearLabel":"c. 1670–1684","until":1690,"actors":[{"name":"Kwararafa","polity":"kwararafa","side":"attacker","color":"#8c3d3d"},{"name":"Katsina","polity":"katsina","side":"defender","color":"#7d5aa6"},{"name":"Zazzau","polity":"zazzau","side":"defender","color":"#b0473a"},{"name":"Bornu","polity":"kanem-bornu","side":"defender","color":"#9c5a2c"},{"name":"Tuareg of Agadez","side":"ally","color":"#8a6d3b"}],"summary":{"text":"At the same time as its attacks on Kano, Kwararafa struck the other great states of the north. Katsina was invaded between 1670 and 1684 and Zazzau attacked around 1680. With a Tuareg army from the north it besieged Ngazargamu, the Bornu capital. Mai Ali ibn Umar turned the two besiegers against each other and then beat both; Bornu tradition says he sent three captives back with their severed ears hung round their necks.","refs":[2,1,3],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"raid","path":[[9.75,8.18],[9.659,8.283],[9.569,8.388],[9.482,8.493],[9.396,8.599],[9.313,8.706],[9.231,8.814],[9.152,8.922],[9.074,9.032],[8.998,9.142],[8.924,9.254],[8.852,9.366],[8.782,9.479],[8.714,9.592],[8.647,9.707],[8.583,9.823],[8.521,9.939],[8.46,10.056],[8.402,10.174],[8.345,10.293],[8.29,10.413],[8.237,10.534],[8.187,10.655],[8.138,10.778],[8.091,10.901],[8.046,11.025],[8.002,11.15],[7.961,11.276],[7.922,11.403],[7.884,11.53],[7.849,11.659],[7.815,11.788],[7.784,11.918],[7.754,12.049],[7.726,12.181],[7.7,12.314],[7.676,12.447],[7.654,12.582],[7.634,12.717],[7.616,12.853],[7.6,12.99]],"label":"Into Katsina (1670–1684)","by":"Kwararafa","note":"Start and target only; the road is not recorded.","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#8c3d3d"},{"kind":"raid","path":[[9.75,8.18],[9.676,8.236],[9.604,8.293],[9.532,8.351],[9.462,8.41],[9.393,8.47],[9.325,8.53],[9.258,8.591],[9.192,8.653],[9.127,8.716],[9.064,8.78],[9.002,8.844],[8.941,8.909],[8.881,8.975],[8.822,9.042],[8.765,9.11],[8.708,9.179],[8.653,9.248],[8.599,9.318],[8.546,9.389],[8.494,9.461],[8.443,9.534],[8.394,9.607],[8.345,9.681],[8.298,9.757],[8.252,9.833],[8.207,9.909],[8.163,9.987],[8.121,10.065],[8.079,10.144],[8.039,10.224],[8,10.305],[7.962,10.387],[7.925,10.47],[7.89,10.553],[7.855,10.637],[7.822,10.722],[7.79,10.808],[7.759,10.894],[7.729,10.982],[7.7,11.07]],"label":"Against Zazzau (c. 1680)","by":"Kwararafa","note":"Start and target only.","confidence":"medium","refs":[2],"color":"#8c3d3d"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[9.75,8.18],[9.777,8.323],[9.806,8.465],[9.837,8.606],[9.87,8.746],[9.906,8.884],[9.943,9.022],[9.981,9.159],[10.022,9.295],[10.065,9.429],[10.11,9.563],[10.157,9.695],[10.206,9.827],[10.256,9.957],[10.309,10.087],[10.364,10.215],[10.42,10.342],[10.479,10.468],[10.539,10.594],[10.602,10.718],[10.666,10.841],[10.733,10.963],[10.801,11.084],[10.871,11.204],[10.944,11.323],[11.018,11.441],[11.094,11.557],[11.172,11.673],[11.252,11.788],[11.335,11.902],[11.419,12.014],[11.505,12.126],[11.593,12.236],[11.683,12.346],[11.774,12.454],[11.868,12.562],[11.964,12.668],[12.062,12.773],[12.162,12.878],[12.263,12.981],[12.367,13.083]],"label":"To Ngazargamu","by":"Kwararafa","note":"Start and target only.","confidence":"medium","refs":[3,1],"color":"#8c3d3d"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[7.99,16.97],[8.13,16.907],[8.268,16.842],[8.405,16.776],[8.54,16.707],[8.673,16.637],[8.805,16.566],[8.936,16.492],[9.064,16.417],[9.192,16.34],[9.317,16.261],[9.442,16.18],[9.564,16.098],[9.685,16.014],[9.805,15.928],[9.923,15.841],[10.039,15.751],[10.154,15.66],[10.268,15.568],[10.379,15.473],[10.489,15.377],[10.598,15.279],[10.705,15.179],[10.811,15.077],[10.915,14.974],[11.017,14.869],[11.118,14.762],[11.217,14.654],[11.315,14.543],[11.411,14.431],[11.506,14.317],[11.599,14.202],[11.691,14.085],[11.781,13.965],[11.869,13.845],[11.956,13.722],[12.041,13.598],[12.125,13.472],[12.207,13.344],[12.288,13.214],[12.367,13.083]],"label":"Tuareg from Agadez","by":"Tuareg of Agadez","confidence":"medium","refs":[3],"color":"#8a6d3b"}],"moments":[{"when":"1670–1684","title":"Katsina invaded","text":"Katsina documents record a Kwararafa invasion in these years.","at":{"name":"Katsina","point":[7.6,12.99]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"when":"Reign of Ali ibn Umar (c. 1645–1680)","title":"Ngazargamu besieged and saved","text":"Kwararafa and the Tuareg besiege the Bornu capital. Mai Ali sets them against each other, then defeats the survivors of both.","at":{"name":"Ngazargamu","point":[12.367,13.083]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[3,2]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["kwararafa","katsina","zazzau","kanem-bornu"],"bounds":[7.6,8.18,12.367,16.97],"refs":[2,1,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Wikipedia's Kwararafa article says Ngazargamu was sacked; its Jukun and Ali III articles say the attack failed. The Bornu account, that the siege was broken, is followed here.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-jukun","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jukun people (West Africa)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukun_people_(West_Africa)","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kwararafa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kwararafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwararafa","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-ali-iii-bornu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ali III Walamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_III_Walamma","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The Versus record in forces/kwararafa.json still says Kwararafa sacked Ngazargamu in 1680; it is changed to match this event."]},{"id":"aro-settlements","name":"The Aro go out: settlements across Igboland","kind":"migration","status":"published","year":1700,"yearLabel":"c. 1700–1850","until":1902,"actors":[{"name":"Aro merchant families","polity":"aro","side":"migrant","color":"#b5532f"},{"name":"Abam, Ohafia and Edda fighters","side":"ally","color":"#5c4a38"}],"summary":{"text":"Arochukwu is three kindreds living across nineteen villages: Oke Nnachi, Ibom Isii, and Eze Agwu na Okwara Agwu. From the early 1700s, families and single traders from these villages went out along the trade routes and founded more than 150 Aro towns, wards and compounds across the old Eastern Region. Some settlements were won by force with Abam and Ohafia fighters, like Arondizuogu. Others were wards granted inside older towns, or merchant compounds beside a market. Each remembers the Arochukwu village its founder came from, and each was tied into the trade, much of it in enslaved people, that the Ibini Ukpabi oracle protected.","refs":[6,4,5,7,8],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"migration","path":[[7.91,5.39],[7.909,5.392],[7.906,5.395],[7.902,5.4],[7.896,5.407],[7.889,5.415],[7.88,5.425],[7.871,5.437],[7.859,5.45],[7.847,5.466],[7.833,5.482],[7.817,5.501],[7.8,5.521],[7.782,5.543],[7.762,5.566],[7.741,5.592],[7.719,5.618],[7.696,5.645],[7.673,5.671],[7.65,5.696],[7.627,5.721],[7.603,5.745],[7.58,5.769],[7.556,5.793],[7.532,5.816],[7.507,5.838],[7.483,5.86],[7.458,5.882],[7.433,5.903],[7.408,5.923],[7.383,5.943],[7.357,5.963],[7.332,5.982],[7.308,6],[7.285,6.017],[7.264,6.032],[7.245,6.046],[7.227,6.059],[7.211,6.071],[7.197,6.082],[7.184,6.092],[7.173,6.1],[7.163,6.107],[7.155,6.113],[7.149,6.118],[7.144,6.121],[7.141,6.124],[7.139,6.125]],"label":"Ikelionwu Ufere, from Ibom village, to Ndikelionwu","by":"Aro merchant families","when":"1701–1750","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#b5532f"},{"kind":"migration","path":[[7.91,5.39],[7.909,5.391],[7.906,5.394],[7.902,5.399],[7.897,5.404],[7.891,5.412],[7.883,5.42],[7.874,5.43],[7.864,5.442],[7.852,5.455],[7.839,5.469],[7.825,5.485],[7.809,5.503],[7.793,5.522],[7.775,5.542],[7.755,5.563],[7.735,5.587],[7.714,5.609],[7.693,5.632],[7.672,5.654],[7.65,5.676],[7.629,5.698],[7.607,5.719],[7.585,5.74],[7.563,5.761],[7.541,5.782],[7.519,5.802],[7.496,5.822],[7.473,5.842],[7.451,5.861],[7.427,5.88],[7.404,5.899],[7.381,5.917],[7.359,5.935],[7.338,5.951],[7.319,5.966],[7.302,5.98],[7.286,5.992],[7.271,6.004],[7.258,6.014],[7.246,6.024],[7.236,6.032],[7.227,6.039],[7.22,6.044],[7.214,6.049],[7.209,6.053],[7.206,6.055],[7.205,6.056]],"label":"Oji Oti Eni Mgboro, from Ujari village, to Ajalli","by":"Aro merchant families","when":"c. 1750","confidence":"medium","refs":[2],"color":"#b5532f"},{"kind":"migration","path":[[7.91,5.39],[7.907,5.392],[7.901,5.397],[7.892,5.405],[7.881,5.414],[7.866,5.426],[7.849,5.441],[7.828,5.458],[7.805,5.477],[7.779,5.499],[7.75,5.523],[7.717,5.55],[7.682,5.579],[7.644,5.611],[7.604,5.645],[7.56,5.681],[7.513,5.72],[7.469,5.756],[7.428,5.79],[7.389,5.822],[7.352,5.852],[7.319,5.879],[7.288,5.903],[7.259,5.926],[7.233,5.946],[7.21,5.963],[7.189,5.979],[7.171,5.992],[7.155,6.002],[7.142,6.01],[7.132,6.016],[7.124,6.02],[7.119,6.021],[7.114,6.023],[7.11,6.025],[7.107,6.027],[7.104,6.03],[7.102,6.033],[7.101,6.037],[7.1,6.04],[7.1,6.045],[7.1,6.05],[7.101,6.055],[7.103,6.06],[7.105,6.066],[7.108,6.072],[7.112,6.079],[7.116,6.086],[7.121,6.094],[7.125,6.101],[7.13,6.107],[7.134,6.113],[7.137,6.119],[7.14,6.124],[7.143,6.129],[7.146,6.133],[7.149,6.137],[7.151,6.14],[7.152,6.143],[7.154,6.145],[7.155,6.147],[7.156,6.149],[7.157,6.15],[7.157,6.15]],"label":"Okoromesi, from Atani village, by Ogboji and Aguluezechukwu to Ndiokolo","by":"Aro merchant families","when":"First half of the 18th century","note":"He settled first at Ezeanuna Ugbaja in Ogboji, then at Aguluezechukwu, before the present site. Aguluezechukwu is placed approximately.","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#b5532f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[7.91,5.39],[7.908,5.391],[7.905,5.394],[7.9,5.397],[7.894,5.402],[7.886,5.408],[7.876,5.415],[7.865,5.424],[7.852,5.434],[7.838,5.444],[7.822,5.457],[7.804,5.47],[7.785,5.484],[7.764,5.5],[7.742,5.517],[7.718,5.535],[7.692,5.555],[7.667,5.574],[7.642,5.592],[7.617,5.61],[7.592,5.628],[7.568,5.645],[7.544,5.662],[7.521,5.678],[7.497,5.694],[7.474,5.709],[7.451,5.724],[7.429,5.738],[7.406,5.752],[7.384,5.766],[7.363,5.779],[7.341,5.791],[7.32,5.804],[7.3,5.815],[7.282,5.826],[7.264,5.836],[7.248,5.845],[7.234,5.853],[7.221,5.861],[7.209,5.868],[7.198,5.874],[7.189,5.879],[7.181,5.884],[7.174,5.887],[7.169,5.89],[7.165,5.893],[7.162,5.894],[7.161,5.895]],"label":"Izuogu Mgbokpo and Iheme lead Aro and Abam forces to Ikpa Ora: Arondizuogu","by":"Abam, Ohafia and Edda fighters","when":"Mid-18th century","confidence":"medium","refs":[3,4],"color":"#5c4a38"},{"kind":"migration","path":[[7.91,5.39],[7.902,5.392],[7.893,5.394],[7.885,5.397],[7.877,5.399],[7.869,5.401],[7.861,5.404],[7.853,5.407],[7.845,5.41],[7.838,5.413],[7.83,5.416],[7.822,5.419],[7.815,5.422],[7.807,5.426],[7.8,5.429],[7.792,5.433],[7.785,5.436],[7.778,5.44],[7.771,5.444],[7.763,5.448],[7.756,5.453],[7.749,5.457],[7.743,5.461],[7.736,5.466],[7.729,5.47],[7.722,5.475],[7.716,5.48],[7.709,5.485],[7.703,5.49],[7.696,5.495],[7.69,5.501],[7.684,5.506],[7.677,5.512],[7.671,5.517],[7.665,5.523],[7.659,5.529],[7.653,5.535],[7.647,5.541],[7.641,5.547],[7.636,5.554],[7.63,5.56]],"label":"To Bende, the great fair","by":"Aro merchant families","confidence":"high","refs":[4],"color":"#b5532f"},{"kind":"migration","path":[[7.63,5.56],[7.628,5.561],[7.626,5.562],[7.623,5.563],[7.621,5.564],[7.619,5.565],[7.617,5.566],[7.615,5.567],[7.613,5.568],[7.611,5.57],[7.609,5.571],[7.607,5.572],[7.605,5.573],[7.603,5.575],[7.601,5.576],[7.599,5.577],[7.597,5.579],[7.596,5.58],[7.594,5.581],[7.592,5.583],[7.59,5.584],[7.588,5.586],[7.587,5.587],[7.585,5.589],[7.583,5.591],[7.582,5.592],[7.58,5.594],[7.579,5.596],[7.577,5.597],[7.575,5.599],[7.574,5.601],[7.572,5.603],[7.571,5.604],[7.569,5.606],[7.568,5.608],[7.567,5.61],[7.565,5.612],[7.564,5.614],[7.563,5.616],[7.561,5.618],[7.56,5.62]],"label":"On to Uzuakoli, the rival fair of the 19th century","by":"Aro merchant families","when":"19th century","confidence":"medium","refs":[4],"color":"#b5532f"},{"kind":"migration","path":[[7.91,5.39],[7.91,5.391],[7.909,5.394],[7.909,5.398],[7.908,5.404],[7.907,5.411],[7.906,5.42],[7.905,5.429],[7.903,5.441],[7.901,5.453],[7.899,5.467],[7.897,5.483],[7.895,5.5],[7.892,5.518],[7.889,5.538],[7.887,5.559],[7.883,5.581],[7.88,5.604],[7.876,5.626],[7.873,5.647],[7.869,5.669],[7.864,5.69],[7.86,5.711],[7.855,5.732],[7.85,5.753],[7.845,5.773],[7.839,5.793],[7.834,5.813],[7.828,5.833],[7.821,5.852],[7.815,5.872],[7.808,5.891],[7.802,5.909],[7.795,5.927],[7.789,5.943],[7.784,5.959],[7.778,5.973],[7.774,5.986],[7.769,5.997],[7.765,6.008],[7.762,6.017],[7.759,6.025],[7.756,6.032],[7.754,6.038],[7.753,6.043],[7.751,6.046],[7.75,6.049],[7.75,6.05]],"label":"North to the Uburu market","by":"Aro merchant families","confidence":"high","refs":[4],"color":"#b5532f"},{"kind":"migration","path":[[7.91,5.39],[7.909,5.39],[7.908,5.39],[7.905,5.39],[7.902,5.39],[7.898,5.389],[7.893,5.389],[7.887,5.389],[7.88,5.389],[7.873,5.388],[7.865,5.388],[7.856,5.387],[7.846,5.387],[7.835,5.386],[7.824,5.386],[7.812,5.385],[7.798,5.385],[7.785,5.384],[7.773,5.384],[7.76,5.383],[7.747,5.383],[7.735,5.383],[7.722,5.383],[7.71,5.383],[7.698,5.383],[7.686,5.383],[7.674,5.384],[7.662,5.384],[7.65,5.385],[7.639,5.385],[7.627,5.386],[7.616,5.387],[7.605,5.388],[7.594,5.389],[7.585,5.39],[7.576,5.39],[7.567,5.391],[7.559,5.392],[7.552,5.392],[7.546,5.393],[7.541,5.393],[7.536,5.394],[7.531,5.394],[7.528,5.394],[7.525,5.395],[7.523,5.395],[7.522,5.395],[7.521,5.395]],"label":"West to Ikwuano: Aro Ajatakiri, Aro Okporoenyi and Aro Ayama","by":"Aro merchant families","confidence":"medium","refs":[5],"color":"#b5532f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[7.91,5.39],[7.91,5.391],[7.91,5.393],[7.911,5.396],[7.912,5.4],[7.912,5.405],[7.913,5.411],[7.914,5.418],[7.916,5.427],[7.917,5.436],[7.919,5.446],[7.92,5.457],[7.922,5.469],[7.924,5.482],[7.926,5.497],[7.929,5.512],[7.931,5.528],[7.934,5.544],[7.936,5.56],[7.938,5.576],[7.941,5.592],[7.943,5.608],[7.945,5.624],[7.947,5.639],[7.949,5.655],[7.951,5.67],[7.953,5.685],[7.955,5.701],[7.957,5.716],[7.959,5.731],[7.961,5.746],[7.962,5.761],[7.964,5.775],[7.965,5.789],[7.967,5.802],[7.968,5.814],[7.969,5.825],[7.97,5.835],[7.971,5.845],[7.972,5.853],[7.973,5.86],[7.974,5.867],[7.974,5.872],[7.975,5.877],[7.975,5.88],[7.976,5.883],[7.976,5.885],[7.976,5.886]],"label":"Aro soldiers found villages at Ozizza","by":"Abam, Ohafia and Edda fighters","confidence":"medium","refs":[4],"color":"#5c4a38"}],"moments":[{"when":"From about 1700","title":"Out from the nineteen villages","text":"Each diaspora town was founded by a person or a group from one of the nineteen villages, and each was sited on a trade route or a farm. Nwokeji counts about 150 such communities. Some were large towns won by conquest, like Arondizuogu and part of the Ndi-eni cluster. Others were wards founded peacefully inside older towns, or small merchant compounds in a host community.","at":{"name":"Arochukwu","point":[7.91,5.39]},"mark":"shrine","colonial":false,"refs":[6,5,7]},{"when":"1701–1750","title":"Ndikelionwu","text":"Ikelionwu Ufere comes from Ibom village in Arochukwu to set up a trading base outside the homeland, and later wins autonomy from Amaokpala and Omogho. In the 19th century Ndikelionwu is a kingdom whose kings’ influence reaches from the Ndi-eni towns to the Niger at Onitsha.","at":{"name":"Ndikelionwu","point":[7.139,6.125]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"when":"First half of the 18th century","title":"Okoromesi, later Ndiokolo","text":"Mazi Okoromesi, a merchant from Atani village, founds the town that bears his name. About 1895 it is renamed Aro Ndiokolo. Its four villages are Uhuana, Anumkpu, Obinetiti and Obinikpa.","at":{"name":"Ndiokolo","point":[7.157,6.15]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"when":"c. 1750","title":"Ajalli (Ujari)","text":"Oji Oti Eni Mgboro and his companions come from Ujari village and name the new town after it. Its four villages are Obinikpa, Umueve, Umuabiama and Amagu. With Arondizuogu and Bende, Ajalli becomes one of the strongest Aro states after Arochukwu. Nearby, Ndiowu, Ndiokpalaeke, Ndiokpalaeze and Ndiukwuenu make Orumba North an Aro country.","at":{"name":"Ajalli","point":[7.205,6.056]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[2,4,5]},{"when":"Mid-18th century","title":"Arondizuogu, the largest Aro settlement","text":"Mazi Izuogu Mgbokpo and his brothers take the land of Ikpa Ora by force, with Iheme, Izuogu’s chief servant. The town grows to twenty villages in two communities, the Izuogu and the Iheme. Early in the 19th century the warrior-trader Okoro Idozuka pushes its borders further. Today it spans Ideato North, Okigwe and Onuimo.","at":{"name":"Arondizuogu","point":[7.161,5.895]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[3,4]},{"when":"18th–19th century","title":"Bende and Uzuakoli","text":"Bende is the great fair of the Aro trade and one of the strongest Aro states. In the 19th century Uzuakoli rises as a rival fair and the last stop for Aro traders heading west.","at":{"name":"Bende","point":[7.63,5.56]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[4]},{"when":"18th century","title":"Ozizza","text":"Aro soldiers found at least three villages at Ozizza. Afikpo and Amasiri also take in many Aro migrants.","at":{"name":"Ozizza","point":[7.976,5.886]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[4]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["aro"],"bounds":[7.08,5.38,7.976,6.15],"refs":[6,4,5,3,1,2,7],"confidence":"medium","note":"Only settlements with a named founder, a date or a known role are drawn. The list of Aro towns on Wikipedia names about seventy more, in Abia, Imo, Anambra, Enugu, Ebonyi, Akwa Ibom and Benue. Points come from GRID3 settlement names.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"aronews-ndiokolo","citation":"Brief history of Ndiokolo community. Aro News Online","url":"https://new.aronewsonline.com/brief-history-of-ndiokolo-community/","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"aronews-ajalli","citation":"A Brief Profile of Ndieni Asa Communities: Ajalli. Aro News Online","url":"https://www.aronewsonline.com/a-brief-profile-of-ndieni-asa-communities-ajalli/","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-arondizuogu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Arondizuogu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arondizuogu","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-aro-confederacy","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Aro Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aro_Confederacy","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-aro-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Aro people (table of Aro settlements)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aro_people","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"aronews-kindreds","citation":"Unity in Diversity: A Great Gain for Arochukwu Kingdom (quoting J. K. Oji, The Kingdom of Arochukwu, on the three kindreds and nineteen villages). Aro News Online","url":"https://www.aronewsonline.com/unity-in-diversity-a-great-gain-for-arochukwu-kingdom/","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"nwokeji-2010","citation":"G. Ugo Nwokeji. (2010). The Slave Trade and Culture in the Bight of Biafra: An African Society in the Atlantic World. Cambridge University Press","checked":false},{"n":8,"id":"dike-ekejiuba-1990","citation":"Dike, K. Onwuka; Ekejiuba, Felicia. (1990). The Aro of South-eastern Nigeria, 1650–1980. University Press, Ibadan","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["The Ajalli founder and date come from an Aro News Online profile that blocked direct reading. They were seen only through a search summary and need checking.","One local source says the Aro of Ndiowu outwitted the Mgbom people who were there before them and renamed the town. It is not drawn until a readable source confirms it.","Aro Idoma (Benue), with Ukpabi of Ochu, is listed on Wikipedia without a location. Where is it?","Owner: which Aro village founded your community, if you know it? Founders and dates for Aro Ngwa, Aro Okigwe, Aro Isuochi and the Ebonyi settlements (Onueke, Ikwo, Effium) are not yet sourced."]},{"id":"idoma-leave-igala","name":"The last Idoma leave Igala land","kind":"migration","status":"published","year":1700,"yearLabel":"c. 1700–1780","until":1780,"actors":[{"name":"Idoma clans","side":"migrant","color":"#5c4a38"},{"name":"Igala Kingdom","polity":"igala","side":"origin","color":"#c9822a"}],"summary":{"text":"Between about 1700 and 1740 the last Idoma living in Igala land moved east and founded most of present-day Ogbadibo and Okpokwu. From about 1740 the Idoma paid tribute to Idah, the seat of the Attah and the spiritual capital of the Igala.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"disputed"},"routes":[{"kind":"migration","path":[[6.737,7.117],[6.739,7.117],[6.743,7.117],[6.749,7.118],[6.757,7.118],[6.767,7.119],[6.779,7.12],[6.793,7.121],[6.809,7.122],[6.827,7.123],[6.847,7.124],[6.869,7.126],[6.893,7.127],[6.919,7.129],[6.947,7.131],[6.977,7.132],[7.01,7.135],[7.041,7.136],[7.072,7.138],[7.103,7.139],[7.134,7.139],[7.164,7.139],[7.193,7.139],[7.223,7.139],[7.252,7.138],[7.28,7.137],[7.308,7.135],[7.336,7.133],[7.363,7.131],[7.39,7.128],[7.416,7.125],[7.442,7.122],[7.468,7.118],[7.492,7.115],[7.516,7.112],[7.538,7.11],[7.56,7.108],[7.58,7.107],[7.599,7.106],[7.617,7.106],[7.634,7.107],[7.65,7.107],[7.665,7.109],[7.679,7.111],[7.692,7.113],[7.704,7.116],[7.715,7.119],[7.724,7.123],[7.733,7.128],[7.741,7.132],[7.748,7.136],[7.755,7.14],[7.762,7.143],[7.767,7.146],[7.773,7.149],[7.778,7.151],[7.782,7.154],[7.786,7.155],[7.789,7.157],[7.792,7.159],[7.794,7.16],[7.795,7.16],[7.796,7.161],[7.797,7.161]],"label":"The last Idoma leave Igala land for Ogbadibo and Okpokwu","by":"Idoma clans","when":"1700–1740","refs":[],"color":"#5c4a38"}],"moments":[{"when":"c. 1740–1780","title":"Idah, spiritual capital of the Igala","text":"Idah, the seat of the Attah and the spiritual capital of the Igala, receives tribute from the Idoma.","at":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.737,7.117]},"mark":"shrine","colonial":false,"refs":[]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["igala"],"bounds":[6.737,7.09,7.7969,7.1613],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Dates and routes follow one published timeline of Idoma history; Idoma clans tell their migrations in many versions.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"okopi-idoma-timeline","citation":"Okopi, Jonathan. Timeline of Idoma History (from pre-history to 1960). Opinion Nigeria","url":"https://www.opinionnigeria.com/timeline-of-idoma-history-from-pre-history-to-1960-by-okopi-jonathan/","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-doc1","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Owner's notes on the reach of Igala, Benin, Oyo and Aro, the British conquests, and migrations (hintsPrompts/doc1.md)","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Owner correction (2026-10-08): Idah is the spiritual capital of the Igala, not of the Idoma. The earlier draft followed one reading of the Idoma timeline."]},{"id":"igala-jukun-war","name":"Ayegba’s war against the Jukun","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1700,"yearLabel":"c. late 17th century","until":1720,"actors":[{"name":"Jukun (Apa) army","polity":"kwararafa","side":"attacker","color":"#8c3d3d"},{"name":"Igala Kingdom","polity":"igala","side":"defender","color":"#c9822a"}],"summary":{"text":"When Attah Ayegba Oma-Idoko refused the yearly tribute owed to the Aku Uka of Wukari, a Jukun army marched to bring Idah back to order. It camped by the Nachalo river and was destroyed there, and the survivors were chased toward Otukpo. Igala became sovereign, the Ogbadu festival still marks the victory, and Jukun sway west of the Benue confluence gave way to Igala.","refs":[1,3,4],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[9.78,7.87],[9.775,7.869],[9.766,7.867],[9.752,7.864],[9.734,7.859],[9.711,7.854],[9.683,7.848],[9.651,7.84],[9.614,7.832],[9.573,7.823],[9.526,7.812],[9.476,7.8],[9.42,7.788],[9.361,7.774],[9.296,7.759],[9.227,7.743],[9.153,7.727],[9.08,7.71],[9.008,7.692],[8.936,7.675],[8.865,7.658],[8.795,7.64],[8.725,7.623],[8.657,7.605],[8.588,7.587],[8.521,7.569],[8.454,7.551],[8.388,7.533],[8.323,7.515],[8.258,7.497],[8.194,7.478],[8.131,7.459],[8.069,7.441],[8.007,7.422],[7.946,7.405],[7.885,7.388],[7.826,7.371],[7.767,7.355],[7.708,7.339],[7.65,7.324],[7.593,7.31],[7.537,7.296],[7.481,7.282],[7.426,7.269],[7.372,7.257],[7.318,7.245],[7.266,7.233],[7.213,7.223],[7.162,7.212],[7.113,7.203],[7.068,7.194],[7.026,7.185],[6.988,7.178],[6.952,7.17],[6.92,7.164],[6.891,7.158],[6.865,7.153],[6.843,7.149],[6.823,7.145],[6.807,7.141],[6.794,7.139],[6.785,7.137],[6.778,7.136],[6.775,7.135]],"label":"The Jukun army marches to punish Idah","by":"Jukun (Apa) army","note":"The route is not recorded.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[],"color":"#8c3d3d"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.775,7.135],[6.777,7.135],[6.782,7.136],[6.79,7.138],[6.799,7.139],[6.812,7.142],[6.826,7.144],[6.843,7.148],[6.863,7.151],[6.885,7.155],[6.909,7.16],[6.936,7.165],[6.965,7.17],[6.997,7.176],[7.031,7.182],[7.068,7.189],[7.107,7.196],[7.146,7.203],[7.185,7.209],[7.224,7.214],[7.263,7.218],[7.302,7.222],[7.341,7.226],[7.38,7.228],[7.419,7.23],[7.458,7.232],[7.497,7.233],[7.535,7.233],[7.574,7.232],[7.613,7.231],[7.652,7.229],[7.691,7.227],[7.729,7.223],[7.766,7.221],[7.8,7.218],[7.831,7.215],[7.86,7.213],[7.887,7.211],[7.911,7.209],[7.933,7.207],[7.952,7.205],[7.969,7.204],[7.984,7.203],[7.996,7.202],[8.005,7.201],[8.013,7.201],[8.018,7.2],[8.02,7.2]],"label":"Ayegba’s warriors pursue the Jukun to the outskirts of Otukpo","by":"Igala Kingdom","refs":[],"color":"#c9822a"}],"moments":[{"when":"Before the war","title":"The tribute refused","text":"Ayegba stops the tribute to Wukari. Igala tradition says he sent the Aku Uka human waste in its place, an insult that made war certain.","at":{"name":"Wukari","point":[9.78,7.87]},"mark":"camp","colonial":false,"refs":[1]},{"when":"Before the battle","title":"Princess Inikpi","text":"On the advice of the Ifa oracle and a Nupe mallam, Ayegba’s daughter Inikpi is buried alive by the Niger so that the kingdom will survive. Her shrine stands at Idah. Some traditions, including the late Attah Aliyu Obaje, place her sacrifice in the Benin war instead.","at":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.737,7.117]},"mark":"shrine","colonial":false,"confidence":"disputed","refs":[1,2]},{"when":"The battle","title":"The Nachalo camp","text":"The Jukun camp on the Nachalo river, the natural line of their advance. Tradition says its waters were charmed and the soldiers who ate its fish sickened; Ayegba’s warriors fell on the rest. The dead were buried in nine pits, the Ogbudu mela, near the river.","at":{"name":"The Nachalo river camp, near Idah (approximate)","point":[6.775,7.135]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"refs":[1]},{"when":"After the battle","title":"Pursued to Otukpo","text":"Those who fled were pursued as far as the outskirts of present-day Otukpo. The road east of the confluence now lay open to Igala tribute collectors.","at":{"name":"Outskirts of Otukpo","point":[8.02,7.2]},"mark":"flight","colonial":false,"refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["kwararafa","igala"],"bounds":[6.737,7.117,9.78,7.87],"refs":[1,3,4,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Known from Igala tradition. The date follows Ayegba’s reign, late 17th century in most readings; the Jukun line of march is not recorded.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"shaibu-2024","citation":"Shaibu, Margaret Aladi. (2024). Warfares and Weaponry of Pre-Colonial Igala Land 1500–1900: A Historical Analysis. NIU Journal of Humanities 9(3): 49–63","url":"https://www.kampalajournals.ac.ug/ojs/index.php/niuhums/article/download/1951/2730","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-princess-inikpi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Princess Inikpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Inikpi","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"yusufu-2020","citation":"Yusufu, Abdullahi Musa. (2020). Historicizing the Myriad of Traditions on the Origin of Igala of Central Nigeria. FUWukari Journal of Politics and Development 4(2): 87–99","url":"https://www.fuwjpd.com.ng/download-pdf-article/82","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"boston-1968","citation":"Boston, J. S. (1968). The Igala Kingdom. Oxford University Press for the Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, Ibadan","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"zamfara-revolt-1715","name":"Zamfara, Gobir and Agadez throw off Kebbi","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1715,"yearLabel":"c. 1715","until":1725,"actors":[{"name":"Zamfara","polity":"zamfara","side":"attacker","color":"#a85d7c"},{"name":"Gobir","polity":"gobir","side":"ally","color":"#5b7b9a"},{"name":"Agadez","side":"ally","color":"#8a6d3b"},{"name":"Kebbi","polity":"kebbi","side":"defender","color":"#8a6d3b"}],"summary":{"text":"Around 1715 Kebbi's tributaries rose. Sarkin Zamfara Babba, with Gobir and Agadez, drove Kebbi's army back to the Gulbin Ka river. His son Yakubu beat the Kebbawa at Tsamiya Maibaura and captured their king, Muhammadu dan Giwa. Zamfara's soothsayers had demanded a human sacrifice; the slave Acali offered himself, and his brother Kare was made the first Sarkin Burmin Bakura in his honour. Zamfara and Gobir were free, and Kebbi's days as an empire were over.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.45,13.18],[6.399,13.144],[6.349,13.109],[6.297,13.075],[6.246,13.042],[6.194,13.01],[6.142,12.979],[6.09,12.948],[6.037,12.919],[5.984,12.89],[5.931,12.863],[5.878,12.836],[5.824,12.81],[5.77,12.785],[5.716,12.761],[5.661,12.737],[5.606,12.715],[5.551,12.694],[5.495,12.673],[5.44,12.654],[5.383,12.635],[5.327,12.617],[5.27,12.6],[5.213,12.584],[5.156,12.569],[5.099,12.555],[5.041,12.542],[4.982,12.529],[4.924,12.518],[4.865,12.507],[4.806,12.497],[4.747,12.489],[4.687,12.481],[4.627,12.474],[4.567,12.468],[4.507,12.462],[4.446,12.458],[4.385,12.455],[4.324,12.452],[4.262,12.451],[4.2,12.45]],"label":"Zamfara and its allies against Kebbi","by":"Zamfara","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#a85d7c"}],"moments":[{"when":"c. 1715","title":"Tsamiya Maibaura","text":"Kebbi is beaten and its king Muhammadu dan Giwa captured.","mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["zamfara","gobir","kebbi"],"bounds":[4.2,12.45,6.45,13.18],"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Tsamiya Maibaura is not located.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-zamfara-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Zamfara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamfara_Kingdom","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-gobir","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gobir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobir","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kebbi-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Kebbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebbi_Kingdom","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"soba-campaigns","name":"Soba of Gobir raids to Ilorin","kind":"raid","status":"published","year":1720,"yearLabel":"c. 1715–1742","until":1745,"actors":[{"name":"Gobir","polity":"gobir","side":"attacker","color":"#5b7b9a"},{"name":"Agadez","side":"defender","color":"#8a6d3b"},{"name":"Katsina","polity":"katsina","side":"defender","color":"#7d5aa6"}],"summary":{"text":"Sarki Soba made Gobir feared across the western Sudan. He besieged Zabarma for three years, crossed the Niger to ravage Gurma, and raided south into Yorubaland as far as Ilorin; some of his men stayed, and the Gobirawa of Ilorin still have their Sarkin Gobir on the emirate council. He then besieged Katsina's Maradi for seven years without taking it. While he was away Agadez attacked his capital, Goran Rami, and Zamfara saved it. Soba took revenge on the Agadez towns of Manni and Adrar, but his exhausted army deserted him, and he was killed by Agadez with his son Gofe and his daughter, the Magajiya, beside him.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"raid","path":[[6.48,13.62],[6.467,13.618],[6.441,13.613],[6.403,13.607],[6.351,13.598],[6.287,13.587],[6.21,13.573],[6.12,13.558],[6.017,13.54],[5.902,13.52],[5.773,13.498],[5.632,13.473],[5.478,13.446],[5.311,13.417],[5.131,13.386],[4.938,13.353],[4.732,13.317],[4.533,13.28],[4.34,13.243],[4.153,13.204],[3.972,13.164],[3.798,13.123],[3.63,13.08],[3.468,13.037],[3.312,12.993],[3.163,12.947],[3.02,12.901],[2.883,12.853],[2.752,12.804],[2.628,12.755],[2.51,12.704],[2.398,12.652],[2.292,12.598],[2.193,12.549],[2.101,12.502],[2.015,12.459],[1.936,12.419],[1.863,12.383],[1.797,12.349],[1.738,12.32],[1.685,12.293],[1.639,12.27],[1.599,12.25],[1.566,12.233],[1.54,12.22],[1.52,12.21],[1.507,12.203],[1.5,12.2]],"label":"Zabarma and across the Niger to Gurma","by":"Gobir","refs":[1],"color":"#5b7b9a"},{"kind":"raid","path":[[6.48,13.62],[6.471,13.608],[6.453,13.583],[6.427,13.547],[6.391,13.498],[6.346,13.437],[6.293,13.364],[6.231,13.279],[6.159,13.181],[6.079,13.072],[5.99,12.95],[5.892,12.816],[5.785,12.669],[5.67,12.511],[5.545,12.34],[5.411,12.157],[5.269,11.962],[5.137,11.772],[5.015,11.586],[4.903,11.404],[4.801,11.226],[4.71,11.053],[4.629,10.884],[4.559,10.72],[4.499,10.56],[4.449,10.404],[4.409,10.253],[4.379,10.106],[4.36,9.964],[4.351,9.826],[4.352,9.692],[4.364,9.563],[4.386,9.438],[4.406,9.32],[4.426,9.211],[4.443,9.109],[4.46,9.016],[4.475,8.93],[4.488,8.852],[4.501,8.781],[4.512,8.719],[4.521,8.664],[4.529,8.617],[4.536,8.578],[4.542,8.547],[4.546,8.523],[4.549,8.508],[4.55,8.5]],"label":"South as far as Ilorin","by":"Gobir","refs":[1],"color":"#5b7b9a"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.48,13.62],[6.496,13.622],[6.513,13.623],[6.529,13.625],[6.545,13.626],[6.562,13.627],[6.578,13.627],[6.594,13.628],[6.61,13.628],[6.626,13.628],[6.642,13.627],[6.658,13.627],[6.674,13.626],[6.69,13.625],[6.706,13.623],[6.721,13.622],[6.737,13.62],[6.753,13.617],[6.769,13.615],[6.784,13.612],[6.8,13.61],[6.815,13.606],[6.831,13.603],[6.846,13.599],[6.861,13.596],[6.877,13.592],[6.892,13.587],[6.907,13.583],[6.922,13.578],[6.937,13.573],[6.952,13.567],[6.967,13.562],[6.982,13.556],[6.997,13.55],[7.012,13.543],[7.027,13.537],[7.041,13.53],[7.056,13.523],[7.071,13.515],[7.085,13.508],[7.1,13.5]],"label":"Seven-year siege of Maradi","by":"Gobir","refs":[1,2],"color":"#5b7b9a"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[7.99,16.97],[7.978,16.874],[7.965,16.78],[7.951,16.685],[7.935,16.592],[7.919,16.498],[7.9,16.406],[7.881,16.314],[7.86,16.223],[7.837,16.132],[7.814,16.042],[7.788,15.952],[7.762,15.864],[7.734,15.775],[7.705,15.688],[7.675,15.6],[7.643,15.514],[7.61,15.428],[7.576,15.343],[7.54,15.258],[7.503,15.174],[7.465,15.091],[7.425,15.008],[7.384,14.926],[7.341,14.844],[7.297,14.763],[7.252,14.683],[7.206,14.603],[7.158,14.524],[7.109,14.445],[7.059,14.367],[7.007,14.289],[6.954,14.213],[6.899,14.136],[6.843,14.061],[6.786,13.986],[6.727,13.912],[6.668,13.838],[6.606,13.765],[6.544,13.692],[6.48,13.62]],"label":"Agadez strikes Goran Rami","by":"Agadez","refs":[1,2],"color":"#8a6d3b"}],"moments":[{"when":"c. 1730s","title":"Gobirawa stay at Ilorin","text":"Some of Soba's men settle at Ilorin for good.","at":{"name":"Ilorin","point":[4.55,8.5]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"when":"c. 1740","title":"The thorn fence","text":"Zamfara's men fence in the Agadez army at night and save Gobir's capital.","at":{"name":"Goran Rami (approximate)","point":[6.48,13.62]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["gobir","katsina"],"bounds":[1.5,8.5,7.99,16.97],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-gobir","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gobir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobir","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-zamfara-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Zamfara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamfara_Kingdom","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Soba's dates are approximate; Gobir's king list gives no fixed years before Babari (1742)."]},{"id":"oyo-dahomey-wars","name":"Oyo’s wars on Dahomey","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1726,"yearLabel":"1726–1748","until":1750,"actors":[{"name":"Oyo Empire","polity":"oyo","side":"attacker","color":"#2e5c8a"},{"name":"Kingdom of Dahomey","side":"defender","color":"#5c4a38"}],"summary":{"text":"Oyo’s cavalry invaded Dahomey in 1726, defeated King Agaja and burned Abomey, then came back in 1728, 1729 and 1730 until Agaja agreed to pay a yearly tribute. When Tegbesu haggled over it, Oyo invaded again in 1748 and forced a higher tribute, which Dahomey paid until 1823.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[4.308,8.975],[4.304,8.973],[4.296,8.97],[4.284,8.966],[4.268,8.96],[4.248,8.953],[4.225,8.944],[4.197,8.934],[4.166,8.922],[4.13,8.909],[4.091,8.894],[4.048,8.878],[4.001,8.861],[3.949,8.842],[3.894,8.821],[3.835,8.799],[3.772,8.776],[3.71,8.751],[3.648,8.726],[3.587,8.699],[3.527,8.671],[3.467,8.642],[3.407,8.613],[3.349,8.582],[3.291,8.55],[3.233,8.516],[3.176,8.482],[3.12,8.447],[3.065,8.411],[3.01,8.373],[2.955,8.335],[2.902,8.295],[2.848,8.255],[2.797,8.214],[2.747,8.172],[2.698,8.13],[2.651,8.088],[2.606,8.045],[2.562,8.001],[2.519,7.957],[2.478,7.913],[2.439,7.868],[2.401,7.823],[2.365,7.777],[2.33,7.731],[2.296,7.684],[2.265,7.637],[2.234,7.589],[2.206,7.541],[2.179,7.496],[2.154,7.454],[2.13,7.415],[2.109,7.379],[2.089,7.345],[2.071,7.315],[2.055,7.288],[2.04,7.264],[2.028,7.243],[2.017,7.225],[2.008,7.21],[2.001,7.198],[1.995,7.189],[1.992,7.183],[1.99,7.18]],"label":"Oyo’s cavalry rides on Dahomey","by":"Oyo Empire","refs":[],"color":"#2e5c8a"}],"moments":[{"when":"1726","title":"Abomey burned","text":"The first invasion defeats Agaja’s army and burns his capital.","at":{"name":"Abomey (Dahomey)","point":[1.99,7.18]},"mark":"burned","colonial":false,"refs":[]},{"when":"1730","title":"Tribute agreed","text":"After invasions in 1728, 1729 and 1730, Agaja agrees to a yearly tribute of people, guns, cloth and cowries.","at":{"name":"Abomey (Dahomey)","point":[1.99,7.18]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":false,"refs":[]},{"when":"1748","title":"A higher tribute","text":"Oyo invades again and Tegbesu flees, then agrees a higher tribute. It is paid until 1823.","at":{"name":"Abomey (Dahomey)","point":[1.99,7.18]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":false,"refs":[]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["oyo"],"bounds":[1.99,7.18,4.3075,8.9747],"refs":[1,2,3,4],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-agaja","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Agaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaja","checked":false},{"n":2,"id":"law-1977","citation":"Law, Robin. (1977). The Oyo Empire, c. 1600 – c. 1836: A West African Imperialism in the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade. Clarendon Press, Oxford","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"akinjogbin-1967","citation":"Akinjogbin, I. A. (1967). Dahomey and Its Neighbours, 1708–1818. Cambridge University Press","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-doc1","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Owner's notes on the reach of Igala, Benin, Oyo and Aro, the British conquests, and migrations (hintsPrompts/doc1.md)","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"onoja-oboni-nsukka","name":"Onoja Oboni’s conquest of the Nsukka towns","kind":"raid","status":"published","year":1740,"yearLabel":"18th century","until":1790,"actors":[{"name":"Igala Kingdom","polity":"igala","side":"attacker","color":"#c9822a"},{"name":"Northern Igbo (Nsukka) towns","side":"defender","color":"#5c4a38"}],"summary":{"text":"Igala tradition and Nsukka memory agree that the Igala conquered the northern Igbo towns by war. The name of Onoja Oboni, an Igala war leader kept away from Idah because of his power, recurs in every account. His war camp was at Ogurugu, on the Anambra river, which he walled; from there he led his armies through the Nsukka country as far south as Opi. The Igala installed chiefs and Attama shrine priests, and the towns’ rulers took their staffs from Idah.","refs":[5,7,8,6,1,3,2],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.737,7.117],[6.737,7.116],[6.738,7.115],[6.738,7.114],[6.739,7.111],[6.741,7.108],[6.742,7.105],[6.744,7.101],[6.746,7.096],[6.748,7.091],[6.751,7.085],[6.753,7.079],[6.756,7.072],[6.759,7.065],[6.763,7.057],[6.767,7.048],[6.77,7.039],[6.775,7.03],[6.779,7.02],[6.784,7.011],[6.79,7.001],[6.795,6.991],[6.801,6.981],[6.808,6.971],[6.814,6.96],[6.821,6.95],[6.829,6.939],[6.836,6.929],[6.844,6.918],[6.853,6.907],[6.861,6.896],[6.871,6.884],[6.88,6.873],[6.889,6.862],[6.897,6.852],[6.905,6.843],[6.912,6.834],[6.918,6.826],[6.924,6.819],[6.929,6.813],[6.934,6.807],[6.938,6.802],[6.942,6.798],[6.945,6.794],[6.947,6.791],[6.949,6.789],[6.95,6.788],[6.951,6.787]],"label":"Onoja Oboni makes his war camp at Ogurugu","by":"Igala Kingdom","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2],"color":"#c9822a"},{"kind":"raid","path":[[6.951,6.787],[6.952,6.787],[6.954,6.787],[6.958,6.787],[6.962,6.786],[6.968,6.786],[6.975,6.786],[6.984,6.785],[6.993,6.784],[7.004,6.784],[7.016,6.783],[7.029,6.782],[7.043,6.781],[7.058,6.78],[7.075,6.779],[7.093,6.778],[7.112,6.777],[7.13,6.776],[7.148,6.776],[7.165,6.776],[7.181,6.777],[7.197,6.778],[7.212,6.779],[7.227,6.781],[7.241,6.783],[7.254,6.786],[7.267,6.789],[7.279,6.792],[7.29,6.796],[7.301,6.8],[7.311,6.805],[7.321,6.81],[7.33,6.816],[7.338,6.822],[7.346,6.827],[7.354,6.833],[7.361,6.839],[7.368,6.844],[7.374,6.85],[7.38,6.856],[7.386,6.862],[7.391,6.867],[7.396,6.873],[7.4,6.879],[7.404,6.885],[7.407,6.891],[7.41,6.897],[7.413,6.903],[7.415,6.909],[7.417,6.915],[7.419,6.92],[7.42,6.925],[7.422,6.929],[7.423,6.934],[7.425,6.937],[7.426,6.941],[7.427,6.944],[7.428,6.946],[7.429,6.949],[7.429,6.951],[7.43,6.952],[7.43,6.953],[7.43,6.954],[7.431,6.954]],"label":"Wars of conquest through Nkpologu and Nsukka to Enugu-Ezike","by":"Igala Kingdom","refs":[],"color":"#c9822a"},{"kind":"raid","path":[[7.397,6.858],[7.399,6.856],[7.401,6.853],[7.402,6.851],[7.404,6.849],[7.406,6.847],[7.408,6.845],[7.41,6.842],[7.411,6.84],[7.413,6.838],[7.415,6.835],[7.416,6.833],[7.418,6.831],[7.419,6.828],[7.421,6.826],[7.422,6.823],[7.423,6.821],[7.425,6.818],[7.426,6.816],[7.427,6.813],[7.429,6.811],[7.43,6.808],[7.431,6.806],[7.432,6.803],[7.433,6.801],[7.434,6.798],[7.435,6.795],[7.436,6.793],[7.437,6.79],[7.438,6.787],[7.438,6.785],[7.439,6.782],[7.44,6.779],[7.441,6.776],[7.441,6.773],[7.442,6.771],[7.442,6.768],[7.443,6.765],[7.443,6.762],[7.444,6.759],[7.444,6.756]],"label":"South as far as Opi","by":"Igala Kingdom","refs":[],"color":"#c9822a"}],"moments":[{"when":"18th century","title":"The war camp at Ogurugu","text":"Onoja Oboni makes Ogurugu his war camp and, tradition says, builds its walls single-handed; their remains are still visible. Afigbo records him as the son of Abatamu of Ogurugu and an Igala princess, Obudali. Other tales make him more than a man: he turned a great tree upside down and tried to turn the Niger with his bare hands. He is buried at Ogurugu, and a festival is held at his grave every year, in a forest women may not enter.","at":{"name":"Ogurugu","point":[6.9505,6.7871]},"mark":"camp","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1,3,4,2]},{"when":"18th century","title":"Enugu-Ezike","text":"Igala-appointed chiefs rule Enugu-Ezike, and its Eze is crowned at Idah.","at":{"name":"Enugu-Ezike","point":[7.4306,6.9543]},"mark":"garrison","colonial":false,"refs":[5,6]},{"when":"Still standing","title":"Okpe gara, the “Igala wall”","text":"On the grounds of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, an old earth wall about 200 metres across is still called Okpe gara, the Igala wall.","at":{"name":"Nsukka","point":[7.3966,6.8578]},"mark":"garrison","colonial":false,"refs":[5,7]},{"when":"18th century","title":"Opi, the farthest reach","text":"Meek, writing in the 1930s, records that most of the Nsukka division was once overrun by Onoja Oboni, as far south as Opi.","at":{"name":"Opi","point":[7.4443,6.7563]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"refs":[8,5]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["igala"],"bounds":[6.737,6.7563,7.4443,7.117],"refs":[5,7,8,6,1,3,4,9,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"Ukpabi places the conquest in Igala’s height, the 18th and early 19th century; no exact date is recorded. The way from Idah to Ogurugu is not recorded and is drawn straight across the Ibaji country.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"dailytrust-2022-igala-enugu","citation":"Daily Trust. (2022). Igala footprints in Enugu","url":"https://dailytrust.com/igala-footprints-in-enugu/","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"owner-2026-10-10-ogurugu","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Onoja Oboni’s war camp was at Ogurugu","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"afigbo-1981","citation":"A. E. Afigbo. (1981). Ropes of Sand: Studies in Igbo History and Culture. University Press, Ibadan","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-igbo-igala-wars","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igbo–Igala wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo%E2%80%93Igala_wars","checked":false},{"n":5,"id":"shaibu-2024","citation":"Shaibu, Margaret Aladi. (2024). Warfares and Weaponry of Pre-Colonial Igala Land 1500–1900: A Historical Analysis. NIU Journal of Humanities 9(3): 49–63","url":"https://www.kampalajournals.ac.ug/ojs/index.php/niuhums/article/download/1951/2730","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"igala-colonisation-northern-igbo","citation":"Igala Project (author not named in the copy seen). (2017). Igala Colonisation of Northern Igbo States (1450–18th century)","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319687582_IGALA_COLONISATION_OF_NORTHERN_IGBO_STATES_1450-18th_century","checked":false},{"n":7,"id":"shelton-1971","citation":"Shelton, Austin J. (1971). The Igbo-Igala Borderland: Religion and Social Control in Indigenous African Colonialism. State University of New York Press, Albany","checked":false},{"n":8,"id":"meek-1930","citation":"Meek, C. K. (1930). An Ethnographical Report on the Peoples of Nsukka Division, Onitsha Province. Government of Nigeria, Lagos","checked":false},{"n":9,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-doc1","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Owner's notes on the reach of Igala, Benin, Oyo and Aro, the British conquests, and migrations (hintsPrompts/doc1.md)","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The base was first drawn at Ogugu (Olamaboro, Kogi), from a summary of Shaibu (2024). The owner corrected it to Ogurugu on 2026-10-10; Daily Trust (2022, his walls, grave and festival at Ogurugu) and Afigbo (1981, his father of Ogurugu) agree. Check Shaibu’s text to see whether Ogugu was a misreading.","The route from Ogurugu through Nkpologu and Nsukka to Enugu-Ezike joins the towns the sources name; the order of the campaigns is not recorded.","The owner’s notes name an Igala warlord “Omeppa” who set up garrisons in northern Igboland. The written sources found name Onoja Oboni. Is Omeppa another name for him, or another commander? A source would let him be added."]},{"id":"fall-of-birnin-zamfara","name":"The fall of Birnin Zamfara","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1756,"yearLabel":"c. 1756–1777","until":1795,"actors":[{"name":"Gobir","polity":"gobir","side":"attacker","color":"#5b7b9a"},{"name":"Zamfara","polity":"zamfara","side":"defender","color":"#a85d7c"}],"summary":{"text":"Fifteen years into his reign, Babari of Gobir turned on his Zamfara allies, though his sister Fara was married to their king, Mairoki. Zamfara held its own until its captains, stung by Mairoki's taunts (“You have not caught the tail of the monkey”), gave up the capital and led the Gobirawa to him, crying “See, here is the monkey, down to his tail!” Barth dated the fall to about 1756; others say 1762. Babari built Alkalawa on land Zamfara had once given Gobir. Mairoki held out in the hill fortress of Kiawa, where Bawa Jan Gwarzo of Gobir besieged him for fifteen years; one account says Bawa hung his head from a fig tree, still called durumin Mairoki.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.48,13.62],[6.483,13.609],[6.485,13.598],[6.488,13.586],[6.49,13.575],[6.492,13.564],[6.493,13.553],[6.495,13.542],[6.497,13.53],[6.498,13.519],[6.499,13.508],[6.5,13.497],[6.501,13.486],[6.501,13.475],[6.502,13.464],[6.502,13.453],[6.502,13.442],[6.502,13.431],[6.501,13.42],[6.501,13.409],[6.5,13.398],[6.499,13.387],[6.498,13.376],[6.497,13.365],[6.496,13.354],[6.494,13.343],[6.493,13.332],[6.491,13.321],[6.489,13.31],[6.486,13.299],[6.484,13.288],[6.481,13.277],[6.479,13.266],[6.476,13.256],[6.472,13.245],[6.469,13.234],[6.466,13.223],[6.462,13.212],[6.458,13.202],[6.454,13.191],[6.45,13.18]],"label":"Babari against Birnin Zamfara","by":"Gobir","refs":[1,2],"color":"#5b7b9a"},{"kind":"exile","path":[[6.45,13.18],[6.465,13.169],[6.48,13.158],[6.495,13.146],[6.51,13.134],[6.524,13.123],[6.538,13.111],[6.552,13.098],[6.566,13.086],[6.579,13.073],[6.592,13.061],[6.605,13.048],[6.618,13.035],[6.63,13.022],[6.643,13.008],[6.655,12.995],[6.667,12.981],[6.678,12.967],[6.689,12.953],[6.701,12.939],[6.711,12.924],[6.722,12.91],[6.732,12.895],[6.743,12.88],[6.753,12.865],[6.762,12.85],[6.772,12.834],[6.781,12.819],[6.79,12.803],[6.799,12.787],[6.807,12.771],[6.816,12.754],[6.824,12.738],[6.832,12.721],[6.839,12.705],[6.847,12.688],[6.854,12.67],[6.861,12.653],[6.867,12.636],[6.874,12.618],[6.88,12.6]],"label":"Mairoki to Kiawa","by":"Zamfara","refs":[2],"color":"#a85d7c"},{"kind":"exile","path":[[6.88,12.6],[6.86,12.58],[6.84,12.561],[6.82,12.542],[6.799,12.524],[6.778,12.506],[6.757,12.488],[6.736,12.47],[6.715,12.453],[6.694,12.437],[6.672,12.421],[6.65,12.405],[6.628,12.389],[6.606,12.374],[6.583,12.359],[6.56,12.345],[6.538,12.331],[6.515,12.317],[6.491,12.304],[6.468,12.291],[6.444,12.279],[6.42,12.267],[6.396,12.255],[6.372,12.244],[6.348,12.233],[6.323,12.223],[6.298,12.212],[6.273,12.203],[6.248,12.193],[6.223,12.184],[6.197,12.176],[6.171,12.167],[6.145,12.159],[6.119,12.152],[6.092,12.145],[6.066,12.138],[6.039,12.132],[6.012,12.126],[5.985,12.12],[5.958,12.115],[5.93,12.11]],"label":"The dynasty regroups at Anka","by":"Zamfara","confidence":"medium","refs":[2],"color":"#a85d7c"}],"moments":[{"when":"c. 1756–1762","title":"Birnin Zamfara given up","text":"The army abandons its king to Gobir.","at":{"name":"Birnin Zamfara (near Isa)","point":[6.45,13.18]},"mark":"captured","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[2,1]},{"when":"after 1762","title":"Alkalawa built","text":"Babari's new walled capital on the Rima.","at":{"name":"Alkalawa","point":[6.25,13.57]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"c. 1777–1792","title":"Fifteen years at Kiawa","text":"Bawa Jan Gwarzo besieges Mairoki until he takes him.","at":{"name":"Kiawa","point":[6.88,12.6]},"mark":"camp","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[2]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["gobir","zamfara"],"bounds":[5.93,12.11,6.88,13.62],"refs":[2,1],"confidence":"medium","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-gobir","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gobir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobir","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-zamfara-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Zamfara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamfara_Kingdom","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"calabar-massacre-1767","name":"The Old Calabar massacre","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1767,"yearLabel":"1767","until":1775,"actors":[{"name":"Duke Town (Atakpa)","polity":"old-calabar","side":"attacker","color":"#3f5fa0"},{"name":"Old Town (Obutong)","side":"defender","color":"#5a6a8a"},{"name":"British slave ships","side":"european","color":"#c8102e"}],"summary":{"text":"In 1767 six British slave ships reached Calabar while Duke Town and Old Town were feuding. Duke Town's leaders secretly arranged with the captains that Old Town's leaders would be invited aboard to settle the dispute, under guarantees of safety. When they came, they were seized: some were kept and carried off as slaves, others handed to Duke Town's leaders and executed. Duke Town's grip on the river trade tightened, and exports of captives soared in the years that followed.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[],"moments":[{"when":"1767","title":"Seized under a flag of truce","text":"Old Town's leaders are taken aboard the ships.","at":{"name":"Calabar river","point":[8.31,4.93]},"mark":"massacre","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["old-calabar"],"bounds":[8.31,4.93,8.31,4.93],"refs":[1],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-duke-town","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Duke Town (Akwa Akpa)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwa_Akpa","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"chamba-invade-kwararafa","name":"The Chamba invade Kwararafa","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1780,"yearLabel":"c. 1780–1810","until":1820,"actors":[{"name":"Chamba warbands","side":"attacker","color":"#7a4a2a"},{"name":"Kwararafa","polity":"kwararafa","side":"defender","color":"#8c3d3d"}],"summary":{"text":"Late in the 18th century Chamba warbands from the uplands of today's Adamawa pushed west down the Benue, themselves driven by Fulani raids. They invaded the Kwararafa heartland and drove the last king of the old confederacy, Adi Matswen, into exile. The Jukun who regrouped at Wukari after him ruled a smaller kingdom of Jukun alone.","refs":[3,1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[12.05,8.45],[12.046,8.449],[12.037,8.446],[12.023,8.442],[12.005,8.436],[11.983,8.429],[11.956,8.421],[11.924,8.412],[11.888,8.401],[11.848,8.388],[11.803,8.375],[11.754,8.36],[11.7,8.343],[11.641,8.326],[11.578,8.306],[11.511,8.286],[11.439,8.264],[11.367,8.243],[11.296,8.222],[11.224,8.201],[11.153,8.181],[11.081,8.162],[11.01,8.143],[10.939,8.124],[10.868,8.106],[10.797,8.088],[10.727,8.071],[10.656,8.054],[10.586,8.038],[10.515,8.022],[10.445,8.007],[10.375,7.992],[10.305,7.978],[10.239,7.964],[10.178,7.952],[10.121,7.94],[10.069,7.929],[10.021,7.919],[9.977,7.91],[9.937,7.902],[9.902,7.895],[9.872,7.889],[9.846,7.883],[9.824,7.879],[9.806,7.875],[9.793,7.873],[9.784,7.871],[9.78,7.87]],"label":"West down the Benue into the Jukun heartland","by":"Chamba warbands","note":"Drawn from the Chamba homeland around Ganye to Wukari; the bands' real paths are not recorded.","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2],"color":"#7a4a2a"}],"moments":[{"when":"Reign of Adi Matswen (c. 1780–1810)","title":"The last Aku of Kwararafa in exile","text":"The Chamba invasion forces Adi Matswen from his capital.","at":{"name":"Puje (near Wukari)","point":[9.783,7.869]},"mark":"exile","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[3]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["kwararafa"],"bounds":[9.78,7.869,12.05,8.45],"refs":[3,1,2],"confidence":"medium","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-wukari-federation","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Wukari Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wukari_Federation","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-chamba-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Chamba people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamba_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kwararafa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kwararafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwararafa","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The Chamba of Donga and Takum, who settled among the Jukun, may date from this movement; not yet checked."]},{"id":"afonja-and-apomu","name":"Afonja sacks Apomu and topples Awole","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1795,"yearLabel":"1793–1796","until":1817,"actors":[{"name":"Afonja, Aare-Ona-Kakanfo","side":"attacker","color":"#7a3a2a"},{"name":"Oyo (Alaafin Awole)","polity":"oyo","side":"defender","color":"#2e5c8a"},{"name":"Ife","polity":"ife","side":"defender","color":"#a07c2c"}],"summary":{"text":"Alaafin Awole, who had come to the throne by murdering his father Abiodun, quarrelled with his field marshal Afonja, whose war camp was at Ilorin. In 1793 Afonja refused to attack Iwere-Ile, Abiodun's mother's town, fearing an old curse. In 1795 Awole ordered him against Apomu, a market town of Ife, though every Alaafin swore never to attack Ife. Afonja obeyed, sacked Apomu, then turned his army on Oyo-Ile, which no Kakanfo might enter, and demanded that Awole abdicate. Awole took his own life, and the empire fell into twenty years without a settled king.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"raid","path":[[4.55,8.5],[4.549,8.469],[4.548,8.437],[4.547,8.406],[4.545,8.375],[4.542,8.344],[4.54,8.313],[4.536,8.283],[4.532,8.253],[4.528,8.222],[4.523,8.192],[4.518,8.162],[4.513,8.132],[4.507,8.103],[4.5,8.073],[4.493,8.044],[4.486,8.015],[4.478,7.986],[4.469,7.957],[4.46,7.928],[4.451,7.9],[4.441,7.871],[4.431,7.843],[4.421,7.815],[4.41,7.787],[4.398,7.759],[4.386,7.731],[4.374,7.704],[4.361,7.676],[4.347,7.649],[4.333,7.622],[4.319,7.595],[4.304,7.569],[4.289,7.542],[4.274,7.515],[4.257,7.489],[4.241,7.463],[4.224,7.437],[4.206,7.411],[4.188,7.386],[4.17,7.36]],"label":"Afonja against Apomu (1795)","by":"Afonja, Aare-Ona-Kakanfo","refs":[1],"color":"#7a3a2a"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[4.17,7.36],[4.161,7.401],[4.152,7.443],[4.144,7.484],[4.137,7.525],[4.131,7.567],[4.125,7.608],[4.119,7.649],[4.115,7.69],[4.111,7.731],[4.107,7.772],[4.105,7.813],[4.103,7.854],[4.101,7.894],[4.101,7.935],[4.1,7.976],[4.101,8.016],[4.102,8.057],[4.104,8.098],[4.106,8.138],[4.11,8.178],[4.113,8.219],[4.118,8.259],[4.123,8.299],[4.128,8.339],[4.135,8.38],[4.142,8.42],[4.149,8.46],[4.158,8.5],[4.167,8.539],[4.176,8.579],[4.186,8.619],[4.197,8.659],[4.209,8.698],[4.221,8.738],[4.234,8.778],[4.247,8.817],[4.261,8.857],[4.276,8.896],[4.291,8.935],[4.308,8.975]],"label":"Afonja marches on Oyo-Ile","by":"Afonja, Aare-Ona-Kakanfo","refs":[1],"color":"#7a3a2a"}],"moments":[{"when":"1795","title":"Apomu sacked","text":"An Oyo army attacks a town of holy Ife.","at":{"name":"Apomu","point":[4.17,7.36]},"mark":"burned","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1796","title":"Awole's death","text":"Faced with Afonja's army, the Alaafin takes his own life.","at":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"mark":"exile","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["oyo","ife"],"bounds":[4.17,7.36,4.55,8.9747],"refs":[1],"confidence":"high","note":"Apomu's point is approximate.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-oyo-empire","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Oyo Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"nupe-civil-war","name":"The Nupe civil war and Mallam Dendo","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1796,"yearLabel":"1796–1833","until":1833,"actors":[{"name":"Majiya II (Gwagbazhi)","polity":"nupe","side":"attacker","color":"#2a7a7a"},{"name":"Jimada and Idrisu Gana (Yissazhi)","side":"defender","color":"#6a5a8a"},{"name":"Mallam Dendo's Fulani","polity":"sokoto","side":"ally","color":"#2f6b4f"}],"summary":{"text":"After Etsu Ma'azu the Tsoede dynasty split. Jimada, Ma'azu's son, ruled the east from Gbara; his cousin Majiya II, whose claim came through his mother, ruled the west from Raba; and the general Yikanko held Mokwa. Both cousins sought the help of the Fulani clerics living in Nupe. They killed Yikanko at Mokwa in about 1810, and then Majiya, with the Fulani preacher Mallam Dendo, killed Jimada at Ragada. When Majiya turned on him, Dendo fled to the jihadists at Ilorin, won over Jimada's son Idrisu Gana, and came back. By the time Dendo died at Raba in 1833 the Tsoede kings had lost Nupe to his family, under the emir of Gwandu.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"exile","path":[[5.03,9.211],[5.024,9.189],[5.017,9.168],[5.01,9.147],[5.002,9.126],[4.995,9.105],[4.987,9.085],[4.979,9.064],[4.97,9.044],[4.962,9.024],[4.953,9.004],[4.943,8.985],[4.934,8.965],[4.924,8.946],[4.914,8.927],[4.903,8.908],[4.893,8.89],[4.882,8.871],[4.87,8.853],[4.859,8.835],[4.847,8.817],[4.835,8.799],[4.822,8.782],[4.81,8.765],[4.797,8.748],[4.783,8.731],[4.77,8.714],[4.756,8.697],[4.742,8.681],[4.727,8.665],[4.713,8.649],[4.698,8.633],[4.682,8.618],[4.667,8.602],[4.651,8.587],[4.635,8.572],[4.618,8.557],[4.602,8.543],[4.585,8.528],[4.568,8.514],[4.55,8.5]],"label":"Dendo flees Raba for Ilorin","by":"Mallam Dendo's Fulani","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#2f6b4f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[4.55,8.5],[4.556,8.522],[4.563,8.543],[4.57,8.564],[4.578,8.585],[4.585,8.606],[4.593,8.626],[4.601,8.647],[4.61,8.667],[4.618,8.687],[4.627,8.707],[4.637,8.726],[4.646,8.746],[4.656,8.765],[4.666,8.784],[4.677,8.803],[4.687,8.821],[4.698,8.84],[4.71,8.858],[4.721,8.876],[4.733,8.894],[4.745,8.912],[4.758,8.929],[4.77,8.946],[4.783,8.963],[4.797,8.98],[4.81,8.997],[4.824,9.014],[4.838,9.03],[4.853,9.046],[4.867,9.062],[4.882,9.078],[4.898,9.093],[4.913,9.109],[4.929,9.124],[4.945,9.139],[4.962,9.154],[4.978,9.168],[4.995,9.183],[5.012,9.197],[5.03,9.211]],"label":"Dendo returns with Idrisu Gana and Makolo","by":"Mallam Dendo's Fulani","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#2f6b4f"}],"moments":[{"when":"1796","title":"The kingdom splits","text":"Jimada holds the east from Gbara, Majiya II the west from Raba.","at":{"name":"Raba","point":[5.03,9.211]},"mark":"camp","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2]},{"when":"c. 1810","title":"Yikanko killed at Mokwa","text":"Jimada and Majiya, with the jihadists, kill the general who had seized Mokwa after Etsu Muhammadu Kolo.","at":{"name":"Mokwa","point":[5.054,9.295]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"when":"c. 1810","title":"Jimada killed at Ragada","text":"Majiya and Dendo destroy Jimada's party at Ragada, a small town near Pategi; his son Idrisu Gana survives.","mark":"massacre","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"when":"1833","title":"Dendo dies at Raba","text":"His son Usman Zaki becomes the first Fulani Etsu.","at":{"name":"Raba","point":[5.03,9.211]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["nupe","sokoto"],"bounds":[4.55,8.5,5.054,9.295],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"rulers.org dates Jimada's death to 1805; Sidi puts the Ragada battle at about 1810.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"sidi-2023-nupe","citation":"Sidi, Sheshi T. (2023). Political Crisis in Nupe Kingdom of Nigeria, 1800–1857: The Rise and Fall of Mayaki Umaru Bahaushe, the Etsu Nupe That Never Was. African Journal of History and Archaeology 7(1): 8–20","url":"https://www.iiardjournals.org/get/AJHA/VOL.%207%20NO.%201%202023/Political%20Crisis%20in%20Nupe.pdf","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"rulers-org-nigeria-traditional","citation":"Cahoon, Ben. Nigerian traditional polities (ruler lists)","url":"https://www.rulers.org/nigatrad.html","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-bida-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bida Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bida_Emirate","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Ragada has not been located."]},{"id":"fulani-jihad","name":"The jihad of Usman dan Fodio","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1804,"yearLabel":"1804–1809","until":1812,"actors":[{"name":"Usman dan Fodio’s community (Abdullahi, Muhammad Bello)","polity":"sokoto","side":"attacker","color":"#2f6b4f"},{"name":"Gobir, under Sarkin Yunfa","polity":"gobir","side":"defender","color":"#5b7b9a"},{"name":"Katsina","polity":"katsina","side":"defender","color":"#7d5aa6"},{"name":"Kano","polity":"kano","side":"defender","color":"#b07a2a"},{"name":"Kebbi","polity":"kebbi","side":"defender","color":"#8a6d3b"}],"summary":{"text":"Usman dan Fodio, a Fulani scholar who had taught Gobir’s king Yunfa, preached against unjust taxes and the rulers’ laxity in Islam. When Yunfa moved against his community at Degel, Usman led his followers out on a hijra to Gudu in February 1804. They hailed him Commander of the Faithful, and war followed. Yunfa won at Tsuntsua, where about 2,000 of the Shehu’s men died, but the jihad spread from town to town across Hausaland. Kebbi fell in 1805, Katsina and Kano in 1807, and Gobir’s capital Alkalawa in October 1808, where Yunfa was killed. In 1809 Muhammad Bello built Sokoto, the capital of a caliphate that ruled most of northern Nigeria until 1903. The Hausa dynasties survived in exile, Gobir at Tsibiri and Katsina at Maradi, and Borno held out under al-Kanemi.","refs":[2,1,3,4],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"migration","path":[[5.55,13.3],[5.549,13.301],[5.546,13.302],[5.542,13.305],[5.536,13.308],[5.529,13.312],[5.521,13.316],[5.512,13.322],[5.501,13.328],[5.488,13.335],[5.475,13.343],[5.46,13.352],[5.443,13.361],[5.426,13.371],[5.406,13.382],[5.386,13.394],[5.364,13.406],[5.342,13.419],[5.321,13.431],[5.3,13.443],[5.279,13.454],[5.258,13.466],[5.237,13.477],[5.216,13.488],[5.196,13.499],[5.176,13.51],[5.156,13.521],[5.136,13.531],[5.117,13.541],[5.097,13.551],[5.078,13.561],[5.059,13.57],[5.041,13.58],[5.023,13.588],[5.007,13.597],[4.991,13.604],[4.977,13.611],[4.964,13.618],[4.953,13.624],[4.942,13.629],[4.933,13.634],[4.925,13.638],[4.918,13.641],[4.912,13.644],[4.907,13.646],[4.904,13.648],[4.901,13.649],[4.9,13.65]],"label":"The hijra: Degel to Gudu, February 1804","by":"Usman dan Fodio’s community (Abdullahi, Muhammad Bello)","note":"About sixty miles, four or five days’ walk. Degel and Gudu are placed approximately.","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2],"color":"#2f6b4f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[4.9,13.65],[4.898,13.647],[4.895,13.642],[4.891,13.635],[4.884,13.625],[4.877,13.612],[4.867,13.597],[4.856,13.579],[4.844,13.559],[4.83,13.536],[4.814,13.51],[4.797,13.482],[4.778,13.452],[4.758,13.419],[4.736,13.383],[4.713,13.345],[4.688,13.305],[4.663,13.264],[4.639,13.225],[4.615,13.185],[4.591,13.146],[4.568,13.107],[4.546,13.069],[4.523,13.031],[4.502,12.994],[4.48,12.957],[4.459,12.92],[4.438,12.884],[4.418,12.848],[4.398,12.812],[4.379,12.777],[4.359,12.742],[4.341,12.708],[4.323,12.676],[4.307,12.646],[4.291,12.618],[4.277,12.592],[4.264,12.568],[4.253,12.547],[4.242,12.527],[4.233,12.51],[4.225,12.495],[4.218,12.482],[4.212,12.471],[4.207,12.463],[4.204,12.456],[4.201,12.452],[4.2,12.45]],"label":"Into Kebbi, 1805","by":"Usman dan Fodio’s community (Abdullahi, Muhammad Bello)","confidence":"high","refs":[2],"color":"#2f6b4f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[5.24,13.06],[5.244,13.061],[5.252,13.062],[5.265,13.063],[5.281,13.065],[5.302,13.068],[5.327,13.071],[5.356,13.075],[5.389,13.08],[5.426,13.085],[5.468,13.09],[5.513,13.096],[5.563,13.103],[5.617,13.11],[5.675,13.117],[5.737,13.126],[5.803,13.134],[5.87,13.142],[5.938,13.148],[6.008,13.152],[6.078,13.156],[6.148,13.158],[6.22,13.158],[6.293,13.157],[6.367,13.155],[6.442,13.152],[6.517,13.147],[6.594,13.14],[6.671,13.133],[6.75,13.124],[6.829,13.113],[6.909,13.102],[6.991,13.088],[7.067,13.076],[7.138,13.065],[7.204,13.054],[7.265,13.044],[7.321,13.035],[7.371,13.027],[7.417,13.02],[7.458,13.013],[7.493,13.007],[7.524,13.002],[7.549,12.998],[7.57,12.995],[7.585,12.992],[7.595,12.991],[7.6,12.99]],"label":"Katsina taken, 1807","by":"Usman dan Fodio’s community (Abdullahi, Muhammad Bello)","confidence":"high","refs":[2],"color":"#2f6b4f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[7.6,12.99],[7.602,12.988],[7.606,12.984],[7.612,12.979],[7.62,12.971],[7.629,12.961],[7.641,12.95],[7.655,12.936],[7.67,12.921],[7.688,12.904],[7.707,12.885],[7.729,12.864],[7.752,12.841],[7.778,12.816],[7.805,12.789],[7.834,12.76],[7.866,12.73],[7.897,12.699],[7.927,12.668],[7.958,12.638],[7.988,12.607],[8.017,12.576],[8.047,12.545],[8.076,12.514],[8.104,12.483],[8.133,12.452],[8.161,12.421],[8.189,12.39],[8.216,12.359],[8.243,12.328],[8.27,12.297],[8.297,12.266],[8.323,12.234],[8.348,12.205],[8.371,12.178],[8.392,12.152],[8.412,12.129],[8.43,12.107],[8.446,12.088],[8.461,12.07],[8.474,12.055],[8.486,12.041],[8.495,12.029],[8.504,12.02],[8.51,12.012],[8.515,12.006],[8.518,12.002],[8.52,12]],"label":"Kano taken, 1807","by":"Usman dan Fodio’s community (Abdullahi, Muhammad Bello)","confidence":"high","refs":[2],"color":"#2f6b4f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[5.24,13.06],[5.242,13.061],[5.247,13.064],[5.253,13.068],[5.262,13.073],[5.273,13.08],[5.286,13.088],[5.301,13.097],[5.319,13.108],[5.338,13.12],[5.36,13.133],[5.384,13.148],[5.411,13.164],[5.439,13.181],[5.47,13.199],[5.503,13.219],[5.538,13.241],[5.572,13.261],[5.606,13.281],[5.64,13.3],[5.673,13.319],[5.706,13.337],[5.738,13.354],[5.77,13.371],[5.802,13.387],[5.833,13.402],[5.864,13.417],[5.894,13.431],[5.924,13.444],[5.953,13.456],[5.982,13.468],[6.011,13.48],[6.039,13.49],[6.065,13.5],[6.09,13.51],[6.113,13.518],[6.134,13.526],[6.153,13.533],[6.171,13.54],[6.187,13.546],[6.201,13.551],[6.213,13.556],[6.224,13.56],[6.232,13.563],[6.239,13.566],[6.245,13.568],[6.248,13.569],[6.25,13.57]],"label":"On Alkalawa, Gobir’s capital, 1808","by":"Usman dan Fodio’s community (Abdullahi, Muhammad Bello)","confidence":"high","refs":[3,2],"color":"#2f6b4f"},{"kind":"retreat","path":[[8.52,12],[8.518,11.998],[8.514,11.994],[8.508,11.988],[8.5,11.98],[8.49,11.971],[8.477,11.959],[8.463,11.945],[8.447,11.93],[8.429,11.912],[8.408,11.893],[8.386,11.871],[8.362,11.848],[8.335,11.822],[8.307,11.795],[8.276,11.766],[8.244,11.734],[8.212,11.703],[8.181,11.673],[8.152,11.642],[8.123,11.612],[8.095,11.582],[8.068,11.553],[8.041,11.523],[8.016,11.494],[7.992,11.465],[7.968,11.437],[7.946,11.409],[7.924,11.381],[7.903,11.353],[7.883,11.326],[7.864,11.298],[7.846,11.272],[7.829,11.246],[7.813,11.223],[7.798,11.201],[7.785,11.181],[7.772,11.162],[7.761,11.146],[7.751,11.13],[7.742,11.117],[7.734,11.105],[7.727,11.095],[7.721,11.087],[7.717,11.08],[7.713,11.075],[7.711,11.072],[7.71,11.07]],"label":"Kano’s king Muhammad Alwali flees toward Zazzau","by":"Kano","confidence":"high","refs":[2],"color":"#b07a2a"}],"moments":[{"when":"21 February 1804","title":"Yunfa declares war","text":"So many follow the Shehu to Gudu that Yunfa declares war on him. His followers proclaim him Amir al-Mu’minin, Commander of the Faithful.","at":{"name":"Gudu (approximate)","point":[4.9,13.65]},"mark":"camp","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[2]},{"when":"1804","title":"Tabkin Kwotto","text":"After taking Matankari, the Shehu’s outnumbered army of Fulani, Hausa and some Tuareg turns back Yunfa’s advance on Gudu. The victory brings many more to his side.","at":{"name":"Tabkin Kwotto (approximate)","point":[4.8,13.75]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[2,4]},{"when":"Late 1804","title":"Tsuntsua","text":"Yunfa’s Gobir army, with Tuareg allies, defeats the Shehu. Muhammad Bello says 2,000 died, 200 of them men who knew the Qur’an by heart.","at":{"name":"Tsuntsua (approximate)","point":[5.4,13.45]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,4]},{"when":"1807","title":"Katsina and Kano fall","text":"Katsina’s ruler Magajin Halidu takes his own life after defeat. Kano’s Muhammad Alwali flees and is later killed at Burum-Burum.","at":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"mark":"captured","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[2]},{"when":"October 1808","title":"Alkalawa","text":"The jihadists storm Gobir’s capital and kill Yunfa. Much of the city is destroyed, and the last great resistance in Hausaland ends.","at":{"name":"Alkalawa (approximate)","point":[6.25,13.57]},"mark":"captured","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[3,2]},{"when":"1809","title":"Sokoto built","text":"Muhammad Bello turns the camp at Sokoto into a city, the caliphate’s capital. The Shehu’s brother Abdullahi rules the western emirates from Gwandu.","at":{"name":"Sokoto","point":[5.24,13.06]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[2]}],"area":true,"pieces":[],"polities":["sokoto","gobir","katsina","kano","kebbi"],"bounds":[3.809,10.4375,9.1485,13.75],"refs":[2,1,3,4],"confidence":"high","note":"Degel, Gudu, Tsuntsua, Tabkin Kwotto and Alkalawa are placed approximately; the old sites are not in the settlement registers.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-usman-dan-fodio","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Usman dan Fodio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman_dan_Fodio","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-fulani-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jihad of Usman dan Fodio (Fulani War)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani_War","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-alkalawa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Alkalawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalawa","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"last-1967","citation":"Last, Murray. (1967). The Sokoto Caliphate. Longmans, London","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["Points for Degel, Gudu, Tsuntsua, Tabkin Kwotto and old Alkalawa need checking against Last (1967) or a historical atlas."]},{"id":"katsina-to-maradi","name":"Katsina's kings go to Maradi","kind":"migration","status":"published","year":1806,"yearLabel":"1805–1807","until":1830,"actors":[{"name":"Hausa court of Katsina","polity":"katsina","side":"migrant","color":"#7d5aa6"},{"name":"Umaru Dallaji's jihadists","polity":"sokoto","side":"attacker","color":"#2f6b4f"}],"summary":{"text":"Three Sullubawa Fulani leaders received flags from Usman dan Fodio for Katsina. Umaru Dallaji marched from Radda to Banye and Sabon Birni, where he killed Sarkin Katsina Mahmudu. About 30,000 Katsinawa withdrew north to Dankama and failed to retake the city; their king Halidu killed himself in a well. The rest went on into today's Niger and founded Maradi, whose Hausa kings warred on Fulani Katsina for the rest of the century.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"exile","path":[[7.6,12.99],[7.601,12.991],[7.602,12.994],[7.605,12.997],[7.608,13.002],[7.612,13.008],[7.616,13.016],[7.622,13.024],[7.628,13.034],[7.635,13.045],[7.643,13.058],[7.651,13.071],[7.66,13.086],[7.67,13.102],[7.681,13.119],[7.693,13.138],[7.705,13.157],[7.714,13.177],[7.719,13.195],[7.721,13.214],[7.72,13.231],[7.715,13.249],[7.706,13.266],[7.694,13.282],[7.678,13.298],[7.659,13.313],[7.636,13.328],[7.61,13.343],[7.581,13.357],[7.548,13.371],[7.511,13.384],[7.471,13.396],[7.427,13.409],[7.386,13.42],[7.348,13.431],[7.313,13.441],[7.28,13.45],[7.25,13.458],[7.223,13.466],[7.198,13.473],[7.176,13.479],[7.157,13.484],[7.141,13.489],[7.127,13.492],[7.116,13.495],[7.108,13.498],[7.103,13.499],[7.1,13.5]],"label":"To Dankama, then Maradi","by":"Hausa court of Katsina","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#7d5aa6"}],"moments":[{"when":"1805–1806","title":"Mahmudu killed at Sabon Birni","text":"Umaru Dallaji kills the Sarkin Katsina.","mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1806","title":"The stand at Dankama","text":"30,000 Katsinawa gather at Dankama and fail to retake the city; Halidu throws himself down a well.","at":{"name":"Dankama","point":[7.798,13.305]},"mark":"flight","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"c. 1807","title":"Maradi founded","text":"The exiles found Maradi.","at":{"name":"Maradi","point":[7.1,13.5]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["katsina","sokoto"],"bounds":[7.1,12.99,7.798,13.5],"refs":[1],"confidence":"high","note":"Sabon Birni in Kaura is not placed.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-history-of-katsina","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Katsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Katsina","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"al-kanemi-saves-bornu","name":"Al-Kanemi saves Bornu","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1807,"yearLabel":"1807–1826","until":1830,"actors":[{"name":"Bornu (Mai and al-Kanemi)","polity":"kanem-bornu","side":"defender","color":"#9c5a2c"},{"name":"Bornu Fulani and Sokoto","polity":"sokoto","side":"attacker","color":"#2f6b4f"}],"summary":{"text":"The jihad reached Bornu in 1807 when Fulani at Daura swore allegiance to Usman dan Fodio. Mai Ahmad attacked them and wrote to dan Fodio and Bello that his people were Muslims and the attacks unjust; the Fulani won anyway, killed the Galadima and in 1808 took Ngazargamu. At Ngala the scholar Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi, with his students and a few Kanembu and Shuwa Arab soldiers, beat off the Fulani leader Muhammad Wabi, and Mai Dunama called him to help retake the capital, a victory tradition credits to a charm al-Kanemi wrote on a calabash. Al-Kanemi argued Bornu's case against Bello in famous letters, founded Kuka in 1814 and became the real ruler as Shehu. His later invasion of Kano failed before its walls.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[8.32,13.04],[8.421,13.073],[8.522,13.104],[8.623,13.133],[8.723,13.161],[8.824,13.187],[8.925,13.212],[9.026,13.234],[9.127,13.256],[9.228,13.275],[9.329,13.294],[9.43,13.31],[9.531,13.325],[9.632,13.338],[9.733,13.35],[9.834,13.36],[9.935,13.368],[10.037,13.375],[10.138,13.38],[10.239,13.383],[10.34,13.385],[10.441,13.386],[10.542,13.384],[10.644,13.381],[10.745,13.377],[10.846,13.37],[10.947,13.363],[11.049,13.353],[11.15,13.342],[11.251,13.329],[11.353,13.315],[11.454,13.299],[11.555,13.282],[11.657,13.262],[11.758,13.242],[11.86,13.219],[11.961,13.195],[12.063,13.17],[12.164,13.142],[12.265,13.113],[12.367,13.083]],"label":"The jihad reaches Ngazargamu (1808)","by":"Bornu Fulani and Sokoto","refs":[1],"color":"#2f6b4f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[13.57,12.93],[13.451,12.867],[13.332,12.807],[13.212,12.748],[13.092,12.692],[12.971,12.637],[12.85,12.584],[12.729,12.534],[12.608,12.485],[12.486,12.439],[12.363,12.395],[12.241,12.352],[12.117,12.312],[11.994,12.273],[11.87,12.237],[11.746,12.203],[11.621,12.17],[11.496,12.14],[11.371,12.112],[11.245,12.085],[11.119,12.061],[10.993,12.039],[10.866,12.019],[10.739,12],[10.611,11.984],[10.484,11.97],[10.355,11.958],[10.227,11.948],[10.097,11.94],[9.968,11.934],[9.838,11.93],[9.708,11.927],[9.578,11.927],[9.447,11.929],[9.315,11.933],[9.184,11.94],[9.052,11.948],[8.919,11.958],[8.787,11.97],[8.654,11.984],[8.52,12]],"label":"Al-Kanemi's army against Kano","by":"Bornu (Mai and al-Kanemi)","confidence":"medium","refs":[2],"color":"#9c5a2c"}],"moments":[{"when":"1808","title":"Ngazargamu falls","text":"Mai Ahmad flees and abdicates for his son Dunama.","at":{"name":"Ngazargamu","point":[12.367,13.083]},"mark":"captured","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1808","title":"The defence of Ngala","text":"Al-Kanemi defeats Muhammad Wabi.","at":{"name":"Ngala","point":[14.18,12.34]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1814","title":"Kuka founded","text":"Al-Kanemi founds Kuka and takes the title Shehu.","at":{"name":"Kukawa","point":[13.57,12.93]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[3]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["kanem-bornu","sokoto"],"bounds":[8.32,12,14.18,13.083],"refs":[1,3],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-al-kanemi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Amin_al-Kanemi","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ibrahim-dabo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ibrahim Dabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Dabo","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kukawa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kukawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukawa","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"zazzau-to-abuja","name":"The Hausa kings of Zazzau go into exile","kind":"migration","status":"published","year":1808,"yearLabel":"1808–1828","until":1835,"actors":[{"name":"Hausa court of Zazzau","polity":"zazzau","side":"migrant","color":"#b0473a"},{"name":"Jihad forces under Malam Musa","polity":"sokoto","side":"attacker","color":"#2f6b4f"}],"summary":{"text":"When the jihad took Zaria in December 1808, Sarkin Zazzau Muhammadu Makau led much of the Hausa nobility south to Zuba, one of four Koro chiefdoms that paid Zazzau tribute. In 1828 his brother and successor Abu Ja (Jatau) founded a new town, Abuja, walled it the next year, and reigned there as Sarkin Zazzau. Fulani Zaria attacked it repeatedly and failed; the kingdom stayed free until the British occupied it in 1902.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"exile","path":[[7.7,11.07],[7.699,11.066],[7.697,11.057],[7.694,11.045],[7.69,11.028],[7.685,11.007],[7.679,10.982],[7.673,10.953],[7.665,10.92],[7.656,10.882],[7.646,10.84],[7.636,10.794],[7.624,10.744],[7.611,10.69],[7.597,10.631],[7.583,10.568],[7.567,10.502],[7.552,10.435],[7.536,10.37],[7.521,10.305],[7.505,10.24],[7.49,10.177],[7.475,10.114],[7.46,10.051],[7.444,9.989],[7.429,9.928],[7.414,9.867],[7.399,9.807],[7.385,9.748],[7.37,9.689],[7.355,9.631],[7.34,9.574],[7.326,9.517],[7.312,9.464],[7.299,9.415],[7.286,9.37],[7.275,9.329],[7.264,9.292],[7.254,9.258],[7.245,9.229],[7.237,9.203],[7.229,9.181],[7.222,9.163],[7.216,9.149],[7.211,9.139],[7.206,9.133],[7.202,9.131],[7.199,9.133],[7.197,9.138],[7.195,9.143],[7.193,9.148],[7.191,9.153],[7.189,9.157],[7.188,9.161],[7.186,9.164],[7.185,9.167],[7.184,9.17],[7.183,9.173],[7.182,9.175],[7.181,9.177],[7.181,9.178],[7.18,9.179],[7.18,9.18],[7.18,9.18]],"label":"From Zaria to Zuba, then Abuja","by":"Hausa court of Zazzau","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#b0473a"}],"moments":[{"when":"December 1808","title":"Zaria falls","text":"Malam Musa takes Zaria for the jihad.","at":{"name":"Zaria","point":[7.7,11.07]},"mark":"captured","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,2]},{"when":"1808","title":"Refuge at Zuba","text":"Makau settles among the Koro at Zuba.","at":{"name":"Zuba","point":[7.216,9.091]},"mark":"exile","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1828","title":"Abuja founded","text":"Abu Ja founds Abuja, today's Suleja, and walls it in 1829.","at":{"name":"Abuja (now Suleja)","point":[7.18,9.18]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["zazzau","sokoto"],"bounds":[7.18,9.091,7.7,11.07],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-suleja-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Suleja Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleja_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-zazzau","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Zazzau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zazzau","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"adamawa-jihad","name":"Modibbo Adama's jihad in Fombina","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1809,"yearLabel":"1809–1847","until":1850,"actors":[{"name":"Adamawa (Fombina)","polity":"sokoto","side":"attacker","color":"#2f6b4f"},{"name":"Mandara","side":"defender","color":"#7a5a3a"},{"name":"Bata, Verre and hill peoples","side":"resister","color":"#5a7a6a"}],"summary":{"text":"Fulani herders had lived peacefully among the peoples of the upper Benue since the 15th century, but around 1803 a quarrel with the Bata over their customs, in which Ardo Njobbo had a Bata prince killed, turned to war. In 1809 the Ardos met at Gurin, and Modibbo Adama, a scholar who had studied in Bagirmi and Bornu, came back from Usman dan Fodio with a flag as Lamido Fombina, “ruler of the south-lands”. Mounted Fulbe, armed and trained from Hausaland, overcame the scattered, decentralised peoples one by one; Bata of Zummo, Malabu and Holma joined them, while dan Fodio forbade war on the Bata and Verre. Adama took Dulo, capital of Mandara, but could not hold it; Mandara allied with Bornu against him. Fulani sub-emirates rose at Mubi, Michika, Madagali, Moda, Uba and many more, and in 1841 Adama made Yola his capital. At his death in 1847 Fombina stretched deep into today's Cameroon.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[12.86,9.13],[12.862,9.134],[12.865,9.143],[12.869,9.157],[12.876,9.175],[12.883,9.197],[12.893,9.224],[12.904,9.255],[12.916,9.29],[12.93,9.33],[12.946,9.375],[12.963,9.424],[12.982,9.477],[13.002,9.535],[13.024,9.598],[13.048,9.664],[13.073,9.736],[13.099,9.805],[13.127,9.874],[13.157,9.94],[13.189,10.005],[13.222,10.069],[13.256,10.131],[13.292,10.192],[13.33,10.251],[13.37,10.308],[13.411,10.364],[13.453,10.419],[13.497,10.472],[13.543,10.523],[13.591,10.573],[13.64,10.622],[13.69,10.668],[13.738,10.712],[13.782,10.753],[13.823,10.791],[13.861,10.827],[13.896,10.859],[13.928,10.888],[13.956,10.915],[13.981,10.938],[14.004,10.958],[14.023,10.976],[14.038,10.991],[14.051,11.002],[14.061,11.011],[14.067,11.017],[14.07,11.02]],"label":"North against Mandara","by":"Adamawa (Fombina)","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#2f6b4f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[12.86,9.13],[12.862,9.136],[12.866,9.147],[12.872,9.165],[12.881,9.188],[12.891,9.217],[12.903,9.252],[12.918,9.293],[12.935,9.34],[12.953,9.392],[12.974,9.45],[12.997,9.514],[13.021,9.584],[13.048,9.66],[13.077,9.741],[13.108,9.828],[13.142,9.922],[13.174,10.01],[13.205,10.094],[13.234,10.172],[13.263,10.246],[13.291,10.316],[13.317,10.38],[13.343,10.44],[13.367,10.495],[13.39,10.545],[13.413,10.591],[13.434,10.631],[13.454,10.667],[13.473,10.699],[13.49,10.725],[13.507,10.747],[13.523,10.763],[13.537,10.779],[13.551,10.794],[13.564,10.808],[13.576,10.82],[13.586,10.832],[13.596,10.843],[13.605,10.852],[13.613,10.86],[13.619,10.868],[13.625,10.874],[13.63,10.879],[13.634,10.884],[13.637,10.887],[13.639,10.889],[13.64,10.89]],"label":"Sub-emirates in the Mandara hills","by":"Adamawa (Fombina)","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#2f6b4f"}],"moments":[{"when":"c. 1803","title":"Ardo Njobbo's quarrel","text":"A Bata prince is killed over the Bata's customs; war with the Fulbe follows, and Adama's father dies.","at":{"name":"Numan (Bata country)","point":[12.03,9.47]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"when":"1809","title":"The flag at Gurin","text":"Adama returns as Lamido Fombina; the jihad begins.","at":{"name":"Gurin","point":[12.86,9.13]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,2]},{"when":"1820s","title":"Dulo taken","text":"Adama takes Mandara's capital, which falls with little resistance, but cannot govern it.","at":{"name":"Dulo (Mandara)","point":[14.07,11.02]},"mark":"captured","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1841","title":"Yola","text":"Adama makes Yola his capital.","at":{"name":"Yola","point":[12.47,9.21]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"2 September 1901","title":"The British take Yola","text":"Colonel Morland's force takes Yola; Lamido Zubairu escapes to Gurin.","at":{"name":"Yola","point":[12.48,9.22]},"mark":"captured","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["sokoto"],"bounds":[12.03,9.13,14.07,11.02],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-adamawa-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Adamawa Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-modibo-adama","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Modibo Adama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modibo_Adama","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"jihad-on-the-benue","name":"The jihad reaches the Benue","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1812,"yearLabel":"1812–1854","until":1860,"actors":[{"name":"Jihad emirates (Gombe, Muri, Bauchi)","polity":"sokoto","side":"attacker","color":"#2f6b4f"},{"name":"Jukun","polity":"kwararafa","side":"defender","color":"#8c3d3d"},{"name":"Tiv","side":"ally","color":"#5a7a3a"}],"summary":{"text":"Usman dan Fodio's jihad reached the Jukun from three sides. Buba Yero of Gombe, from his base at Gombe Abba, made war on the Jukun towns of Pindiga and Kalam from 1815; the fighting outlived him. Hamman Ruwa campaigned from 1812 through the Jukun lands of Kona and Lau and founded the emirate of Muri on them in 1817; Muri fought the Kona Jukun for the rest of the century. Giwa's Fulani settled beside the Jukun at Wase in 1813 and made it Bauchi's outpost on the south-east. Wukari held out, and the Tiv fought on the Jukun side.","refs":[1,6,2,3,7],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[10.605,10.823],[10.605,10.823],[10.607,10.824],[10.609,10.825],[10.611,10.827],[10.615,10.83],[10.619,10.833],[10.623,10.836],[10.629,10.84],[10.635,10.845],[10.642,10.85],[10.649,10.855],[10.657,10.861],[10.666,10.867],[10.676,10.874],[10.686,10.882],[10.697,10.89],[10.708,10.893],[10.718,10.893],[10.729,10.888],[10.74,10.879],[10.751,10.865],[10.762,10.847],[10.773,10.825],[10.784,10.799],[10.795,10.769],[10.805,10.734],[10.816,10.695],[10.827,10.651],[10.838,10.604],[10.849,10.552],[10.86,10.496],[10.871,10.435],[10.881,10.379],[10.891,10.326],[10.9,10.277],[10.908,10.231],[10.915,10.19],[10.922,10.152],[10.928,10.118],[10.934,10.088],[10.939,10.061],[10.943,10.039],[10.946,10.02],[10.949,10.005],[10.951,9.993],[10.952,9.986],[10.953,9.982]],"label":"Buba Yero from Gombe Abba against Kalam and Pindiga","by":"Jihad emirates (Gombe, Muri, Bauchi)","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#2f6b4f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[11.276,9.21],[11.279,9.205],[11.282,9.199],[11.285,9.194],[11.288,9.189],[11.291,9.183],[11.293,9.178],[11.296,9.172],[11.298,9.167],[11.301,9.161],[11.303,9.156],[11.305,9.15],[11.307,9.145],[11.309,9.139],[11.311,9.134],[11.313,9.128],[11.315,9.122],[11.316,9.117],[11.318,9.111],[11.319,9.105],[11.321,9.1],[11.322,9.094],[11.323,9.088],[11.324,9.082],[11.325,9.077],[11.326,9.071],[11.327,9.065],[11.328,9.059],[11.328,9.053],[11.329,9.047],[11.329,9.041],[11.33,9.035],[11.33,9.03],[11.33,9.024],[11.33,9.018],[11.33,9.011],[11.33,9.005],[11.33,8.999],[11.33,8.993],[11.329,8.987],[11.329,8.981]],"label":"Hamman Ruwa through Lau to Kona","by":"Jihad emirates (Gombe, Muri, Bauchi)","confidence":"medium","refs":[2],"color":"#2f6b4f"},{"kind":"migration","path":[[9.84,10.31],[9.852,10.28],[9.864,10.25],[9.876,10.22],[9.886,10.19],[9.897,10.16],[9.907,10.13],[9.916,10.1],[9.925,10.07],[9.934,10.04],[9.941,10.009],[9.949,9.979],[9.956,9.949],[9.962,9.918],[9.968,9.888],[9.974,9.857],[9.979,9.827],[9.983,9.796],[9.987,9.766],[9.991,9.735],[9.994,9.704],[9.996,9.674],[9.998,9.643],[10,9.612],[10.001,9.581],[10.002,9.55],[10.002,9.519],[10.001,9.488],[10,9.457],[9.999,9.426],[9.997,9.395],[9.995,9.364],[9.992,9.332],[9.988,9.301],[9.984,9.27],[9.98,9.239],[9.975,9.207],[9.97,9.176],[9.964,9.144],[9.958,9.113],[9.951,9.081]],"label":"Giwa's Fulani settle Wase","by":"Jihad emirates (Gombe, Muri, Bauchi)","confidence":"medium","refs":[3],"color":"#2f6b4f"}],"moments":[{"when":"1813","title":"Wase founded","text":"Giwa, a Fulani of Wuro Mayo in Bauchi, settles beside the Jukun of Wase and befriends them. Under his son Hasan (1820–1828) Wase becomes a jihad outpost.","at":{"name":"Wase","point":[9.951,9.081]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[3,4]},{"when":"From 1815","title":"War on Pindiga","text":"Buba Yero attacks the Jukun of Pindiga and fails to subdue them before his death in 1841. Pindiga tradition remembers a war of extermination under his successors, and survivors sheltering on the rocks above the town until the British came in 1903.","at":{"name":"Pindiga","point":[10.953,9.982]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"disputed","refs":[5,1]},{"when":"1817","title":"Muri founded on Jukun land","text":"Hamman Ruwa founds Muri. The Jukun of Muri move south up the Taraba valley to escape him.","mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[2,4]},{"when":"1817–1890s","title":"Kona holds out","text":"Muri fights constant wars with the Jukun chiefdom of Kona.","at":{"name":"Kona","point":[11.329,8.981]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[2]}],"area":true,"pieces":[],"polities":["sokoto","kwararafa"],"bounds":[9.84,8.981,11.414,10.949],"refs":[1,6,2,3,5],"confidence":"medium","note":"Old Muri town has not been located; its founding is told but not drawn.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-gombe-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gombe Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-muri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muri, Taraba State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muri,_Taraba_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-wase","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Wase, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wase,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"rulers-org-nigeria-traditional","citation":"Cahoon, Ben. Nigerian traditional polities (ruler lists)","url":"https://www.rulers.org/nigatrad.html","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-pindiga","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Pindiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindiga_Town","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-buba-yero","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Buba Yero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buba_Yero","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-wukari-federation","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Wukari Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wukari_Federation","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The Pindiga article's account of a war of extermination is unsourced on Wikipedia; it is kept as tradition and marked disputed."]},{"id":"fall-of-oyo","name":"Afonja, Alimi and the fall of Oyo","kind":"alliance","status":"published","year":1817,"yearLabel":"1817–1837","until":1840,"actors":[{"name":"Afonja, Are-Ona-Kakanfo at Ilorin","side":"resister","color":"#5c4a38"},{"name":"Shehu Alimi and the jama’a","polity":"sokoto","side":"ally","color":"#2f6b4f"},{"name":"Oyo Empire","polity":"oyo","side":"defender","color":"#2e5c8a"}],"summary":{"text":"In 1817 Afonja, Oyo’s own commander-in-chief, rose against the Alaafin at Ilorin and called in Shehu Alimi, a Fulani Muslim teacher, and his following of Hausa and Fulani fighters. The alliance cut Oyo off from its north. About 1824 Alimi’s son Abdulsalami turned on Afonja, who was killed, and Ilorin became an emirate of the Sokoto Caliphate under Gwandu. Ilorin’s armies ended Oyo-Ile in the 1830s, and the court moved south to Ago-Oja, today’s Oyo.","refs":[1,2,3,4],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"alliance","path":[[4.64,12.5],[4.639,12.492],[4.637,12.477],[4.634,12.453],[4.631,12.422],[4.626,12.383],[4.62,12.336],[4.614,12.281],[4.606,12.219],[4.598,12.148],[4.588,12.07],[4.578,11.984],[4.567,11.891],[4.555,11.789],[4.542,11.68],[4.528,11.563],[4.513,11.438],[4.499,11.313],[4.487,11.188],[4.477,11.063],[4.468,10.938],[4.46,10.813],[4.454,10.688],[4.45,10.563],[4.447,10.438],[4.446,10.313],[4.446,10.188],[4.448,10.063],[4.451,9.938],[4.456,9.813],[4.462,9.688],[4.47,9.563],[4.48,9.438],[4.488,9.32],[4.497,9.211],[4.504,9.109],[4.511,9.016],[4.518,8.93],[4.524,8.852],[4.529,8.781],[4.534,8.719],[4.538,8.664],[4.541,8.617],[4.544,8.578],[4.546,8.547],[4.548,8.523],[4.549,8.508],[4.55,8.5]],"label":"Ilorin joins the Caliphate, under Gwandu","by":"Shehu Alimi and the jama’a","refs":[],"color":"#2f6b4f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[4.55,8.5],[4.54,8.51],[4.531,8.52],[4.521,8.53],[4.512,8.54],[4.503,8.551],[4.494,8.561],[4.486,8.572],[4.477,8.583],[4.469,8.593],[4.461,8.604],[4.453,8.615],[4.445,8.626],[4.438,8.637],[4.431,8.648],[4.423,8.66],[4.417,8.671],[4.41,8.683],[4.403,8.694],[4.397,8.706],[4.391,8.718],[4.385,8.73],[4.379,8.742],[4.373,8.754],[4.368,8.766],[4.363,8.779],[4.358,8.791],[4.353,8.803],[4.348,8.816],[4.344,8.829],[4.34,8.841],[4.336,8.854],[4.332,8.867],[4.328,8.88],[4.325,8.894],[4.321,8.907],[4.318,8.92],[4.315,8.934],[4.312,8.947],[4.31,8.961],[4.308,8.975]],"label":"Ilorin’s wars cut Oyo off from its north","by":"Afonja, Are-Ona-Kakanfo at Ilorin","refs":[],"color":"#5c4a38"},{"kind":"migration","path":[[4.308,8.975],[4.307,8.972],[4.306,8.967],[4.305,8.959],[4.303,8.948],[4.301,8.935],[4.299,8.919],[4.296,8.901],[4.292,8.88],[4.289,8.856],[4.284,8.83],[4.28,8.801],[4.275,8.769],[4.269,8.735],[4.263,8.698],[4.257,8.658],[4.25,8.616],[4.243,8.575],[4.235,8.535],[4.226,8.495],[4.217,8.456],[4.207,8.419],[4.197,8.382],[4.186,8.346],[4.174,8.311],[4.161,8.276],[4.148,8.243],[4.135,8.21],[4.12,8.179],[4.105,8.148],[4.09,8.118],[4.073,8.089],[4.057,8.061],[4.041,8.035],[4.026,8.01],[4.012,7.987],[4,7.966],[3.988,7.947],[3.977,7.929],[3.968,7.913],[3.96,7.899],[3.952,7.887],[3.946,7.876],[3.941,7.868],[3.936,7.861],[3.933,7.855],[3.931,7.852],[3.93,7.85]],"label":"Oyo-Ile abandoned: the court moves south to Ago-Oja","by":"Oyo Empire","when":"c. 1837","refs":[],"color":"#2e5c8a"}],"moments":[{"when":"1817","title":"Afonja’s revolt","text":"The Are-Ona-Kakanfo declares Ilorin independent of the Alaafin and invites Shehu Alimi to fight beside him.","at":{"name":"Ilorin","point":[4.55,8.5]},"mark":"camp","colonial":false,"refs":[]},{"when":"c. 1824","title":"The allies fall out","text":"Abdulsalami, Alimi’s son, turns on Afonja, who is killed. Ilorin becomes an emirate.","at":{"name":"Ilorin","point":[4.55,8.5]},"mark":"captured","colonial":false,"refs":[]},{"when":"c. 1835–1837","title":"Oyo-Ile abandoned","text":"After defeat by Ilorin, the capital of the old empire is left empty; Oyo is rebuilt far to the south.","at":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"mark":"flight","colonial":false,"refs":[]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["sokoto","oyo"],"bounds":[3.93,7.85,4.64,12.5],"refs":[1,2,3,4],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"johnson-1921","citation":"Johnson, Samuel. (1921). The History of the Yorubas. Routledge, London (CMS Lagos)","url":"https://archive.org/details/the-history-of-the-yorubas-from-the-earliest-times-to-the-beginning-of-the-british-protectorate","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"law-1977","citation":"Law, Robin. (1977). The Oyo Empire, c. 1600 – c. 1836: A West African Imperialism in the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade. Clarendon Press, Oxford","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-afonja","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Afonja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonja","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-ilorin","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ilorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilorin","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"igu-victory","name":"Koton Karfe holds","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1820,"yearLabel":"c. 1810s–1880","until":1880,"actors":[{"name":"Igala forces of the Attah","polity":"igala","side":"defender","color":"#c9822a"},{"name":"The Koto of Igu (Koton Karfe)","side":"defender","color":"#7a5a2a"},{"name":"The Ebira","side":"defender","color":"#5a6a3a"},{"name":"Jihad armies (Fulani-led Nupe, later Bida and Ilorin)","polity":"nupe","side":"attacker","color":"#2a7a7a"}],"summary":{"text":"Igu, the Attah’s vassal town on the Niger about twenty miles above the confluence, stood in the path of the jihad for more than half a century. Igala tradition remembers the Attah’s army destroying a jihadist force there, the Ebira remember their own long defence, and both say the town was never conquered. The written record shows how hard it was pressed: Igu was burned around 1832–33, the Filatahs (Fulani-led armies from Rabbah) were camped at Koto’n Kàrafi in 1841, and Etsu Masaba of Nupe struck it again in 1853. Yet in 1841 its chief still paid tribute to the Attah, no emir was ever set up there, and from 1865 to 1880 the Igu were still fighting the armies of Bida and Ilorin. Raided and burned more than once, Koton Karfe was never conquered.","refs":[1,4,6,2,7,3,5],"confidence":"disputed"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.3,8.9],[6.301,8.898],[6.304,8.895],[6.307,8.889],[6.312,8.882],[6.318,8.874],[6.325,8.863],[6.333,8.851],[6.342,8.837],[6.353,8.821],[6.364,8.803],[6.377,8.784],[6.391,8.763],[6.407,8.74],[6.423,8.715],[6.441,8.689],[6.459,8.661],[6.478,8.633],[6.496,8.606],[6.513,8.579],[6.53,8.552],[6.547,8.526],[6.564,8.499],[6.579,8.474],[6.595,8.448],[6.61,8.423],[6.625,8.399],[6.639,8.375],[6.653,8.351],[6.667,8.327],[6.68,8.304],[6.693,8.281],[6.705,8.258],[6.717,8.237],[6.728,8.217],[6.738,8.199],[6.747,8.182],[6.756,8.167],[6.763,8.153],[6.77,8.14],[6.776,8.129],[6.782,8.119],[6.786,8.11],[6.79,8.103],[6.793,8.098],[6.796,8.093],[6.797,8.091],[6.798,8.089]],"label":"The jihad comes down the Niger on Igu","by":"Jihad armies (Fulani-led Nupe, later Bida and Ilorin)","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2],"color":"#2a7a7a"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.737,7.117],[6.737,7.119],[6.738,7.123],[6.74,7.128],[6.741,7.136],[6.744,7.145],[6.746,7.157],[6.749,7.17],[6.753,7.185],[6.757,7.202],[6.761,7.221],[6.766,7.242],[6.771,7.264],[6.777,7.289],[6.783,7.315],[6.79,7.343],[6.797,7.374],[6.803,7.404],[6.809,7.434],[6.814,7.464],[6.819,7.495],[6.823,7.525],[6.826,7.555],[6.828,7.586],[6.83,7.616],[6.832,7.646],[6.832,7.677],[6.832,7.707],[6.832,7.738],[6.83,7.768],[6.828,7.799],[6.826,7.829],[6.822,7.86],[6.819,7.888],[6.817,7.915],[6.814,7.94],[6.811,7.963],[6.809,7.984],[6.807,8.003],[6.805,8.02],[6.804,8.036],[6.802,8.049],[6.801,8.06],[6.8,8.07],[6.799,8.078],[6.799,8.083],[6.798,8.087],[6.798,8.089]],"label":"The Attah’s army goes up to defend Igu","by":"Igala forces of the Attah","confidence":"disputed","refs":[2,3],"color":"#c9822a"},{"kind":"alliance","path":[[6.23,7.55],[6.231,7.551],[6.234,7.554],[6.238,7.557],[6.243,7.562],[6.249,7.568],[6.256,7.575],[6.265,7.583],[6.275,7.592],[6.286,7.603],[6.299,7.614],[6.313,7.627],[6.327,7.641],[6.344,7.657],[6.361,7.673],[6.38,7.691],[6.4,7.709],[6.42,7.728],[6.439,7.746],[6.458,7.764],[6.477,7.782],[6.496,7.8],[6.514,7.817],[6.532,7.834],[6.55,7.851],[6.567,7.867],[6.585,7.884],[6.601,7.9],[6.618,7.916],[6.634,7.931],[6.651,7.947],[6.666,7.962],[6.682,7.977],[6.696,7.991],[6.71,8.004],[6.723,8.016],[6.734,8.027],[6.745,8.038],[6.754,8.047],[6.763,8.055],[6.771,8.063],[6.778,8.069],[6.784,8.075],[6.788,8.08],[6.792,8.083],[6.795,8.086],[6.797,8.088],[6.798,8.089]],"label":"The Ebira hold the hills beside the Koto","by":"The Ebira","confidence":"disputed","refs":[4,5],"color":"#5a6a3a"},{"kind":"retreat","path":[[6.798,8.089],[6.789,8.097],[6.779,8.106],[6.77,8.114],[6.761,8.123],[6.753,8.132],[6.744,8.141],[6.736,8.15],[6.727,8.159],[6.719,8.168],[6.711,8.177],[6.704,8.186],[6.696,8.196],[6.689,8.205],[6.681,8.215],[6.674,8.225],[6.667,8.234],[6.661,8.244],[6.654,8.254],[6.647,8.264],[6.641,8.275],[6.635,8.285],[6.629,8.295],[6.623,8.306],[6.618,8.317],[6.612,8.327],[6.607,8.338],[6.602,8.349],[6.597,8.36],[6.592,8.371],[6.587,8.382],[6.583,8.394],[6.579,8.405],[6.574,8.417],[6.57,8.428],[6.567,8.44],[6.563,8.452],[6.559,8.464],[6.556,8.476],[6.553,8.488],[6.55,8.5]],"label":"The invaders are thrown back","by":"Jihad armies (Fulani-led Nupe, later Bida and Ilorin)","confidence":"disputed","refs":[2],"color":"#2a7a7a"}],"moments":[{"when":"c. 1810s–1820s","title":"Victory at Koto","text":"Igala tradition: the Attah’s soldiers bring down an invading jihadist force at Koto, far from Idah, and the war never reaches the Attah’s palace. The tradition gives the town’s name a meaning from the battle.","at":{"name":"Igu (Koton Karfe)","point":[6.7981,8.0891]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"disputed","refs":[2,3]},{"when":"c. 1832–1833","title":"Igu burned","text":"A raid sacks and burns Igu. Laird, passing in 1833, finds the town much smaller than it had been. Its people rebuild.","at":{"name":"Igu (Koton Karfe)","point":[6.7981,8.0891]},"mark":"burned","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[6]},{"when":"September 1841","title":"The enemy at the gate, tribute still to Idah","text":"The British are told the Filatahs are “still at Egòh, or at Koto’n Kàrafi, about twenty miles above the confluence”. Yet Allen records that the chiefs of Fandah (Panda), Kattam-Kàrafi and Buddu (Kakanda) still acknowledge the Attah of Idah by paying him a small tribute.","at":{"name":"Igu (Koton Karfe)","point":[6.7981,8.0891]},"mark":"camp","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1853","title":"Masaba’s raid","text":"Etsu Masaba of Nupe raids down to Koton Karfe. The Attah’s hold on the north is broken, but Igu fights on and is never made a Nupe town.","at":{"name":"Igu (Koton Karfe)","point":[6.7981,8.0891]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[7,4]},{"when":"1865–1880","title":"Never subdued","text":"The Igu fight the armies of Bida and Ilorin, the Ajinomoh, while the Ebira hold their hills under Achigidi Okino. No emir is ever set up at Koton Karfe.","at":{"name":"Igu (Koton Karfe)","point":[6.7981,8.0891]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[4,5]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["igala","nupe"],"bounds":[6.23,7.117,6.85,8.9],"refs":[1,4,6,2,7,3,5],"confidence":"disputed","note":"The Igala victory is undated tradition; it is placed in the 1810s–1820s, when Fulani-led Nupe first had armies near the confluence. The fighting at Igu ran on to about 1880.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"allen-thomson-1848","citation":"Allen, William; Thomson, T. R. H. (1848). A Narrative of the Expedition sent by Her Majesty’s Government to the River Niger in 1841, vol. I, chapters XII (the conference with the Attàh), XIV (Adda Kuddu) and XV (conquests of the Filatahs). Richard Bentley, London (transcribed by P. Davis)","url":"https://www.pdavis.nl/Niger_Contents.htm","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"ayegba-2020-summit","citation":"Ayegba A. A. (2020). Many kings fell during Usman Danfodio struggle but Attah Igala sat firmly on his throne. Summit Post News","url":"https://summitnewspaper.wordpress.com/2020/05/05/many-kings-fell-during-usman-danfodio-struggle-but-attah-igala-sat-firmly-on-his-throne/","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-igu","citation":"Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Igala forces fought and defeated invading jihadist forces at Igu (Koton Karfe)","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-ebira-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ebira people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebira_people","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"owner-2026-10-11-koto","citation":"Direction from the HistoNaija owner: Koton Karfe was never taken, because the Igala, the Ebira and the Koto people fought the jihad’s advance","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"abbah-2018-igala-fulani","citation":"(2018). Igala–Hausa/Fulani Relations (1818–2018): Past, Present and What Future?. Igala Project","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323295840_IGALA-HAUSAFULANI_RELATIONS_PAST_PRESENT_AND_WHAT_FUTURE_1818-2018","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"james-2017-igala","citation":"James, Favor Ojochegbe. (2017). A brief history of the Igala kingdom, part 3. Nigeria Tribal Languages (blog)","url":"https://nigeriatriballanguages.blogspot.com/2017/06/a-brief-history-of-igala-kingdom-part-3.html","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The joint stand of the Igala, the Ebira and the Koto follows the owner (2026-10-11). Igala sources tell an Igala victory and Ebira sources an Ebira defence at the same town; no source yet says they fought side by side.","Some online Igala accounts date the victory to 1804–1808. Those are the dates of the jihad’s first phase in Hausaland; no jihad army was near the confluence until Mallam Dendo’s rise in Nupe from about 1810, so the earlier date is not used.","The battle itself rests on the owner’s account and one Igala writer (Ayegba, 2020), who names no Attah or commander. A tradition naming the reigning Attah would let it be dated from Boston’s king list.","The name has three explanations: Koton Karifi, ‘powerful Koto’ (Ayegba); Akpoto Karfe, ‘the Igala with power’ (online Igala accounts); and Hausa ƙarfe, ‘iron’, which fits the Ebira blacksmith tradition. Koto is also the name of the Ebira Koto themselves, so the name may be older than any battle.","Abbah (2018) and James (2017) say the Nupe took Koton Karfe in 1853. Allen’s 1841 tribute record and the Ebira account of fighting on to 1880 suggest raids and occupations rather than conquest; the text follows that reading.","The 1832–33 burning comes from Laird’s visit in 1833 as reported by Abbah (2018); Laird and Oldfield’s Narrative (1837) itself has not been checked."]},{"id":"owu-war","name":"The Owu war","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1821,"yearLabel":"1821–1826","until":1834,"actors":[{"name":"Ife","polity":"ife","side":"attacker","color":"#a07c2c"},{"name":"Ijebu","polity":"ijebu","side":"attacker","color":"#6b4f8a"},{"name":"Owu","side":"defender","color":"#6a4a6a"}],"summary":{"text":"Between 1821 and 1826 the armies of Ife and Ijebu, joined by Oyo refugees from the collapsing empire, besieged and destroyed Owu Ipole, a heavily fortified Yoruba kingdom. The Olowu escaped carried on a man's back to Erunmu, which fell in turn; the Owu crown was smuggled out with the refugees. The victors' camp at Ipara and then Ibadan went on to destroy the Egba forest towns, and Ibadan grew from it. The Owu wandered south-west and around 1834 Sodeke persuaded them to settle in Abeokuta, where they crowned an Olowu again only in 1855.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[3.92,6.82],[3.919,6.82],[3.918,6.821],[3.917,6.821],[3.915,6.822],[3.912,6.823],[3.909,6.824],[3.906,6.825],[3.902,6.827],[3.897,6.829],[3.892,6.831],[3.886,6.833],[3.88,6.835],[3.874,6.838],[3.867,6.841],[3.859,6.843],[3.851,6.847],[3.845,6.852],[3.842,6.859],[3.84,6.869],[3.841,6.88],[3.845,6.894],[3.851,6.91],[3.859,6.928],[3.869,6.948],[3.882,6.97],[3.896,6.994],[3.914,7.02],[3.933,7.049],[3.955,7.079],[3.979,7.112],[4.006,7.147],[4.034,7.183],[4.061,7.218],[4.086,7.25],[4.11,7.28],[4.131,7.308],[4.151,7.333],[4.169,7.356],[4.185,7.377],[4.2,7.395],[4.212,7.412],[4.223,7.425],[4.232,7.437],[4.239,7.446],[4.245,7.453],[4.248,7.458],[4.25,7.46]],"label":"Ijebu armies against Owu","by":"Ijebu","refs":[1,2],"color":"#6b4f8a"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[4.56,7.48],[4.552,7.477],[4.545,7.474],[4.537,7.472],[4.53,7.469],[4.522,7.467],[4.514,7.464],[4.507,7.462],[4.499,7.46],[4.491,7.458],[4.484,7.456],[4.476,7.455],[4.468,7.453],[4.461,7.452],[4.453,7.45],[4.445,7.449],[4.438,7.448],[4.43,7.447],[4.422,7.446],[4.414,7.446],[4.407,7.445],[4.399,7.445],[4.391,7.444],[4.383,7.444],[4.376,7.444],[4.368,7.444],[4.36,7.444],[4.352,7.445],[4.344,7.445],[4.337,7.446],[4.329,7.446],[4.321,7.447],[4.313,7.448],[4.305,7.449],[4.297,7.45],[4.289,7.452],[4.282,7.453],[4.274,7.455],[4.266,7.456],[4.258,7.458],[4.25,7.46]],"label":"Ife against Owu","by":"Ife","refs":[1],"color":"#a07c2c"},{"kind":"migration","path":[[4.25,7.46],[4.249,7.46],[4.246,7.459],[4.242,7.458],[4.236,7.457],[4.229,7.456],[4.221,7.454],[4.212,7.452],[4.201,7.45],[4.188,7.448],[4.175,7.445],[4.16,7.442],[4.143,7.439],[4.126,7.435],[4.106,7.431],[4.086,7.427],[4.064,7.423],[4.041,7.418],[4.018,7.412],[3.994,7.406],[3.969,7.399],[3.943,7.391],[3.916,7.383],[3.889,7.374],[3.861,7.364],[3.832,7.354],[3.802,7.343],[3.772,7.331],[3.741,7.319],[3.709,7.306],[3.676,7.292],[3.642,7.278],[3.608,7.263],[3.576,7.248],[3.546,7.235],[3.518,7.223],[3.492,7.212],[3.468,7.202],[3.447,7.192],[3.427,7.184],[3.41,7.176],[3.395,7.17],[3.382,7.164],[3.371,7.159],[3.363,7.156],[3.356,7.153],[3.352,7.151],[3.35,7.15]],"label":"Owu refugees to Abeokuta (c. 1834)","by":"Owu","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#6a4a6a"}],"moments":[{"when":"c. 1822–1826","title":"Owu Ipole destroyed","text":"The fortified city is abandoned; Erunmu falls next.","at":{"name":"Owu Ipole (approximate)","point":[4.25,7.46]},"mark":"burned","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,2]},{"when":"c. 1829","title":"The camp at Ibadan","text":"The victorious armies make Ibadan their headquarters.","at":{"name":"Ibadan","point":[3.9,7.39]},"mark":"camp","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[2,3]},{"when":"c. 1834","title":"Owu at Abeokuta","text":"Sodeke invites the Owu into Abeokuta.","at":{"name":"Abeokuta","point":[3.35,7.15]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["ife","ijebu"],"bounds":[3.35,6.82,4.56,7.48],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","note":"Owu Ipole (Orile Owu) is placed approximately.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-owu-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Owu Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owu_Kingdom","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-abeokuta","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Abeokuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeokuta","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-ibadan","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ibadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bassa-into-igala","name":"The Bassa find refuge in Igala land","kind":"migration","status":"published","year":1830,"yearLabel":"c. 1830–1870s","until":1880,"actors":[{"name":"Bassa-Komo","side":"migrant","color":"#6b7a3a"},{"name":"Bassa-Nge","side":"migrant","color":"#3f7a8a"},{"name":"Ebira Mozum (Egbura)","side":"migrant","color":"#8a5a7a"},{"name":"Igala Kingdom (Attah Amaga, later Attah Okoliko)","polity":"igala","side":"origin","color":"#c9822a"}],"summary":{"text":"The jihad drove whole peoples south across the Benue. The Bassa-Komo arrived about 1830. The Bassa-Nge, Nupe-speaking people from around Bida, fled Masaba’s raids in the early 1840s; by their own tradition they first settled at the foot of Mount Patti at Lokoja, then crossed the Benue. The Ebira of Mozum (Egbura) came about 1860. When the Nupe raids grew worse after 1853–54, refugees crowded onto the south bank, and Attah Amaga let them stay. In the 1870s Attah Okoliko Onuche ceded the northernmost parts of Dekina and Omala to the Bassa as towns of sanctuary. These are the lands of today’s Bassa LGA, with its headquarters at Oguma. Igala land was never conquered, so it became the asylum of the confluence. The colonial Bassa Native Authority (1902) was later joined to the Igala Native Authority, and separated again as Bassa LGA in 1976.","refs":[2,5,1,3,4],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"migration","path":[[7.2,8.6],[7.2,8.599],[7.199,8.596],[7.199,8.592],[7.198,8.586],[7.197,8.579],[7.196,8.571],[7.195,8.562],[7.193,8.551],[7.191,8.538],[7.189,8.525],[7.187,8.51],[7.185,8.493],[7.182,8.476],[7.179,8.456],[7.177,8.436],[7.173,8.414],[7.17,8.392],[7.166,8.371],[7.163,8.349],[7.158,8.328],[7.154,8.307],[7.149,8.286],[7.145,8.265],[7.14,8.245],[7.134,8.224],[7.129,8.204],[7.123,8.184],[7.117,8.164],[7.11,8.144],[7.104,8.124],[7.097,8.105],[7.09,8.085],[7.083,8.067],[7.077,8.05],[7.071,8.034],[7.066,8.02],[7.061,8.007],[7.056,7.994],[7.052,7.984],[7.049,7.974],[7.046,7.965],[7.043,7.958],[7.041,7.952],[7.039,7.947],[7.038,7.944],[7.037,7.941],[7.037,7.94]],"label":"The Bassa-Komo cross the Benue into Igala land","by":"Bassa-Komo","when":"c. 1830","note":"Their earlier home north of the Benue is placed approximately.","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2],"color":"#6b7a3a"},{"kind":"migration","path":[[6.01,9.08],[6.012,9.078],[6.016,9.073],[6.021,9.066],[6.029,9.057],[6.039,9.046],[6.05,9.032],[6.064,9.017],[6.079,8.998],[6.096,8.978],[6.115,8.955],[6.136,8.93],[6.159,8.903],[6.184,8.874],[6.211,8.842],[6.24,8.808],[6.27,8.772],[6.3,8.735],[6.329,8.698],[6.356,8.661],[6.383,8.623],[6.408,8.584],[6.433,8.545],[6.457,8.506],[6.479,8.466],[6.501,8.426],[6.522,8.386],[6.541,8.345],[6.56,8.303],[6.578,8.262],[6.594,8.219],[6.61,8.177],[6.625,8.133],[6.64,8.093],[6.655,8.056],[6.671,8.022],[6.688,7.991],[6.704,7.963],[6.722,7.938],[6.739,7.916],[6.757,7.897],[6.775,7.881],[6.794,7.868],[6.813,7.858],[6.833,7.851],[6.853,7.847],[6.873,7.846],[6.894,7.848],[6.915,7.853],[6.935,7.858],[6.953,7.862],[6.971,7.866],[6.987,7.87],[7.001,7.874],[7.014,7.877],[7.026,7.88],[7.037,7.882],[7.046,7.884],[7.054,7.886],[7.061,7.888],[7.066,7.889],[7.07,7.89],[7.073,7.891],[7.074,7.891]],"label":"The Bassa-Nge flee Masaba’s raids, by the foot of Mount Patti","by":"Bassa-Nge","when":"early 1840s","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,3,4],"color":"#3f7a8a"},{"kind":"migration","path":[[6.75,8.2],[6.751,8.199],[6.752,8.197],[6.754,8.194],[6.756,8.19],[6.759,8.185],[6.762,8.179],[6.766,8.173],[6.771,8.165],[6.776,8.156],[6.782,8.146],[6.789,8.136],[6.796,8.124],[6.803,8.111],[6.812,8.097],[6.82,8.083],[6.83,8.067],[6.839,8.052],[6.847,8.038],[6.855,8.024],[6.863,8.011],[6.871,7.998],[6.878,7.986],[6.884,7.974],[6.891,7.963],[6.896,7.953],[6.902,7.943],[6.907,7.934],[6.912,7.925],[6.916,7.917],[6.92,7.91],[6.923,7.903],[6.927,7.897],[6.929,7.891],[6.932,7.886],[6.935,7.88],[6.937,7.876],[6.939,7.871],[6.941,7.868],[6.943,7.864],[6.945,7.861],[6.946,7.858],[6.947,7.856],[6.948,7.854],[6.949,7.852],[6.949,7.851],[6.95,7.85],[6.95,7.85]],"label":"The Ebira settle at Mozum","by":"Ebira Mozum (Egbura)","when":"c. 1860","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,5],"color":"#8a5a7a"}],"moments":[{"when":"1854","title":"Attah Amaga gives refuge","text":"As Nupe raids reach the Ife district, refugees flood the south bank of the Benue. They beg Attah Amaga to let them stay, and he agrees. Among them are the Ebira of Mozum, the Bassa-Nge and the Bassa-Komo.","at":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.737,7.117]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[5]},{"when":"1870s","title":"Land given for sanctuary","text":"Attah Okoliko Onuche cedes the northernmost parts of Dekina and Omala to the Bassa fleeing the jihad, as towns of sanctuary.","at":{"name":"Oguma (approximate)","point":[7.0365,7.94]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[2]},{"when":"1902–1976","title":"Bassa Native Authority","text":"The colonial government creates a Bassa Native Authority, later joins it to the Igala Native Authority, and in 1976 it becomes Bassa LGA.","at":{"name":"Oguma (approximate)","point":[7.0365,7.94]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"area":true,"pieces":[],"polities":["igala"],"bounds":[6.01,7.117,7.2,9.08],"refs":[2,5,1],"confidence":"medium","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"denwi-2024-bassa","citation":"Joshua Adunga Denwi. (2024). A Brief History of Bassa Local Government, Kogi State","url":"https://jeffzeep.wordpress.com/2024/02/17/a-brief-history-of-bassa-local-government-kogi-state/","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"abbah-2018-igala-fulani","citation":"(2018). Igala–Hausa/Fulani Relations (1818–2018): Past, Present and What Future?. Igala Project","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323295840_IGALA-HAUSAFULANI_RELATIONS_PAST_PRESENT_AND_WHAT_FUTURE_1818-2018","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"bassange-community-history","citation":"Bassa Nge Community of North America. Our History (the Bassa-Nge flight from Masaba’s raids of the early 1840s, Eku Anupe; Masaba camps where Lokoja now stands)","url":"https://www.bassangecommunityna.org/our-ministries","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-lokoja","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Lokoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokoja","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"ntl-igala-part3","citation":"A Brief History of the Igala Kingdom, Part 3. Nigeria Tribal Languages","url":"https://nigeriatriballanguages.blogspot.com/2017/06/a-brief-history-of-igala-kingdom-part-3.html","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The Bassa-Komo homeland before 1830 is not named in the sources read; the route’s start is approximate.","Bassa sources may tell the cession differently; the Bassa-Nge and Bassa-Komo accounts should be read too.","The Bassa-Nge date moved from c. 1850 to the early 1840s on their community history (Eku Anupe, Masaba’s raids) and the Ibara study (1840). The Bassa-Komo arrival (c. 1830) falls near the burning of Igu (c. 1832–33), but no source links the two."]},{"id":"eleduwe-war","name":"The Eleduwe war (Battle of Ilorin)","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1835,"yearLabel":"1835–1837","until":1840,"actors":[{"name":"Oyo","polity":"oyo","side":"attacker","color":"#2e5c8a"},{"name":"Borgu","polity":"borgu","side":"ally","color":"#6a7f4f"},{"name":"Ilorin emirate","polity":"sokoto","side":"defender","color":"#2f6b4f"}],"summary":{"text":"Alaafin Oluewu refused the emir of Ilorin's call to pay homage, raised troops from Oyo's old vassals and allied with Borgu. Sero Kpera, king of Nikki, led the Bariba with Ki-Yaru of Kaiama, a prince of Wawa and a representative of Bussa. Ilorin's emir Abdussalami, reinforced from Gwandu and Sokoto, far outnumbered them. On the first day the allies drove Ilorin back to its city; on the second, with many Oyo chiefs distrusting the Alaafin and his Bariba allies, Ilorin's cavalry turned a flank and struck from behind. Sero Kpera, Oluewu and his eldest son, and the leaders of Wawa and Kaiama were all killed. When the news reached Oyo-Ile its people abandoned the capital.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[3.21,9.94],[3.21,9.937],[3.21,9.932],[3.21,9.923],[3.21,9.912],[3.209,9.898],[3.209,9.881],[3.209,9.861],[3.208,9.838],[3.208,9.813],[3.208,9.785],[3.207,9.754],[3.207,9.72],[3.206,9.683],[3.205,9.644],[3.205,9.602],[3.204,9.556],[3.209,9.511],[3.219,9.466],[3.234,9.421],[3.255,9.376],[3.281,9.331],[3.312,9.286],[3.348,9.241],[3.39,9.196],[3.437,9.151],[3.49,9.106],[3.548,9.061],[3.611,9.016],[3.679,8.971],[3.753,8.926],[3.832,8.881],[3.917,8.837],[3.996,8.794],[4.07,8.755],[4.138,8.719],[4.202,8.685],[4.26,8.654],[4.313,8.626],[4.36,8.601],[4.402,8.579],[4.439,8.559],[4.471,8.542],[4.497,8.528],[4.518,8.517],[4.534,8.508],[4.545,8.503],[4.55,8.5]],"label":"Sero Kpera's Bariba march on Ilorin","by":"Borgu","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#6a7f4f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[4.308,8.975],[4.317,8.965],[4.327,8.955],[4.336,8.944],[4.345,8.934],[4.354,8.924],[4.363,8.913],[4.372,8.903],[4.38,8.892],[4.389,8.881],[4.397,8.871],[4.404,8.86],[4.412,8.849],[4.42,8.837],[4.427,8.826],[4.434,8.815],[4.441,8.803],[4.448,8.792],[4.454,8.78],[4.461,8.769],[4.467,8.757],[4.473,8.745],[4.478,8.733],[4.484,8.721],[4.489,8.709],[4.495,8.696],[4.5,8.684],[4.505,8.671],[4.509,8.659],[4.514,8.646],[4.518,8.633],[4.522,8.62],[4.526,8.607],[4.529,8.594],[4.533,8.581],[4.536,8.568],[4.539,8.554],[4.542,8.541],[4.545,8.527],[4.548,8.514],[4.55,8.5]],"label":"Oluewu's army","by":"Oyo","refs":[1],"color":"#2e5c8a"},{"kind":"exile","path":[[4.308,8.975],[4.307,8.944],[4.306,8.913],[4.304,8.882],[4.302,8.851],[4.3,8.821],[4.297,8.791],[4.293,8.76],[4.29,8.73],[4.285,8.701],[4.281,8.671],[4.275,8.641],[4.27,8.612],[4.264,8.583],[4.257,8.554],[4.25,8.525],[4.243,8.496],[4.235,8.467],[4.227,8.439],[4.218,8.41],[4.209,8.382],[4.199,8.354],[4.189,8.326],[4.178,8.298],[4.167,8.271],[4.156,8.243],[4.144,8.216],[4.132,8.189],[4.119,8.162],[4.106,8.135],[4.092,8.109],[4.078,8.082],[4.063,8.056],[4.048,8.029],[4.033,8.003],[4.017,7.977],[4,7.952],[3.983,7.926],[3.966,7.9],[3.948,7.875],[3.93,7.85]],"label":"Oyo-Ile abandoned","by":"Oyo","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#2e5c8a"}],"moments":[{"when":"Day one","title":"Ilorin driven to its walls","text":"Only a cavalry counter-attack saves Ilorin from rout.","at":{"name":"Ilorin","point":[4.55,8.5]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"Day two","title":"The kings fall","text":"Sero Kpera, Alaafin Oluewu and the chiefs of Wawa and Kaiama are killed.","at":{"name":"Ilorin","point":[4.6,8.55]},"mark":"massacre","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"After the battle","title":"Oyo-Ile emptied","text":"The capital's people flee south.","at":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"mark":"flight","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["oyo","borgu","sokoto"],"bounds":[3.199,7.85,4.6,9.94],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","note":"The New Oyo point marks the direction of flight only.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-battle-of-ilorin","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Battle of Ilorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleduwe_War","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-borgu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Borgu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgu","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The existing fall-of-oyo event may overlap; check that the two read well together."]},{"id":"rise-of-bida","name":"Masaba, Umaru Bahaushe and the founding of Bida","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1835,"yearLabel":"1835–1857","until":1860,"actors":[{"name":"Usman Zaki and Umaru Majigi","polity":"nupe","side":"attacker","color":"#2a7a7a"},{"name":"Masaba","side":"resister","color":"#8a6a2a"},{"name":"Mayaki Umaru Bahaushe","side":"defender","color":"#6a3a3a"},{"name":"Gwandu","polity":"sokoto","side":"ally","color":"#2f6b4f"}],"summary":{"text":"Mallam Dendo's sons fought over Nupe for twenty years. Masaba, the half-Nupe son, rebelled against Usman Zaki, fled from Raba to Lade in 1835, allied with the old-line Etsus at Zugurma and Eggan, raided the Ebira and Bunu, and was beaten at Takuma. Then the war-chief Umaru Bahaushe, a soldier from Bornu, defeated Masaba at Lade and sent him to Ilorin, crushed the old Tsoede line at Yeti, and ruled Nupe himself. Umaru Majigi rallied the Fulani, the Bini towns and the old-line Etsu Ma'azu Isa; Usman Zaki came back with a Gwandu army; and in 1857 they ran Umaru Bahaushe down at the walled Bini war-camp of Bida. He drowned crossing the Gbako river near Badeggi, and Bida became the capital of Nupe.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"exile","path":[[5.03,9.211],[5.048,9.204],[5.066,9.197],[5.084,9.19],[5.102,9.183],[5.119,9.175],[5.137,9.167],[5.154,9.159],[5.171,9.15],[5.187,9.142],[5.204,9.133],[5.22,9.124],[5.237,9.115],[5.253,9.105],[5.268,9.095],[5.284,9.085],[5.3,9.075],[5.315,9.064],[5.33,9.054],[5.345,9.043],[5.36,9.031],[5.374,9.02],[5.389,9.008],[5.403,8.996],[5.417,8.984],[5.431,8.972],[5.445,8.959],[5.458,8.946],[5.471,8.933],[5.484,8.92],[5.497,8.906],[5.51,8.893],[5.523,8.879],[5.535,8.864],[5.547,8.85],[5.559,8.835],[5.571,8.82],[5.583,8.805],[5.595,8.79],[5.606,8.774],[5.617,8.758]],"label":"Masaba from Raba to Lade (1835)","by":"Masaba","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#8a6a2a"},{"kind":"exile","path":[[5.617,8.758],[5.592,8.743],[5.568,8.729],[5.543,8.715],[5.518,8.701],[5.493,8.688],[5.467,8.676],[5.442,8.664],[5.417,8.652],[5.391,8.64],[5.366,8.629],[5.34,8.619],[5.314,8.609],[5.288,8.599],[5.262,8.59],[5.236,8.581],[5.21,8.573],[5.184,8.565],[5.157,8.557],[5.131,8.55],[5.104,8.544],[5.077,8.537],[5.051,8.532],[5.024,8.526],[4.997,8.521],[4.969,8.517],[4.942,8.513],[4.915,8.509],[4.887,8.506],[4.86,8.503],[4.832,8.5],[4.804,8.499],[4.777,8.497],[4.749,8.496],[4.721,8.495],[4.692,8.495],[4.664,8.495],[4.636,8.496],[4.607,8.497],[4.579,8.498],[4.55,8.5]],"label":"Masaba to Ilorin","by":"Masaba","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#8a6a2a"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[4.64,12.5],[4.675,12.421],[4.709,12.341],[4.742,12.262],[4.774,12.182],[4.804,12.103],[4.833,12.023],[4.86,11.942],[4.886,11.862],[4.911,11.782],[4.935,11.701],[4.957,11.62],[4.978,11.54],[4.998,11.458],[5.016,11.377],[5.033,11.296],[5.049,11.214],[5.063,11.133],[5.076,11.051],[5.088,10.969],[5.098,10.887],[5.107,10.804],[5.115,10.722],[5.121,10.639],[5.127,10.557],[5.13,10.474],[5.133,10.391],[5.134,10.307],[5.134,10.224],[5.133,10.14],[5.13,10.057],[5.126,9.973],[5.12,9.889],[5.114,9.805],[5.106,9.72],[5.096,9.636],[5.086,9.551],[5.074,9.466],[5.06,9.381],[5.046,9.296],[5.03,9.211]],"label":"Usman Zaki returns with a Gwandu army","by":"Gwandu","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#2f6b4f"}],"moments":[{"when":"1835–1841","title":"Masaba beaten at Takuma","text":"Usman Zaki's commander Andi Boshi defeats Masaba and his allies.","at":{"name":"Takuma","point":[5.231,9.336]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"when":"c. 1847","title":"Umaru Bahaushe takes Lade","text":"The war-chief defeats Masaba at his capital; many of Masaba's men go over to him.","at":{"name":"Lade","point":[5.617,8.758]},"mark":"captured","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2]},{"when":"c. 1848","title":"The old line crushed at Yeti","text":"Umaru Bahaushe defeats the Tsoede claimants; Etsu Maza is killed and Ma'azu Isa escapes.","at":{"name":"Yeti","point":[5.463,9.403]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"when":"1857","title":"Bida: the usurper falls","text":"After years of fighting around the Bini war-camp of Bida, Umaru Bahaushe is beaten and drowns in the Gbako river near Badeggi. Bida becomes the capital.","at":{"name":"Bida","point":[6.01,9.085]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,3]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["nupe","sokoto"],"bounds":[4.55,8.5,6.01,12.5],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"rulers.org gives Umaru Bahaushe 1848–1856; Sidi has his fall in 1857.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"sidi-2023-nupe","citation":"Sidi, Sheshi T. (2023). Political Crisis in Nupe Kingdom of Nigeria, 1800–1857: The Rise and Fall of Mayaki Umaru Bahaushe, the Etsu Nupe That Never Was. African Journal of History and Archaeology 7(1): 8–20","url":"https://www.iiardjournals.org/get/AJHA/VOL.%207%20NO.%201%202023/Political%20Crisis%20in%20Nupe.pdf","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"rulers-org-nigeria-traditional","citation":"Cahoon, Ben. Nigerian traditional polities (ruler lists)","url":"https://www.rulers.org/nigatrad.html","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"idrees-1989-bida","citation":"Idrees, Aliyu A. (1989). Collaboration and the British Conquest of Bida in 1897: The Role and Achievement of the Indigenous Interest Groups. African Study Monographs 10(2): 69–82","url":"https://jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/ASM%20%20Vol.10%20No.2%201989/Aliyu%20A.%20IDREES.pdf","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"nupe-raids-confluence","name":"Nupe raids on the confluence","kind":"raid","status":"published","year":1838,"yearLabel":"1838–1854","until":1870,"actors":[{"name":"Nupe (Fulani-led, from Rabbah and later Bida)","polity":"nupe","side":"attacker","color":"#2a7a7a"},{"name":"Igala Kingdom","polity":"igala","side":"defender","color":"#c9822a"}],"summary":{"text":"Once Fulani rulers held Nupe, its armies raided down the Niger into the Attah’s confluence lands. In 1838 the Filatahs from Rabbah marched down on the district of the Annajah Amèh Abokko, the Attah’s governor there, and drove the people of Adda Kuddu, a thriving dyeing and weaving town on the right bank below the confluence, across the river; the British found it in ruins in 1841. In the early 1840s Masaba camped at the confluence, and Nupe-speaking refugees such as the Bassa-Nge, fleeing his raids, settled at the foot of Mount Patti. In 1853 Masaba struck Koton Karfe and broke the Attah’s hold on the north; Koton Karfe was never conquered, and Lokoja, never sacked or plundered, grew into the meeting place of many peoples. Raids grew worse the next year and refugees crossed to the south bank of the Benue. Nupe raiding also reached south into the Okun Yoruba and Etsako country.","refs":[1,2,3,7,5,4,6],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"raid","path":[[5.03,9.211],[5.034,9.21],[5.041,9.209],[5.053,9.208],[5.068,9.206],[5.087,9.203],[5.11,9.2],[5.137,9.197],[5.168,9.193],[5.202,9.188],[5.241,9.183],[5.283,9.177],[5.329,9.171],[5.378,9.164],[5.432,9.157],[5.489,9.15],[5.551,9.141],[5.61,9.132],[5.668,9.12],[5.724,9.107],[5.778,9.093],[5.831,9.077],[5.882,9.06],[5.931,9.04],[5.979,9.02],[6.025,8.998],[6.069,8.974],[6.111,8.948],[6.152,8.922],[6.19,8.893],[6.228,8.863],[6.263,8.832],[6.297,8.798],[6.329,8.766],[6.361,8.733],[6.391,8.701],[6.42,8.669],[6.449,8.637],[6.475,8.605],[6.501,8.574],[6.526,8.543],[6.549,8.512],[6.572,8.482],[6.593,8.452],[6.613,8.422],[6.632,8.392],[6.65,8.363],[6.666,8.334],[6.682,8.305],[6.696,8.277],[6.709,8.249],[6.721,8.221],[6.732,8.194],[6.741,8.166],[6.749,8.14],[6.756,8.114],[6.762,8.088],[6.767,8.062],[6.77,8.037],[6.772,8.012],[6.773,7.987],[6.773,7.963],[6.771,7.94],[6.769,7.916],[6.765,7.893],[6.761,7.871],[6.757,7.851],[6.754,7.832],[6.751,7.815],[6.749,7.799],[6.746,7.785],[6.744,7.772],[6.742,7.76],[6.74,7.75],[6.739,7.742],[6.737,7.734],[6.736,7.729],[6.736,7.724],[6.735,7.721],[6.735,7.72]],"label":"The Filatahs march down on Adda Kuddu","by":"Nupe (Fulani-led, from Rabbah and later Bida)","when":"1838","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#2a7a7a"},{"kind":"raid","path":[[6.01,9.08],[6.012,9.078],[6.016,9.074],[6.023,9.068],[6.031,9.059],[6.042,9.049],[6.054,9.037],[6.069,9.022],[6.086,9.005],[6.105,8.987],[6.126,8.966],[6.149,8.943],[6.175,8.919],[6.202,8.892],[6.231,8.863],[6.263,8.832],[6.297,8.798],[6.329,8.766],[6.361,8.733],[6.391,8.701],[6.42,8.669],[6.449,8.637],[6.475,8.605],[6.501,8.574],[6.526,8.543],[6.549,8.512],[6.572,8.482],[6.593,8.452],[6.613,8.422],[6.632,8.392],[6.65,8.363],[6.666,8.334],[6.682,8.305],[6.696,8.278],[6.71,8.253],[6.723,8.23],[6.734,8.208],[6.745,8.188],[6.754,8.17],[6.763,8.154],[6.771,8.14],[6.778,8.127],[6.784,8.116],[6.788,8.107],[6.792,8.1],[6.795,8.095],[6.797,8.091],[6.798,8.089]],"label":"Etsu Masaba raids down to Koton Karfe","by":"Nupe (Fulani-led, from Rabbah and later Bida)","when":"1853","confidence":"medium","refs":[2],"color":"#2a7a7a"},{"kind":"raid","path":[[6.01,9.08],[6.01,9.077],[6.01,9.072],[6.011,9.064],[6.012,9.053],[6.012,9.04],[6.013,9.024],[6.014,9.006],[6.016,8.984],[6.017,8.96],[6.019,8.934],[6.02,8.905],[6.022,8.873],[6.024,8.838],[6.026,8.801],[6.029,8.761],[6.031,8.719],[6.034,8.677],[6.036,8.635],[6.038,8.594],[6.04,8.553],[6.043,8.513],[6.045,8.473],[6.047,8.433],[6.048,8.394],[6.05,8.356],[6.052,8.317],[6.054,8.28],[6.055,8.242],[6.057,8.205],[6.058,8.169],[6.059,8.133],[6.061,8.097],[6.062,8.062],[6.064,8.027],[6.066,7.992],[6.068,7.958],[6.07,7.924],[6.073,7.891],[6.076,7.858],[6.079,7.825],[6.082,7.792],[6.086,7.76],[6.09,7.729],[6.094,7.697],[6.098,7.666],[6.103,7.635],[6.108,7.605],[6.113,7.575],[6.118,7.545],[6.123,7.515],[6.128,7.485],[6.134,7.455],[6.139,7.425],[6.145,7.395],[6.151,7.364],[6.157,7.334],[6.163,7.304],[6.17,7.274],[6.176,7.243],[6.183,7.213],[6.19,7.183],[6.196,7.153],[6.203,7.122],[6.211,7.092],[6.217,7.063],[6.223,7.037],[6.229,7.012],[6.235,6.989],[6.24,6.968],[6.244,6.949],[6.248,6.932],[6.252,6.917],[6.255,6.904],[6.257,6.892],[6.26,6.883],[6.261,6.875],[6.263,6.87],[6.264,6.866],[6.264,6.864]],"label":"Raids south through Kabba into Okun and Etsako country","by":"Nupe (Fulani-led, from Rabbah and later Bida)","confidence":"medium","refs":[3],"color":"#2a7a7a"}],"moments":[{"when":"1838","title":"Adda Kuddu emptied","text":"The Filatahs march down on the Annajah’s district. The people of Adda Kuddu flee to the sandbanks in mid-river and then to the left bank, where they rebuild their looms and markets, hoping the river will protect them. Their town, with its many large dye pits, is left to the bush.","at":{"name":"Adda Kuddu (approximate)","point":[6.735,7.72]},"mark":"flight","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"Early 1840s","title":"Refuge at the foot of Patti","text":"Masaba camps where Lokoja now stands. Nupe-speaking Bassa-Nge, fleeing his raids, settle at the foot of Mount Patti, beside the Oworo on the hill. The place is not plundered.","at":{"name":"Mount Patti, Lokoja","point":[6.735,7.81]},"mark":"camp","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[4,5,6]},{"when":"1853","title":"Masaba’s raid on Koton Karfe","text":"Etsu Masaba’s army strikes Igu (Koton Karfe), long a vassal of the Attah. The Attah’s hold on the north is broken, but Igu is not conquered and fights on.","at":{"name":"Igu (Koton Karfe)","point":[6.7981,8.0891]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[2,7]},{"when":"1854","title":"Refugees on the south bank","text":"Raids intensify; people flee across the Benue into Igala land.","at":{"name":"South bank of the Benue, opposite Lokoja (approximate)","point":[6.86,7.74]},"mark":"flight","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[2]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["nupe","igala"],"bounds":[5.03,6.864,6.86,9.211],"refs":[1,2,3,7,8],"confidence":"medium","note":"Allen gives 1838 for the march on the Annajah’s province and says the Filatahs drove the people from Adda Kuddu, without dating that town’s fall separately. Igu was first burned around 1832–33 (see Koton Karfe holds).","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"allen-thomson-1848","citation":"Allen, William; Thomson, T. R. H. (1848). A Narrative of the Expedition sent by Her Majesty’s Government to the River Niger in 1841, vol. I, chapters XII (the conference with the Attàh), XIV (Adda Kuddu) and XV (conquests of the Filatahs). Richard Bentley, London (transcribed by P. Davis)","url":"https://www.pdavis.nl/Niger_Contents.htm","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"james-2017-igala","citation":"James, Favor Ojochegbe. (2017). A brief history of the Igala kingdom, part 3. Nigeria Tribal Languages (blog)","url":"https://nigeriatriballanguages.blogspot.com/2017/06/a-brief-history-of-igala-kingdom-part-3.html","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"lasttribes-igala","citation":"101 Last Tribes. Igala (tribal profile: extent at its height, vassals at Panda, Igu and Kakanda, the Tsoede tradition)","url":"https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/igala.html","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"bassange-community-history","citation":"Bassa Nge Community of North America. Our History (the Bassa-Nge flight from Masaba’s raids of the early 1840s, Eku Anupe; Masaba camps where Lokoja now stands)","url":"https://www.bassangecommunityna.org/our-ministries","checked":false},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-lokoja","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Lokoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokoja","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"lokoja-antecedents","citation":"Lokoja: The Historical Antecedents of a Multi-Ethnic Settlement (read only in search extracts: the Oworo on Patti, raids by Masaba’s general Benu, Baikie and Chief Meneha)","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358964178_Lokoja_The_Historical_Antecedents_of_a_Multi-Ethnic_Settlement","checked":false},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-ebira-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ebira people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebira_people","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"dike-1957","citation":"Dike, K. Onwuka. (1957). Origins of the Niger Mission 1841–1891 (Lokoja “belonged to no particular tribe and was the meeting place of adventurers from all quarters”). CMS Niger Mission, Ibadan (Project Canterbury transcription)","url":"https://anglicanhistory.org/africa/ng/dike_origins1957.html","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Adda Kuddu’s exact site is unknown. Allen puts it a few miles below Stirling Hill (Lokoja), where the banks are high and rocky; Trotter’s land purchase lay “on the right bank of the river near Adda-Kuddu”. It is placed on the right bank about ten kilometres below Lokoja.","“Kudu” is the Hausa word for south, and the expedition worked through Hausa interpreters, so “Adda Kuddu” may be a trade name rather than the town’s Igala name. The Igala name is not known yet.","James (2017) says Masaba took Koton Karfe and Lokoja in 1853. No other source records Lokoja being sacked or plundered (Dike 1957; Crowther 1872), and the owner directs (2026-10-11) that it is not shown as raided. For Koton Karfe, the Ebira account of fighting on to 1880 and the owner’s direction are followed in saying it was raided, not conquered."]},{"id":"battle-of-osogbo","name":"The battle of Osogbo","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1840,"yearLabel":"1840","until":1845,"actors":[{"name":"Ibadan","polity":"ibadan","side":"defender","color":"#9a3b5c"},{"name":"Ilorin","polity":"sokoto","side":"attacker","color":"#2f6b4f"}],"summary":{"text":"After destroying Oyo-Ile, Ilorin's armies pushed south towards the forest. In 1840 Ibadan's army met them at Osogbo and defeated them decisively, halting the jihad's advance into southern Yorubaland. The victory made Ibadan the guardian of the Yoruba against the north, and Oyo refugees poured into the city.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[4.55,8.5],[4.556,8.482],[4.562,8.464],[4.567,8.445],[4.572,8.427],[4.577,8.409],[4.581,8.391],[4.585,8.373],[4.589,8.355],[4.593,8.336],[4.596,8.318],[4.599,8.3],[4.602,8.282],[4.604,8.263],[4.607,8.245],[4.609,8.227],[4.61,8.209],[4.611,8.191],[4.612,8.172],[4.613,8.154],[4.613,8.136],[4.614,8.118],[4.613,8.099],[4.613,8.081],[4.612,8.063],[4.611,8.044],[4.61,8.026],[4.608,8.008],[4.606,7.99],[4.604,7.971],[4.601,7.953],[4.598,7.935],[4.595,7.917],[4.592,7.898],[4.588,7.88],[4.584,7.862],[4.58,7.843],[4.575,7.825],[4.571,7.807],[4.565,7.788],[4.56,7.77]],"label":"Ilorin's army south","by":"Ilorin","refs":[1],"color":"#2f6b4f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[3.9,7.39],[3.914,7.405],[3.927,7.419],[3.941,7.433],[3.955,7.447],[3.969,7.461],[3.983,7.474],[3.998,7.487],[4.013,7.5],[4.027,7.512],[4.042,7.525],[4.057,7.537],[4.072,7.548],[4.088,7.56],[4.103,7.571],[4.119,7.582],[4.135,7.593],[4.151,7.603],[4.167,7.613],[4.183,7.623],[4.2,7.633],[4.216,7.642],[4.233,7.651],[4.25,7.66],[4.267,7.669],[4.284,7.677],[4.301,7.685],[4.319,7.693],[4.336,7.7],[4.354,7.708],[4.372,7.715],[4.39,7.721],[4.409,7.728],[4.427,7.734],[4.445,7.74],[4.464,7.746],[4.483,7.751],[4.502,7.756],[4.521,7.761],[4.541,7.766],[4.56,7.77]],"label":"Ibadan's army to Osogbo","by":"Ibadan","refs":[1],"color":"#9a3b5c"}],"moments":[{"when":"1840","title":"Ilorin beaten","text":"The jihad's advance into the forest is stopped.","at":{"name":"Osogbo","point":[4.56,7.77]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,2]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["ibadan","sokoto"],"bounds":[3.9,7.39,4.56,8.5],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-ibadan","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ibadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kiriji-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kiriji War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiriji_War","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"zazzau-against-atyap","name":"Zazzau against the Atyap","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1840,"yearLabel":"1840s–1902","until":1912,"actors":[{"name":"Zazzau (Zaria emirate)","polity":"sokoto","side":"attacker","color":"#2f6b4f"},{"name":"Atyap","side":"resister","color":"#4a7a5a"}],"summary":{"text":"After the jihad the Hausa traders at Zangon Katab, who had settled under an Atyap pact, sided with Zaria. By the 1840s Zazzau forced the Atyap to pay each year, clan by clan, 15 slaves, 20 raffia mats, tins of honey and bundles of raffia to avoid attack. In the 1870s and 1880s Zaria set agents over its southern frontier; one, Yawa, raided the Gbagyi, Koro, Adara, Atyap and Bajju from Chikun, Kachia and Kajuru. From 1897 Emir Kwassau waged his own war on the Atyap: over a thousand were killed, the fighter Marok Gandu of Magata was impaled, Zinyip Katunku and Kuntai Mado were buried alive after the battle of Santswan, and the Atyap remember the flight south as Tyong Kwasau, “escape from Kwassau”. The British deposed Kwassau in 1902, but in 1912 set Zaria's men over the Atyap all the same.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"raid","path":[[7.7,11.07],[7.701,11.065],[7.703,11.056],[7.706,11.042],[7.71,11.023],[7.715,11],[7.721,10.972],[7.727,10.939],[7.735,10.901],[7.744,10.859],[7.754,10.812],[7.764,10.761],[7.776,10.704],[7.789,10.643],[7.803,10.578],[7.817,10.508],[7.833,10.433],[7.849,10.362],[7.866,10.295],[7.884,10.233],[7.903,10.175],[7.922,10.122],[7.942,10.073],[7.963,10.028],[7.985,9.987],[8.007,9.951],[8.03,9.919],[8.054,9.891],[8.078,9.868],[8.103,9.849],[8.129,9.834],[8.156,9.823],[8.184,9.817],[8.21,9.811],[8.234,9.806],[8.256,9.8],[8.277,9.796],[8.295,9.791],[8.313,9.788],[8.328,9.784],[8.342,9.781],[8.354,9.778],[8.364,9.776],[8.373,9.774],[8.38,9.772],[8.385,9.771],[8.388,9.77],[8.39,9.77]],"label":"Zaria's raids south","by":"Zazzau (Zaria emirate)","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#2f6b4f"},{"kind":"migration","path":[[8.39,9.77],[8.393,9.766],[8.396,9.762],[8.398,9.759],[8.401,9.755],[8.403,9.751],[8.406,9.747],[8.408,9.743],[8.411,9.739],[8.413,9.735],[8.415,9.731],[8.417,9.727],[8.419,9.723],[8.421,9.719],[8.423,9.715],[8.425,9.711],[8.427,9.707],[8.429,9.702],[8.43,9.698],[8.432,9.694],[8.434,9.69],[8.435,9.686],[8.436,9.681],[8.438,9.677],[8.439,9.673],[8.44,9.668],[8.441,9.664],[8.442,9.659],[8.443,9.655],[8.444,9.651],[8.445,9.646],[8.446,9.642],[8.447,9.637],[8.447,9.633],[8.448,9.628],[8.448,9.623],[8.449,9.619],[8.449,9.614],[8.45,9.609],[8.45,9.605],[8.45,9.6]],"label":"Tyong Kwasau: flight south","by":"Atyap","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#4a7a5a"}],"moments":[{"when":"1840s","title":"Tribute of slaves","text":"Each Atyap clan must send Zaria 15 slaves, mats and honey.","at":{"name":"Zangon Katab","point":[8.39,9.77]},"mark":"loot","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1897–1902","title":"Kwassau's war","text":"Over a thousand Atyap are killed; Marok Gandu is impaled.","at":{"name":"Magata","point":[8.41,9.805]},"mark":"massacre","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1910, 1922","title":"Risings against forced labour and tax","text":"The Atyap rise against the British and the Hausa district heads set over them.","at":{"name":"Zangon Katab","point":[8.38,9.78]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["sokoto"],"bounds":[7.7,9.6,8.45,11.07],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-southern-kaduna","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Southern Kaduna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Kaduna","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-atyap","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Atyap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atyap","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The battle of Santswan is not located."]},{"id":"niger-expedition-1841","name":"The British steamers come up the Niger","kind":"contact","status":"published","year":1841,"yearLabel":"1841–1842","until":1850,"actors":[{"name":"British Niger Expedition","side":"european","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Obi Ossai of Aboh","side":"trader","color":"#5c4a38"},{"name":"The Attah Igala","polity":"igala","side":"trader","color":"#c9822a"}],"summary":{"text":"In 1841 three iron steamers built by Macgregor Laird, the Albert, the Wilberforce and the Soudan, under Captain Henry Dundas Trotter, steamed up the Niger. They signed treaties against the slave trade with Obi Ossai at Aboh and at Idah, and at the confluence of the Niger and the Benue the Attah granted land at Lokoja for a model farm and a mission. At Idah the Attah told the commissioners that the Filatahs troubled his country and had driven his people from Adda Kuddu; the land he gave lay around that ruined town, and a British settlement there promised an ally on his northern frontier. Fever then struck: of about 150 Europeans, 42 died quickly, though none of the Africans on board died of illness. The ships fell back to Fernando Po, and the expedition returned to England in 1842.","refs":[1,4,2],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"voyage","vessel":"steam","path":[[4.6,2.6],[4.605,2.605],[4.615,2.615],[4.63,2.63],[4.651,2.651],[4.676,2.676],[4.707,2.707],[4.742,2.742],[4.783,2.783],[4.829,2.829],[4.879,2.879],[4.935,2.935],[4.996,2.996],[5.062,3.062],[5.133,3.133],[5.209,3.209],[5.291,3.291],[5.367,3.368],[5.44,3.443],[5.508,3.513],[5.571,3.58],[5.631,3.644],[5.685,3.704],[5.736,3.761],[5.782,3.814],[5.823,3.864],[5.86,3.91],[5.893,3.952],[5.921,3.991],[5.945,4.027],[5.965,4.059],[5.98,4.087],[5.99,4.113],[6.001,4.138],[6.012,4.165],[6.022,4.193],[6.033,4.222],[6.044,4.252],[6.055,4.283],[6.066,4.315],[6.077,4.348],[6.088,4.381],[6.099,4.416],[6.11,4.452],[6.121,4.489],[6.132,4.526],[6.143,4.565],[6.154,4.605],[6.166,4.645],[6.177,4.686],[6.189,4.726],[6.201,4.766],[6.214,4.806],[6.227,4.846],[6.241,4.885],[6.254,4.924],[6.268,4.963],[6.283,5.002],[6.297,5.041],[6.313,5.079],[6.328,5.118],[6.344,5.156],[6.36,5.194],[6.377,5.231],[6.393,5.269],[6.41,5.306],[6.427,5.344],[6.444,5.381],[6.46,5.419],[6.477,5.456],[6.493,5.494],[6.509,5.531],[6.526,5.569],[6.542,5.606],[6.558,5.644],[6.574,5.681],[6.59,5.719],[6.606,5.756],[6.621,5.794],[6.637,5.831],[6.653,5.869],[6.667,5.908],[6.681,5.948],[6.693,5.99],[6.704,6.033],[6.715,6.077],[6.724,6.123],[6.732,6.171],[6.738,6.219],[6.744,6.27],[6.749,6.321],[6.752,6.374],[6.755,6.428],[6.756,6.484],[6.757,6.541],[6.756,6.6],[6.754,6.66],[6.752,6.719],[6.751,6.777],[6.749,6.834],[6.748,6.889],[6.747,6.944],[6.746,6.998],[6.745,7.05],[6.745,7.102],[6.744,7.153],[6.744,7.202],[6.744,7.25],[6.744,7.298],[6.744,7.344],[6.744,7.389],[6.745,7.433],[6.745,7.477],[6.746,7.517],[6.746,7.555],[6.747,7.59],[6.747,7.622],[6.748,7.652],[6.748,7.679],[6.749,7.703],[6.749,7.725],[6.749,7.743],[6.749,7.76],[6.75,7.773],[6.75,7.784],[6.75,7.792],[6.75,7.797],[6.75,7.8]],"label":"The Albert, the Wilberforce and the Soudan steam up the Niger to the confluence","by":"British Niger Expedition","when":"1841","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"voyage","vessel":"steam","path":[[6.75,7.8],[6.75,7.797],[6.75,7.792],[6.75,7.784],[6.75,7.773],[6.749,7.76],[6.749,7.743],[6.749,7.725],[6.749,7.703],[6.748,7.679],[6.748,7.652],[6.747,7.622],[6.747,7.59],[6.746,7.555],[6.746,7.517],[6.745,7.477],[6.745,7.433],[6.743,7.387],[6.741,7.337],[6.738,7.284],[6.734,7.227],[6.729,7.167],[6.724,7.103],[6.717,7.036],[6.71,6.966],[6.702,6.892],[6.693,6.815],[6.684,6.735],[6.673,6.651],[6.662,6.564],[6.65,6.473],[6.637,6.379],[6.623,6.281],[6.608,6.185],[6.593,6.09],[6.576,5.996],[6.559,5.903],[6.541,5.812],[6.522,5.722],[6.502,5.633],[6.481,5.545],[6.459,5.458],[6.436,5.373],[6.413,5.289],[6.388,5.206],[6.363,5.124],[6.336,5.043],[6.309,4.964],[6.281,4.886],[6.261,4.81],[6.248,4.737],[6.243,4.667],[6.246,4.599],[6.256,4.533],[6.275,4.471],[6.301,4.41],[6.334,4.352],[6.376,4.297],[6.425,4.244],[6.482,4.194],[6.547,4.146],[6.619,4.101],[6.699,4.059],[6.787,4.019],[6.883,3.981],[6.977,3.946],[7.07,3.914],[7.161,3.884],[7.252,3.857],[7.34,3.832],[7.428,3.81],[7.514,3.79],[7.599,3.773],[7.682,3.758],[7.764,3.746],[7.844,3.736],[7.924,3.729],[8.002,3.725],[8.078,3.723],[8.153,3.723],[8.227,3.727],[8.296,3.729],[8.361,3.732],[8.42,3.735],[8.476,3.737],[8.526,3.739],[8.573,3.741],[8.614,3.743],[8.651,3.745],[8.683,3.746],[8.711,3.747],[8.734,3.748],[8.752,3.749],[8.766,3.749],[8.775,3.75],[8.78,3.75]],"label":"Struck by fever, the ships fall back to Fernando Po","by":"British Niger Expedition","when":"Late 1841","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#c8102e"}],"moments":[{"when":"1841","title":"Treaty at Aboh","text":"Obi Ossai of Aboh signs a treaty against the slave trade.","at":{"name":"Aboh","point":[6.524,5.546]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1841","title":"Treaty at Idah","text":"At Idah, the seat of the Attah Igala, the expedition signs a second treaty against the slave trade. In the conference before it, the commissioners ask: “Do the Filatah people trouble the Attàh’s country at Adda Kuddu, and other places?” The Attah answers yes, and yes again when asked whether they have driven his people from Adda Kuddu. Asked for Adda Kuddu and a large tract of land for a farm, he agrees to give it, and to let the British build a fort.","at":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.74,7.11]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,2]},{"when":"10–11 September 1841","title":"The ruins of Adda Kuddu","text":"The ships gather off the ruins of Adda Kuddu, “this once-thriving place”, already overgrown, its large dye pits still in good order. Its people, driven out by the Filatahs in 1838, live across the river on the left bank. The Attah’s governor of the district, the Annajah Amèh Abokko, says they will come back and rebuild if the British settle there.","at":{"name":"Adda Kuddu (approximate)","point":[6.735,7.72]},"mark":"anchor","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[2,3]},{"when":"14–16 September 1841","title":"Land at Lokoja","text":"The Attah grants land “on the right bank of the river near Adda-Kuddu”, with Beaufort Island, for 700,000 cowries. Adda Kuddu’s ground proves too rocky for cotton, so the model farm is set up a few miles upriver at Stirling Hill, at Lokoja. Igala fishermen already live there.","at":{"name":"Lokoja","point":[6.74,7.8]},"mark":"founded","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[4,1,3,2,5]},{"when":"Late 1841 – 1842","title":"Fever","text":"Of about 150 Europeans, 42 die quickly and there are 130 cases of fever; none of the Africans on board die of illness. The ships withdraw to Fernando Po, and the expedition is home in England in 1842.","mark":"flight","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["igala"],"bounds":[4.6,2.6,8.78,7.8],"refs":[1,4,2,3],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-niger-expedition-1841","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Niger expedition of 1841","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_expedition_of_1841","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"allen-thomson-1848","citation":"Allen, William; Thomson, T. R. H. (1848). A Narrative of the Expedition sent by Her Majesty’s Government to the River Niger in 1841, vol. I, chapters XII (the conference with the Attàh), XIV (Adda Kuddu) and XV (conquests of the Filatahs). Richard Bentley, London (transcribed by P. Davis)","url":"https://www.pdavis.nl/Niger_Contents.htm","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"trotter-1843-report","citation":"Trotter, H. D. (1843). Report of Proceedings from Captain Trotter, First Commissioner, to Lord Stanley (Parliamentary Papers No. 52, 1843): the land bought “on the right bank of the river near Adda-Kuddu, and embracing Baraga or Beaufort Island”. House of Commons (transcribed by P. Davis)","url":"https://www.pdavis.nl/PP_Niger_3.htm","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"kogireports-2020-deed","citation":"(2020). Deed of Cession: Attah Igala Sold Lands in Lokoja, Others to Queen of England for 700,000 Cowries. Kogi Reports (the deed of 14 September 1841 is held at the Museum of Colonial History, National Commission for Museums and Monuments)","url":"https://kogireports.com/deed-of-cession-attah-igala-sold-lands-in-lokoja-others-to-queen-of-england-for-700000-cowries/","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"owner-2026-10-06-lokoja-fishermen","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: indigenous Igala fishermen lived at Lokoja when the Attah leased the land to the British; no one in Lokoja should be described as settled","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Adda Kuddu is placed on the right bank about ten kilometres below Lokoja; Allen and Trotter give no exact distance. The land bought lay near Adda Kuddu, and the farm moved upriver to Stirling Hill, so the Lokoja grant and Adda Kuddu are one tract.","How the Lokoja land passed is told differently: Wikipedia says the expedition bought it, Kogi Reports calls the deed a sale for 700,000 cowries, and the owner describes a lease to the British with Igala fishermen already living there. The text says only that the Attah granted the land.","The river course is drawn through Aboh, Onitsha and Idah from waypoints, not traced on the river."]},{"id":"ondo-troubles","name":"Ondo's troubles and Glover's road","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1845,"yearLabel":"1845–1885","until":1889,"actors":[{"name":"Ondo","side":"defender","color":"#6a4a3a"},{"name":"Ife","polity":"ife","side":"attacker","color":"#a07c2c"},{"name":"Lagos Colony","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"}],"summary":{"text":"As refugees from Oyo's collapse crowded the forest and the slave trade grew, power in Ondo shifted from old lineages and land to the ownership of slaves. From 1845 to 1872 the kingdom went through rapid changes of ruler, wars with its neighbours and three moves of its capital; from 1865 to 1885 the townspeople took refuge at Oke Opa, where three Osemawes were installed and died. From 1870 John Glover, administrator of Lagos, looked to Ondo for a trade road to Lagos that avoided Ijebu and Egba; in 1872 he brokered peace between Ondo and Ife, missions came in 1875, and in 1889 the Osemawe signed a free-trade agreement with the colony.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[],"moments":[{"when":"1865–1885","title":"Refuge at Oke Opa","text":"The people of Ondo flee the town; three Osemawes reign and die in exile.","mark":"flight","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1872","title":"Peace with Ife","text":"Glover brokers peace between Ondo and Ife to open the road to Lagos.","at":{"name":"Ondo","point":[4.84,7.09]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"20 February 1889","title":"Free trade with Lagos","text":"The Osemawe agrees free trade and British arbitration.","at":{"name":"Ondo","point":[4.84,7.1]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["ife"],"bounds":[4.84,7.09,4.84,7.1],"refs":[1],"confidence":"high","note":"Oke Opa is not located.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-ondo-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ondo Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondo_Kingdom","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"salt-water-war","name":"The Salt Water War (Ogun Olomiro)","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1845,"yearLabel":"July 1845","until":1851,"actors":[{"name":"Kosoko's faction","side":"attacker","color":"#5a4a7a"},{"name":"Oba Akitoye","polity":"lagos","side":"defender","color":"#c0603a"}],"summary":{"text":"Kosoko, twice kept off the Lagos throne by the kingmaker Eletu Odibo, was recalled by his uncle Oba Akitoye in a bid for peace. He built a following among the war chiefs and the Muslims, and when Akitoye brought back the Eletu, Kosoko vowed to make himself king. In July 1845 his men besieged the palace for three weeks; its defenders had to drink salt water. Akitoye fled up the lagoon, let through by Kosoko's captain Oshodi Tapa, to Abeokuta and then Badagry, where he allied with the missionaries and the British consul. The captured Eletu Odibo was sealed in an oil barrel, set alight and thrown in the lagoon, in revenge for his throwing Kosoko's mother's bones there.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"exile","path":[[3.39,6.45],[3.39,6.453],[3.39,6.458],[3.389,6.466],[3.388,6.477],[3.388,6.491],[3.387,6.507],[3.386,6.527],[3.384,6.548],[3.383,6.573],[3.381,6.6],[3.38,6.63],[3.378,6.663],[3.376,6.699],[3.374,6.737],[3.371,6.778],[3.369,6.822],[3.365,6.86],[3.359,6.893],[3.351,6.92],[3.342,6.941],[3.331,6.957],[3.318,6.967],[3.304,6.972],[3.288,6.971],[3.271,6.964],[3.251,6.952],[3.23,6.934],[3.208,6.911],[3.183,6.882],[3.157,6.848],[3.13,6.808],[3.1,6.762],[3.073,6.719],[3.047,6.679],[3.023,6.642],[3.001,6.608],[2.981,6.577],[2.963,6.548],[2.946,6.523],[2.931,6.5],[2.919,6.48],[2.908,6.463],[2.898,6.449],[2.891,6.437],[2.886,6.429],[2.882,6.423],[2.88,6.42]],"label":"Akitoye's flight to Abeokuta and Badagry","by":"Oba Akitoye","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#c0603a"}],"moments":[{"when":"July 1845","title":"Three weeks' siege","text":"The palace defenders are reduced to drinking salt water.","at":{"name":"Eko (Lagos Island)","point":[3.39,6.45]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,2]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["lagos"],"bounds":[2.88,6.42,3.39,7.15],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kosoko","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kosoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosoko","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-history-of-lagos","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. History of Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lagos","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"wadai-sack-kukawa","name":"Wadai sacks Kuka; the Sayfawa fall","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1846,"yearLabel":"1846","until":1850,"actors":[{"name":"Wadai and Mai Ibrahim","side":"attacker","color":"#6a4a7a"},{"name":"Shehu Umar Kura","polity":"kanem-bornu","side":"defender","color":"#9c5a2c"}],"summary":{"text":"In 1846 Mai Ibrahim IV tried to take back the power the al-Kanemi shehus had taken from his line. The Sultanate of Wadai backed him, and its army captured and destroyed Kuka. But Ibrahim and his son Ali Minargema were beaten, the mai's capital Kafela was destroyed, and Umar Kura took sole power, ending the Sayfawa dynasty after a thousand years. He rebuilt his seat as Kukawa.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[20.83,13.83],[20.812,13.821],[20.775,13.802],[20.721,13.773],[20.648,13.735],[20.557,13.688],[20.448,13.631],[20.32,13.564],[20.175,13.488],[20.011,13.403],[19.829,13.308],[19.629,13.204],[19.41,13.09],[19.174,12.966],[18.919,12.833],[18.646,12.691],[18.354,12.539],[18.071,12.403],[17.796,12.282],[17.529,12.176],[17.27,12.086],[17.019,12.012],[16.776,11.953],[16.541,11.909],[16.314,11.881],[16.095,11.868],[15.884,11.871],[15.682,11.889],[15.487,11.923],[15.3,11.972],[15.122,12.037],[14.951,12.117],[14.789,12.213],[14.636,12.302],[14.494,12.386],[14.362,12.464],[14.24,12.536],[14.129,12.601],[14.027,12.661],[13.936,12.715],[13.854,12.763],[13.783,12.804],[13.722,12.84],[13.672,12.87],[13.631,12.894],[13.6,12.912],[13.58,12.924],[13.57,12.93]],"label":"Wadai's army to Kuka","by":"Wadai and Mai Ibrahim","note":"Start and end only.","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#6a4a7a"}],"moments":[{"when":"1846","title":"Kuka destroyed","text":"Wadai's army takes and razes the shehu's town.","at":{"name":"Kukawa","point":[13.57,12.93]},"mark":"burned","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["kanem-bornu"],"bounds":[13.57,11.4,20.83,13.83],"refs":[1],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kukawa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kukawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukawa","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-al-kanemi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Amin_al-Kanemi","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Kafela, the last capital of the mais, is not located."]},{"id":"kebbi-gwandu-wars","name":"Kebbi against Gwandu","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1849,"yearLabel":"1849–1903","until":1903,"actors":[{"name":"Kebbi (Argungu)","polity":"kebbi","side":"resister","color":"#8a6d3b"},{"name":"Gwandu and Sokoto","polity":"sokoto","side":"attacker","color":"#2f6b4f"}],"summary":{"text":"In 1849 Yakubu Nabame, allowed home to Argungu as a vassal after sixteen years' exile in Sokoto, renounced his allegiance and proclaimed himself Sarkin Kebbi. Sokoto besieged Argungu and failed. The war ran on for half a century as Kebbi lay like a wedge between Sokoto and Gwandu: Yakubu's brother Yusufu Mainasara died in battle in the dry Rima floodplain in 1859, and Gwandu's emir Haliru was killed at Karakara in 1860. The Fulani recognised Kebbi's independence by treaty in 1867; war broke out again in 1875 when Fanna went over to Gwandu, and Sama'ila of Kebbi won a string of victories from 1883 until the British ended the fighting.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[5.24,13.06],[5.225,13.046],[5.209,13.033],[5.194,13.02],[5.178,13.008],[5.162,12.995],[5.147,12.983],[5.131,12.971],[5.114,12.96],[5.098,12.948],[5.082,12.937],[5.065,12.927],[5.049,12.916],[5.032,12.906],[5.015,12.896],[4.998,12.887],[4.981,12.877],[4.963,12.868],[4.946,12.86],[4.928,12.851],[4.911,12.843],[4.893,12.835],[4.875,12.828],[4.857,12.82],[4.839,12.813],[4.82,12.807],[4.802,12.8],[4.783,12.794],[4.765,12.788],[4.746,12.783],[4.727,12.777],[4.708,12.772],[4.688,12.768],[4.669,12.763],[4.65,12.759],[4.63,12.755],[4.61,12.752],[4.59,12.748],[4.57,12.745],[4.55,12.742],[4.53,12.74]],"label":"Sokoto besieges Argungu","by":"Gwandu and Sokoto","refs":[1],"color":"#2f6b4f"}],"moments":[{"when":"1849","title":"Kebbi independent again","text":"Yakubu Nabame proclaims himself Sarkin Kebbi at Argungu.","at":{"name":"Argungu","point":[4.53,12.74]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1859","title":"Mainasara falls","text":"Sarkin Kebbi Yusufu Mainasara is killed in the Rima floodplain.","mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1860","title":"Karakara","text":"Haliru, emir of Gwandu, is killed in battle.","mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1867","title":"Treaty","text":"The Fulani recognise Kebbi's independence.","at":{"name":"Argungu","point":[4.53,12.74]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["kebbi","sokoto"],"bounds":[4.53,12.74,5.24,13.06],"refs":[1],"confidence":"high","note":"Karakara and Fanna are not located.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kebbi-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Kebbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebbi_Kingdom","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"dahomey-at-abeokuta","name":"Dahomey against Abeokuta","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1851,"yearLabel":"1843–1864","until":1870,"actors":[{"name":"Dahomey","side":"attacker","color":"#7a2a2a"},{"name":"Egba of Abeokuta","polity":"egba","side":"defender","color":"#4f8a6b"}],"summary":{"text":"Free of Oyo after 1823, Dahomey under King Gezo raided its Yoruba neighbours every year for captives, some sold to European and American slavers and some sacrificed in its royal rites. Egba towns were taken from 1843. In 1851 Gezo's army, with its famous women soldiers, attacked Abeokuta itself and was beaten in a decisive battle; Dahomey tried again in 1864 and was beaten again. The Egba leaders, among them the merchant Efunroye Tinubu, built the confederacy that became the Egba United Government.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[1.98,7.18],[1.983,7.181],[1.99,7.183],[1.999,7.187],[2.012,7.191],[2.028,7.197],[2.047,7.204],[2.07,7.212],[2.095,7.221],[2.124,7.231],[2.156,7.242],[2.191,7.255],[2.23,7.268],[2.271,7.283],[2.316,7.299],[2.364,7.316],[2.416,7.334],[2.466,7.35],[2.515,7.363],[2.563,7.374],[2.61,7.383],[2.656,7.389],[2.701,7.393],[2.745,7.394],[2.788,7.393],[2.829,7.39],[2.87,7.384],[2.91,7.376],[2.948,7.366],[2.986,7.353],[3.022,7.338],[3.058,7.32],[3.092,7.3],[3.124,7.281],[3.154,7.264],[3.182,7.248],[3.208,7.233],[3.232,7.219],[3.253,7.206],[3.273,7.195],[3.29,7.185],[3.305,7.176],[3.318,7.169],[3.329,7.163],[3.337,7.158],[3.344,7.154],[3.348,7.151],[3.35,7.15]],"label":"Dahomey's army to Abeokuta (1851, 1864)","by":"Dahomey","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#7a2a2a"}],"moments":[{"when":"March 1851","title":"Abeokuta holds","text":"The Egba defeat Gezo's army under the town walls.","at":{"name":"Abeokuta","point":[3.35,7.15]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,2]},{"when":"1864","title":"Dahomey beaten again","text":"A second Dahomey assault on Abeokuta fails.","at":{"name":"Abeokuta","point":[3.36,7.16]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["egba"],"bounds":[1.98,7.15,3.36,7.47],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-abeokuta","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Abeokuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeokuta","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-egba-united-government","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Egba United Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egba_United_Government","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-oyo-empire","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Oyo Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The EUG article credits Sodeke with the 1851 command, but Sodeke is usually said to have died in the 1840s, before the battle; the commander's name is left out until checked."]},{"id":"lagos-1851","name":"The British bombard Lagos","kind":"colonial","status":"published","year":1851,"yearLabel":"26–28 December 1851","until":1861,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Oba Kosoko of Lagos","polity":"lagos","side":"defender","color":"#c0603a"}],"summary":{"text":"A Royal Navy squadron forced the Lagos bar and shelled the town for three days. Oba Kosoko fled east to Epe, and the British installed his rival Akitoye, who signed a treaty against the slave trade. A decade of consular rule followed, and in 1861 Oba Dosunmu, under threat of bombardment, ceded Lagos to the Crown.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"voyage","vessel":"steam","path":[[2.2,5.3],[2.204,5.303],[2.211,5.308],[2.221,5.315],[2.235,5.325],[2.253,5.338],[2.274,5.353],[2.298,5.371],[2.327,5.391],[2.358,5.414],[2.393,5.44],[2.432,5.468],[2.474,5.498],[2.52,5.531],[2.569,5.567],[2.622,5.605],[2.678,5.645],[2.732,5.685],[2.783,5.723],[2.833,5.76],[2.879,5.796],[2.924,5.831],[2.966,5.864],[3.005,5.897],[3.042,5.928],[3.077,5.958],[3.11,5.987],[3.14,6.015],[3.167,6.041],[3.193,6.067],[3.215,6.091],[3.236,6.114],[3.254,6.136],[3.271,6.157],[3.287,6.177],[3.302,6.197],[3.315,6.216],[3.328,6.234],[3.339,6.251],[3.35,6.268],[3.359,6.284],[3.367,6.299],[3.374,6.313],[3.38,6.326],[3.384,6.339],[3.388,6.351],[3.391,6.362],[3.392,6.373],[3.392,6.382],[3.392,6.391],[3.393,6.4],[3.393,6.408],[3.393,6.415],[3.393,6.422],[3.393,6.428],[3.393,6.433],[3.394,6.438],[3.394,6.442],[3.394,6.446],[3.394,6.449],[3.394,6.451],[3.394,6.453],[3.394,6.454],[3.394,6.455]],"label":"Royal Navy ships force the bar and shell the town","by":"British forces","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"retreat","path":[[3.394,6.455],[3.395,6.455],[3.398,6.456],[3.401,6.457],[3.406,6.459],[3.412,6.461],[3.419,6.464],[3.427,6.466],[3.437,6.47],[3.448,6.473],[3.46,6.478],[3.473,6.482],[3.487,6.487],[3.503,6.492],[3.52,6.498],[3.537,6.504],[3.557,6.511],[3.576,6.517],[3.595,6.523],[3.613,6.528],[3.632,6.534],[3.651,6.539],[3.669,6.543],[3.688,6.547],[3.706,6.551],[3.724,6.555],[3.742,6.558],[3.76,6.561],[3.778,6.564],[3.796,6.566],[3.814,6.568],[3.831,6.569],[3.849,6.571],[3.865,6.572],[3.88,6.573],[3.895,6.574],[3.908,6.575],[3.92,6.576],[3.931,6.576],[3.941,6.577],[3.949,6.578],[3.957,6.578],[3.964,6.579],[3.969,6.579],[3.973,6.58],[3.977,6.58],[3.979,6.58],[3.98,6.58]],"label":"Kosoko flees to Epe","by":"Oba Kosoko of Lagos","refs":[],"color":"#c0603a"}],"moments":[{"when":"26–28 December 1851","title":"Lagos bombarded","text":"Three days of shelling and fighting; much of the town burns.","at":{"name":"Eko (Lagos Island)","point":[3.394,6.455]},"mark":"bombarded","colonial":true,"refs":[]},{"when":"1 January 1852","title":"Treaty with Akitoye","text":"The new Oba signs a treaty abolishing the slave trade at Lagos.","mark":"treaty","colonial":true,"refs":[]},{"when":"6 August 1861","title":"Lagos ceded","text":"Oba Dosunmu signs the cession: Lagos becomes a British colony, the first in what is now Nigeria.","at":{"name":"Eko (Lagos Island)","point":[3.394,6.455]},"mark":"captured","colonial":true,"refs":[]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["lagos"],"bounds":[2.2,5.3,3.98,6.58],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-reduction-of-lagos","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Reduction of Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction_of_Lagos","checked":false},{"n":2,"id":"mann-2007","citation":"Mann, Kristin. (2007). Slavery and the Birth of an African City: Lagos, 1760–1900. Indiana University Press","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"baikie-pleiad","name":"Baikie and the Pleiad up the Benue","kind":"contact","status":"published","year":1854,"yearLabel":"1854–1864","until":1864,"actors":[{"name":"Baikie's expedition","side":"european","color":"#c8102e"}],"summary":{"text":"In 1854 the small steamer Pleiad, with William Balfour Baikie as surgeon and naturalist, went up the Niger and into the Benue, about 250 miles past the point earlier explorers had reached. Baikie gave everyone on board doses of quinine against malaria, and after 118 days on the rivers the Pleiad came back to the sea without losing a single man. That showed Europeans could survive in the interior. In 1857 Baikie came back as British consul; his ship was wrecked in the rapids at Jebba, and he made Lokoja, at the confluence, the base of his work until he left in 1864.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"voyage","vessel":"steam","path":[[4.4,2.6],[4.407,2.607],[4.42,2.62],[4.439,2.64],[4.465,2.666],[4.498,2.7],[4.537,2.739],[4.583,2.786],[4.635,2.839],[4.694,2.899],[4.759,2.965],[4.831,3.038],[4.909,3.118],[4.994,3.204],[5.085,3.297],[5.183,3.397],[5.287,3.503],[5.387,3.608],[5.482,3.71],[5.572,3.811],[5.657,3.911],[5.738,4.008],[5.813,4.104],[5.884,4.198],[5.951,4.29],[6.012,4.38],[6.069,4.469],[6.121,4.556],[6.168,4.641],[6.21,4.724],[6.248,4.806],[6.281,4.886],[6.309,4.964],[6.336,5.043],[6.363,5.124],[6.388,5.206],[6.413,5.289],[6.436,5.373],[6.459,5.458],[6.481,5.545],[6.502,5.633],[6.522,5.722],[6.541,5.812],[6.559,5.903],[6.576,5.996],[6.593,6.09],[6.608,6.185],[6.623,6.281],[6.637,6.379],[6.65,6.473],[6.662,6.564],[6.673,6.651],[6.684,6.735],[6.693,6.815],[6.702,6.892],[6.71,6.966],[6.717,7.036],[6.724,7.103],[6.729,7.167],[6.734,7.227],[6.738,7.284],[6.741,7.337],[6.743,7.387],[6.745,7.433],[6.745,7.477],[6.749,7.517],[6.756,7.554],[6.767,7.589],[6.781,7.62],[6.798,7.649],[6.818,7.675],[6.842,7.698],[6.868,7.717],[6.899,7.735],[6.932,7.749],[6.969,7.76],[7.009,7.769],[7.052,7.774],[7.099,7.777],[7.148,7.777],[7.202,7.773],[7.255,7.77],[7.309,7.768],[7.363,7.765],[7.417,7.762],[7.472,7.76],[7.527,7.757],[7.582,7.755],[7.638,7.753],[7.694,7.751],[7.75,7.749],[7.807,7.747],[7.863,7.745],[7.921,7.743],[7.978,7.742],[8.036,7.741],[8.094,7.739],[8.151,7.739],[8.207,7.74],[8.262,7.741],[8.316,7.744],[8.369,7.747],[8.421,7.752],[8.472,7.757],[8.522,7.763],[8.571,7.77],[8.619,7.778],[8.666,7.788],[8.712,7.797],[8.757,7.808],[8.801,7.82],[8.844,7.833],[8.886,7.847],[8.927,7.861],[8.968,7.874],[9.009,7.888],[9.049,7.902],[9.088,7.916],[9.127,7.93],[9.166,7.944],[9.204,7.958],[9.242,7.972],[9.279,7.987],[9.316,8.001],[9.352,8.015],[9.388,8.029],[9.423,8.043],[9.458,8.058],[9.492,8.072],[9.527,8.087],[9.562,8.103],[9.598,8.12],[9.634,8.137],[9.67,8.155],[9.707,8.174],[9.744,8.194],[9.781,8.214],[9.819,8.235],[9.857,8.257],[9.896,8.279],[9.935,8.303],[9.975,8.327],[10.014,8.351],[10.055,8.377],[10.095,8.403],[10.135,8.429],[10.175,8.455],[10.214,8.48],[10.252,8.505],[10.29,8.53],[10.327,8.555],[10.363,8.579],[10.399,8.603],[10.435,8.627],[10.469,8.651],[10.504,8.674],[10.537,8.697],[10.57,8.719],[10.603,8.742],[10.634,8.764],[10.666,8.786],[10.695,8.806],[10.722,8.826],[10.748,8.843],[10.771,8.86],[10.793,8.875],[10.812,8.888],[10.83,8.901],[10.845,8.912],[10.859,8.921],[10.871,8.929],[10.88,8.936],[10.888,8.942],[10.894,8.946],[10.898,8.949],[10.9,8.95]],"label":"The Pleiad goes up the Niger and into the Benue","by":"Baikie's expedition","when":"1854","note":"The upper end, near Dulti, is approximate.","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"voyage","vessel":"steam","path":[[6.75,7.8],[6.749,7.803],[6.746,7.809],[6.742,7.819],[6.737,7.831],[6.731,7.847],[6.723,7.866],[6.714,7.887],[6.704,7.913],[6.692,7.941],[6.679,7.972],[6.665,8.006],[6.649,8.044],[6.633,8.084],[6.615,8.128],[6.595,8.175],[6.575,8.225],[6.553,8.272],[6.529,8.317],[6.505,8.359],[6.479,8.399],[6.452,8.436],[6.423,8.47],[6.393,8.502],[6.362,8.531],[6.329,8.557],[6.295,8.581],[6.26,8.602],[6.224,8.621],[6.186,8.637],[6.146,8.65],[6.106,8.661],[6.064,8.669],[6.023,8.678],[5.982,8.686],[5.941,8.696],[5.901,8.705],[5.862,8.715],[5.823,8.725],[5.784,8.736],[5.746,8.747],[5.708,8.758],[5.671,8.77],[5.634,8.782],[5.598,8.794],[5.562,8.807],[5.527,8.82],[5.492,8.833],[5.458,8.847],[5.424,8.86],[5.391,8.874],[5.359,8.887],[5.327,8.9],[5.296,8.913],[5.266,8.926],[5.237,8.939],[5.208,8.951],[5.18,8.964],[5.153,8.976],[5.126,8.988],[5.1,9],[5.075,9.011],[5.05,9.023],[5.027,9.034],[5.003,9.046],[4.982,9.056],[4.962,9.066],[4.943,9.075],[4.925,9.084],[4.909,9.091],[4.895,9.098],[4.882,9.105],[4.87,9.11],[4.86,9.115],[4.852,9.119],[4.844,9.123],[4.839,9.126],[4.834,9.128],[4.831,9.129],[4.83,9.13]],"label":"Baikie's second voyage, up the Niger to the rapids at Jebba","by":"Baikie's expedition","when":"1857","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#c8102e"}],"moments":[{"when":"August 1854","title":"Into the Benue","text":"The Pleiad turns from the Niger into the Benue at the confluence and steams on for about 250 miles of river no European had charted.","at":{"name":"The confluence, at Lokoja","point":[6.75,7.8]},"mark":"anchor","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,2]},{"when":"1854","title":"Turned back at Dulti","text":"When the Pleiad can go no further, Baikie goes on by pinnace for two days, until the people at Dulti stop him.","at":{"name":"Dulti, on the upper Benue (approximate)","point":[10.9,8.95]},"mark":"camp","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[3]},{"when":"1854","title":"118 days, no one lost","text":"Twelve Europeans and fifty-four Africans come back alive after 118 days on the rivers. Baikie credits doses of quinine, taken to prevent malaria.","mark":"anchor","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,2]},{"when":"1857","title":"Wrecked at Jebba","text":"On Baikie's second voyage, as British consul, his ship is wrecked passing through the rapids of the Niger.","at":{"name":"Jebba","point":[4.83,9.13]},"mark":"camp","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"when":"From 1857","title":"Baikie at Lokoja","text":"Baikie makes Lokoja his base, clears ground and builds houses. Wikipedia says he bought the site and made a treaty with the Fulani emir of Nupe.","at":{"name":"Lokoja","point":[6.74,7.8]},"mark":"founded","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":[],"bounds":[4.4,2.6,10.9,9.13],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-william-balfour-baikie","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. William Balfour Baikie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Balfour_Baikie","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"encyclopedia-baikie","citation":"William Balfour Baikie. Encyclopedia of World Biography","url":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/william-balfour-baikie","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"baikie-1856","citation":"William Balfour Baikie. (1856). Narrative of an Exploring Voyage up the Rivers Kwora and Binue, commonly known as the Niger and Tsadda, in 1854. John Murray, London","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["Dulti is placed roughly on the upper Benue; Baikie's own narrative (1856) should give its position. The source for being turned back at Dulti is a search summary of that narrative, not yet checked in the book.","Wikipedia says Baikie bought Lokoja and made a treaty with the emir of Nupe, while the 1841 deed has the Attah Igala granting the land. Who held Lokoja in 1857 is a question for the owner.","The wreck at Jebba: Wikipedia says the ship was wrecked in the rapids; Jebba is the usual place given, and should be checked."]},{"id":"ijaye-war","name":"The Ijaye war","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1860,"yearLabel":"1860–1862","until":1870,"actors":[{"name":"Ibadan (Balogun Ibikunle, Otun Ogunmola)","polity":"ibadan","side":"attacker","color":"#9a3b5c"},{"name":"Alaafin Adelu of Oyo","side":"ally","color":"#5c4a38"},{"name":"Ijaye (Are Kurunmi)","side":"defender","color":"#5c4a38"},{"name":"Egba of Abeokuta","polity":"egba","side":"ally","color":"#4f8a6b"}],"summary":{"text":"After Old Oyo fell, refugee warlords built new military towns. At Ijaye, Kurunmi, the Are-Ona-Kakanfo (field marshal) of the Yoruba, ruled as a near-dictator. Ibadan, the other rising power, wanted to be the only one. The spark was the estate of a rich woman named Abu, who died without a will at Ijanna, a town under Ijaye. Her property was due to the new Alaafin, Adelu, but Kurunmi’s men seized his messengers, and Adelu asked Ibadan to make war. On 10 April 1860 Ibadan’s Balogun Ibikunle declared it. Egba, Ijebu and Ilorin sided with Ijaye against Ibadan. Ogunmola cut Ijaye’s food supply, five of Kurunmi’s sons were killed, and Kurunmi himself died in June 1861. Ijaye fell on 17 March 1862 and was destroyed. Its people scattered to Abeokuta, Ibadan, Oyo and Lagos, and the town was only resettled in 1895.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[3.9,7.38],[3.9,7.38],[3.9,7.381],[3.899,7.383],[3.898,7.385],[3.898,7.387],[3.897,7.39],[3.896,7.393],[3.894,7.397],[3.893,7.401],[3.891,7.406],[3.89,7.411],[3.888,7.417],[3.886,7.423],[3.884,7.429],[3.881,7.436],[3.879,7.444],[3.876,7.451],[3.874,7.459],[3.872,7.466],[3.87,7.474],[3.868,7.482],[3.866,7.489],[3.865,7.497],[3.863,7.505],[3.862,7.513],[3.861,7.52],[3.859,7.528],[3.858,7.536],[3.858,7.544],[3.857,7.552],[3.856,7.56],[3.856,7.568],[3.855,7.576],[3.855,7.583],[3.854,7.589],[3.854,7.595],[3.854,7.601],[3.853,7.606],[3.853,7.61],[3.853,7.614],[3.853,7.618],[3.852,7.621],[3.852,7.623],[3.852,7.625],[3.852,7.627],[3.852,7.628],[3.852,7.628]],"label":"Ibadan marches on Ijaye","by":"Ibadan (Balogun Ibikunle, Otun Ogunmola)","when":"April 1860","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#9a3b5c"},{"kind":"alliance","path":[[3.35,7.15],[3.351,7.151],[3.353,7.154],[3.356,7.157],[3.36,7.162],[3.365,7.168],[3.371,7.175],[3.377,7.183],[3.385,7.192],[3.394,7.203],[3.404,7.214],[3.414,7.227],[3.426,7.241],[3.439,7.257],[3.453,7.273],[3.467,7.291],[3.483,7.309],[3.498,7.328],[3.514,7.345],[3.53,7.363],[3.545,7.38],[3.561,7.396],[3.577,7.412],[3.592,7.427],[3.608,7.442],[3.624,7.457],[3.639,7.471],[3.655,7.484],[3.671,7.497],[3.687,7.51],[3.702,7.522],[3.718,7.533],[3.734,7.545],[3.749,7.555],[3.762,7.565],[3.775,7.574],[3.787,7.582],[3.798,7.59],[3.808,7.597],[3.817,7.603],[3.824,7.609],[3.831,7.613],[3.837,7.618],[3.842,7.621],[3.846,7.624],[3.849,7.626],[3.851,7.627],[3.852,7.628]],"label":"The Egba come to Ijaye’s aid","by":"Egba of Abeokuta","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#4f8a6b"},{"kind":"exile","path":[[3.852,7.628],[3.851,7.627],[3.849,7.625],[3.846,7.623],[3.842,7.619],[3.837,7.615],[3.831,7.609],[3.824,7.603],[3.817,7.596],[3.808,7.588],[3.798,7.579],[3.787,7.569],[3.775,7.559],[3.762,7.547],[3.749,7.534],[3.734,7.521],[3.718,7.507],[3.702,7.493],[3.687,7.478],[3.671,7.464],[3.655,7.449],[3.639,7.434],[3.624,7.42],[3.608,7.405],[3.592,7.39],[3.577,7.375],[3.561,7.36],[3.545,7.344],[3.53,7.329],[3.514,7.314],[3.498,7.298],[3.483,7.283],[3.467,7.267],[3.453,7.253],[3.439,7.239],[3.426,7.226],[3.414,7.214],[3.404,7.204],[3.394,7.194],[3.385,7.185],[3.377,7.177],[3.371,7.171],[3.365,7.165],[3.36,7.16],[3.356,7.156],[3.353,7.153],[3.351,7.151],[3.35,7.15]],"label":"Abogunrin and the Ijaye chiefs flee to Abeokuta, to Ago Ijaye","by":"Ijaye (Are Kurunmi)","when":"March 1862","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#5c4a38"}],"moments":[{"when":"10 April 1860","title":"Ibadan raises the standard of war","text":"At the Ibadan council, Balogun Ibikunle declares war on Kurunmi at the Alaafin’s request.","at":{"name":"Ibadan","point":[3.9,7.38]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":false,"refs":[1]},{"when":"June 1861","title":"Kurunmi dies","text":"With his food cut off by Ogunmola and five of his sons killed, Kurunmi dies and is buried in secret. His slave chief Abogunrin takes command.","at":{"name":"Ijaye","point":[3.852,7.628]},"mark":"camp","colonial":false,"refs":[1]},{"when":"17 March 1862","title":"Ijaye falls","text":"Ibadan takes and destroys Ijaye. In revenge the Egba and Ijebu seize Remo towns (Ijebu takes Iperu and the Egba take Makun) and close Ibadan’s roads to the coast.","at":{"name":"Ijaye","point":[3.852,7.628]},"mark":"burned","colonial":false,"refs":[1]}],"area":true,"pieces":[],"polities":["ibadan","egba"],"bounds":[3.35,7.15,3.9045,7.628],"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high","note":"Ijaye is drawn at Orile Ijaye, the town resettled in 1895 on the old site.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-ijaye","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ijaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijaye","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-yoruba-wars","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Yoruba Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_Wars","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"johnson-1921","citation":"Johnson, Samuel. (1921). The History of the Yorubas. Routledge, London (CMS Lagos)","url":"https://archive.org/details/the-history-of-the-yorubas-from-the-earliest-times-to-the-beginning-of-the-british-protectorate","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"ebira-against-ajinomoh","name":"The Ebira hold off the jihad","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1865,"yearLabel":"1865–1880","until":1885,"actors":[{"name":"Ebira clans under Achigidi Okino","side":"resister","color":"#5a6a3a"},{"name":"Bida and Ilorin (the Ajinomoh)","polity":"nupe","side":"attacker","color":"#2a7a7a"}],"summary":{"text":"As the jihad emirates pushed south of the Niger, Ebira land came under attack from the Nupe of Bida and from Ilorin, whose raiders the Ebira called the Ajinomoh. Between 1865 and 1880 the warlord Achigidi Okino led the Ebira against them, and helped by their hills they were never conquered. Igu (Koton Karfe), whose Hausa name the Ebira say means “strong land”, also held out.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"raid","path":[[6.01,9.085],[6.012,9.082],[6.015,9.075],[6.019,9.064],[6.025,9.05],[6.033,9.033],[6.042,9.012],[6.053,8.988],[6.065,8.961],[6.079,8.929],[6.094,8.895],[6.111,8.857],[6.129,8.815],[6.149,8.77],[6.17,8.722],[6.193,8.67],[6.217,8.615],[6.239,8.56],[6.259,8.507],[6.277,8.454],[6.293,8.403],[6.306,8.352],[6.318,8.302],[6.327,8.253],[6.333,8.205],[6.338,8.158],[6.341,8.112],[6.341,8.067],[6.339,8.023],[6.335,7.979],[6.329,7.937],[6.32,7.895],[6.31,7.855],[6.3,7.817],[6.29,7.781],[6.282,7.748],[6.274,7.718],[6.267,7.69],[6.26,7.664],[6.254,7.641],[6.249,7.621],[6.244,7.603],[6.24,7.588],[6.237,7.575],[6.234,7.565],[6.232,7.558],[6.231,7.553],[6.23,7.55]],"label":"Raids from Bida","by":"Bida and Ilorin (the Ajinomoh)","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#2a7a7a"},{"kind":"raid","path":[[4.55,8.5],[4.556,8.497],[4.568,8.492],[4.586,8.484],[4.61,8.474],[4.639,8.46],[4.675,8.445],[4.717,8.426],[4.764,8.405],[4.818,8.381],[4.877,8.355],[4.943,8.326],[5.014,8.294],[5.092,8.26],[5.175,8.223],[5.264,8.183],[5.36,8.141],[5.45,8.1],[5.534,8.061],[5.613,8.024],[5.687,7.988],[5.756,7.953],[5.819,7.92],[5.877,7.889],[5.929,7.859],[5.976,7.831],[6.018,7.805],[6.055,7.78],[6.086,7.756],[6.112,7.735],[6.132,7.714],[6.147,7.696],[6.157,7.678],[6.166,7.662],[6.175,7.647],[6.182,7.633],[6.19,7.621],[6.196,7.609],[6.203,7.598],[6.208,7.589],[6.213,7.58],[6.217,7.572],[6.221,7.566],[6.224,7.561],[6.226,7.556],[6.228,7.553],[6.229,7.551],[6.23,7.55]],"label":"Raids from Ilorin","by":"Bida and Ilorin (the Ajinomoh)","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#2a7a7a"}],"moments":[{"when":"1865–1880","title":"Achigidi Okino's war","text":"The Ebira hold their hills against the Ajinomoh.","at":{"name":"Ebira hills (Okene)","point":[6.23,7.55]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["nupe"],"bounds":[4.55,7.55,6.4,9.085],"refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-ebira-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ebira people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebira_people","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Nupe sources (Idrees 1989) record Ebira as a Bida tributary; the two accounts disagree on how far Ebira land was subdued."]},{"id":"bida-rebellions","name":"Nupe risings against Bida","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1868,"yearLabel":"1868–1882","until":1885,"actors":[{"name":"Bida emirate","polity":"nupe","side":"defender","color":"#2a7a7a"},{"name":"Nupe rebels (Lavun, Majiya line, Kyadya)","side":"resister","color":"#4a6a8a"}],"summary":{"text":"Bida's own Nupe rose against it three times. In 1868 the people of Lavun district, on the Kaduna river, fought Etsu Masaba in the Kwenti war. In 1876 Prince Baba, a descendant of the ousted Etsu Majiya, led the Fogbagba war. In 1881–82 the Kyadya, the river people who ran Nupe's canoes and ferries and had always governed themselves, rebelled when Bida tried to take over the rivers. After the Ganigan war their Kuta, Usman, and his general Kologba were executed at Bida; Bida's men took over the ferries, and Kyadya exiles gathered at Lokoja. Fifteen years later they helped the Royal Niger Company cross the Niger.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[],"moments":[{"when":"1868","title":"The Kwenti war","text":"Lavun district rises against Etsu Masaba.","at":{"name":"Lavun district","point":[5.85,8.95]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1876","title":"The Fogbagba war","text":"Prince Baba of the Majiya line fights to restore the old dynasty.","mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1881–1882","title":"The Kyadya rising and the Ganigan war","text":"The river people fight Bida; their Kuta Usman and general Kologba are executed, and many Kyadya cross the Niger, some to Lokoja and some as the Ganigan highway robbers.","at":{"name":"Lokoja (Kyadya exiles)","point":[6.74,7.8]},"mark":"exile","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"area":true,"pieces":[],"polities":["nupe"],"bounds":[5.184,7.8,6.74,9.456],"refs":[1],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"idrees-1989-bida","citation":"Idrees, Aliyu A. (1989). Collaboration and the British Conquest of Bida in 1897: The Role and Achievement of the Indigenous Interest Groups. African Study Monographs 10(2): 69–82","url":"https://jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/ASM%20%20Vol.10%20No.2%201989/Aliyu%20A.%20IDREES.pdf","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Where the Fogbagba war was fought is not recorded in Idrees; the Kyadya area is drawn as the river LGAs."]},{"id":"bonny-civil-war-1869","name":"Bonny's civil war and the founding of Opobo","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1869,"yearLabel":"1869","until":1873,"actors":[{"name":"Manilla Pepple house (Oko Jumbo)","polity":"bonny","side":"attacker","color":"#2d7f8f"},{"name":"Anna Pepple house (Jaja)","polity":"opobo","side":"migrant","color":"#a33f5a"}],"summary":{"text":"The rivalry between Bonny's two great trading houses, Oko Jumbo's Manilla Pepple and Jaja's Anna Pepple, revived after King George Pepple's accession. In 1869 they fought a major battle. Jaja led his house and followers 26 miles east to the mouth of the Imo river and founded Opobo, cutting Bonny off from the palm-oil markets of the Imo. Bonny turned on Kalabari's rivers to make up the loss.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"migration","path":[[7.17,4.43],[7.179,4.435],[7.187,4.44],[7.196,4.444],[7.205,4.449],[7.213,4.453],[7.222,4.457],[7.231,4.461],[7.24,4.465],[7.249,4.469],[7.258,4.472],[7.267,4.476],[7.276,4.479],[7.285,4.482],[7.294,4.485],[7.303,4.488],[7.312,4.49],[7.321,4.493],[7.33,4.495],[7.339,4.498],[7.349,4.5],[7.358,4.502],[7.367,4.503],[7.376,4.505],[7.386,4.506],[7.395,4.508],[7.405,4.509],[7.414,4.51],[7.424,4.511],[7.433,4.512],[7.443,4.512],[7.452,4.513],[7.462,4.513],[7.472,4.513],[7.481,4.513],[7.491,4.513],[7.501,4.513],[7.51,4.512],[7.52,4.512],[7.53,4.511],[7.54,4.51]],"label":"Jaja's people to Opobo","by":"Anna Pepple house (Jaja)","confidence":"high","refs":[1,2],"color":"#a33f5a"}],"moments":[{"when":"1869","title":"Battle of the houses","text":"The Anna Pepple house loses the battle in Bonny.","at":{"name":"Grand Bonny","point":[7.17,4.43]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1869","title":"Opobo founded","text":"Jaja founds his new town astride the Imo trade.","at":{"name":"Opobo","point":[7.54,4.51]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[2]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["bonny","opobo"],"bounds":[7.17,4.43,7.54,4.51],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-bonny-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Bonny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonny_Kingdom","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-jaja-of-opobo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jaja of Opobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaja_of_Opobo","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"kiriji-war","name":"The Kiriji war","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1877,"yearLabel":"1877–1886","until":1893,"actors":[{"name":"Ibadan (Aare Latosisa)","polity":"ibadan","side":"attacker","color":"#9a3b5c"},{"name":"Ekitiparapo (Prince Fabunmi, Ogedengbe)","polity":"ekitiparapo","side":"resister","color":"#5f7f8f"},{"name":"Ilorin","side":"ally","color":"#5c4a38"},{"name":"Egba and Ijebu","polity":"egba","side":"ally","color":"#4f8a6b"}],"summary":{"text":"For three decades Ibadan ruled the Ekiti, Ijesha, Igbomina and Akoko towns through resident agents, the ajele, whose seizures and abuses impoverished the east. In 1877, as Aare Latosisa went to war with the Egba and Ijebu over the roads to the coast, Prince Fabunmi of Okemesi, insulted by an ajele’s men, killed the ajele and his household and called the eastern warlords together. The Ekitiparapo, the Ekiti Confederacy, was born, armed with breech-loading rifles bought by the Ekitiparapo Society in Lagos. In 1879 the Ijesha general Ogedengbe took command. For seven years the two armies faced each other from fortified hilltop camps near Imesi-Ile and Igbajo; the name Kiriji comes from the boom of the new guns. Latosisa died in camp in 1885, and in 1886 British mediation broke up the camps. Peace was sealed in 1893.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[4.918,7.833],[4.918,7.833],[4.918,7.833],[4.917,7.833],[4.917,7.833],[4.916,7.833],[4.915,7.834],[4.914,7.834],[4.913,7.834],[4.911,7.834],[4.91,7.835],[4.908,7.835],[4.906,7.835],[4.904,7.835],[4.902,7.836],[4.9,7.836],[4.898,7.837],[4.895,7.837],[4.893,7.837],[4.891,7.838],[4.888,7.838],[4.886,7.838],[4.883,7.838],[4.881,7.839],[4.879,7.839],[4.876,7.839],[4.874,7.839],[4.871,7.839],[4.869,7.839],[4.867,7.838],[4.864,7.838],[4.862,7.838],[4.859,7.838],[4.857,7.838],[4.855,7.837],[4.853,7.837],[4.851,7.837],[4.849,7.837],[4.848,7.837],[4.846,7.837],[4.845,7.836],[4.844,7.836],[4.843,7.836],[4.843,7.836],[4.842,7.836],[4.841,7.836],[4.841,7.836],[4.841,7.836]],"label":"The Confederate army moves from Okemesi to Imesi-Ile","by":"Ekitiparapo (Prince Fabunmi, Ogedengbe)","when":"August 1878","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#5f7f8f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[3.9,7.38],[3.902,7.381],[3.906,7.384],[3.912,7.388],[3.92,7.393],[3.929,7.399],[3.941,7.406],[3.955,7.415],[3.97,7.425],[3.988,7.436],[4.007,7.449],[4.029,7.463],[4.052,7.477],[4.078,7.494],[4.105,7.511],[4.134,7.53],[4.166,7.55],[4.197,7.57],[4.227,7.589],[4.257,7.607],[4.287,7.626],[4.317,7.643],[4.346,7.661],[4.375,7.677],[4.404,7.694],[4.432,7.71],[4.46,7.725],[4.488,7.74],[4.515,7.755],[4.542,7.769],[4.569,7.783],[4.595,7.796],[4.621,7.809],[4.645,7.821],[4.668,7.832],[4.689,7.843],[4.709,7.852],[4.727,7.861],[4.743,7.869],[4.757,7.876],[4.771,7.883],[4.782,7.888],[4.792,7.893],[4.8,7.897],[4.806,7.9],[4.811,7.903],[4.814,7.904],[4.816,7.905]],"label":"Ibadan’s army to the Igbajo camp","by":"Ibadan (Aare Latosisa)","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#9a3b5c"},{"kind":"alliance","path":[[4.55,8.5],[4.551,8.499],[4.552,8.496],[4.554,8.493],[4.556,8.488],[4.559,8.482],[4.562,8.475],[4.566,8.467],[4.571,8.458],[4.576,8.447],[4.582,8.436],[4.589,8.423],[4.596,8.409],[4.603,8.393],[4.612,8.377],[4.62,8.359],[4.63,8.341],[4.639,8.322],[4.648,8.302],[4.658,8.283],[4.667,8.263],[4.676,8.243],[4.685,8.223],[4.694,8.202],[4.703,8.182],[4.712,8.161],[4.722,8.139],[4.73,8.118],[4.739,8.096],[4.748,8.074],[4.757,8.052],[4.766,8.029],[4.775,8.007],[4.783,7.985],[4.791,7.965],[4.798,7.947],[4.805,7.93],[4.811,7.914],[4.816,7.9],[4.821,7.887],[4.826,7.876],[4.829,7.866],[4.833,7.857],[4.835,7.85],[4.838,7.845],[4.839,7.84],[4.84,7.837],[4.841,7.836]],"label":"Ilorin sends infantry and cavalry to the Confederates","by":"Ilorin","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#5c4a38"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[4.841,7.836],[4.84,7.835],[4.839,7.833],[4.838,7.83],[4.835,7.827],[4.833,7.822],[4.829,7.817],[4.826,7.81],[4.821,7.803],[4.816,7.795],[4.811,7.785],[4.805,7.775],[4.798,7.764],[4.791,7.752],[4.783,7.739],[4.775,7.725],[4.766,7.711],[4.757,7.696],[4.748,7.682],[4.74,7.669],[4.731,7.656],[4.722,7.644],[4.713,7.632],[4.705,7.62],[4.696,7.609],[4.687,7.598],[4.678,7.588],[4.669,7.578],[4.661,7.569],[4.652,7.56],[4.643,7.552],[4.634,7.544],[4.626,7.536],[4.617,7.529],[4.61,7.523],[4.603,7.517],[4.596,7.511],[4.59,7.506],[4.585,7.501],[4.58,7.497],[4.575,7.493],[4.571,7.49],[4.568,7.487],[4.565,7.485],[4.563,7.483],[4.562,7.481],[4.561,7.48],[4.56,7.48]],"label":"Fabunmi and Arimoro march to defend Ife against Modakeke and Ibadan","by":"Ekitiparapo (Prince Fabunmi, Ogedengbe)","when":"1882","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#5f7f8f"}],"moments":[{"when":"1877","title":"Fabunmi’s revolt","text":"At the Erinle shrine in Okemesi, an ajele’s men seize the palm wine for Prince Fabunmi’s feast. Fabunmi goes to the ajele’s compound and kills him and most of his household. Ibadan officials are killed across the Ekiti and Ijesha country, and Fabunmi summons the eastern war leaders to throw off Ibadan.","at":{"name":"Okemesi","point":[4.918,7.833]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"refs":[1]},{"when":"August 1878","title":"Igbajo burned","text":"The Confederates attack Igbajo, an Ibadan ally, burn it, and besiege Ikirun until Ibadan relieves it.","at":{"name":"Igbajo","point":[4.816,7.905]},"mark":"burned","colonial":false,"refs":[1]},{"when":"1879","title":"Ogedengbe takes command","text":"The Ijesha general Ogedengbe joins at Imesi-Ile, and Fabunmi yields the command to him. Long-range rifles from Lagos give the camp its name: Kiriji, the sound of the guns.","at":{"name":"Kiriji camp, Imesi-Ile","point":[4.841,7.836]},"mark":"camp","colonial":false,"refs":[1]},{"when":"31 August 1885","title":"Latosisa dies in camp","text":"Aare Latosisa, Ibadan’s commander, dies at the Igbajo camp. Ibadan’s morale collapses and both sides are weary of war.","at":{"name":"Igbajo camp","point":[4.816,7.905]},"mark":"camp","colonial":false,"refs":[1]},{"when":"23 September 1886","title":"Peace proclaimed","text":"With the missionaries Samuel Johnson and Charles Phillips as envoys, the Lagos commissioners Higgins and Smith proclaim peace between the camps. Ogedengbe and Ibadan’s Balogun Osungbekun swear eternal friendship. Ilorin alone fights on, at Offa, and the last troubles end in 1893.","at":{"name":"Imesi-Ile","point":[4.841,7.836]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":false,"refs":[2,1]}],"area":true,"pieces":[],"polities":["ibadan","ekitiparapo","egba"],"bounds":[3.9,7.38,5.056,8.5],"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kiriji-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kiriji War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiriji_War","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"akintoye-1971","citation":"Akintoye, S. A. (1971). Revolution and Power Politics in Yorubaland, 1840–1893: Ibadan Expansion and the Rise of Ekitiparapo. Longman, London","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"johnson-1921","citation":"Johnson, Samuel. (1921). The History of the Yorubas. Routledge, London (CMS Lagos)","url":"https://archive.org/details/the-history-of-the-yorubas-from-the-earliest-times-to-the-beginning-of-the-british-protectorate","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"jalumi-war","name":"The Jalumi war (battle of Ikirun)","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1878,"yearLabel":"1 November 1878","until":1880,"actors":[{"name":"Ibadan","polity":"ibadan","side":"attacker","color":"#9a3b5c"},{"name":"Ekitiparapo, Ijesa and Ila","polity":"ekitiparapo","side":"defender","color":"#5f7f8f"},{"name":"Ilorin","polity":"sokoto","side":"ally","color":"#2f6b4f"}],"summary":{"text":"In 1878 the Ekiti under Fabunmi, the Ila under Prince Adeyale and the Ijesa, with an Ilorin army under the Ajia, besieged Ikirun, an Ibadan ally. Ibadan's army, back on 14 October from a campaign at Meko, marched in the height of the rains; many drowned crossing the Otin and the Osun. On 1 November Balogun Ogboriefon left his rival the Osi Ilori to hold Ikirun, destroyed the Ijesa at Iba, then came back, routed the Ilorin camp and the Ekiti and Ila. The people of Ofa cut the bridge over the Otin behind the retreating Ilorin army, and thousands of men, women and horses drowned in the flood: “Jalumi”.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[3.9,7.39],[3.903,7.391],[3.908,7.394],[3.915,7.399],[3.926,7.405],[3.939,7.412],[3.954,7.421],[3.972,7.432],[3.993,7.443],[4.016,7.457],[4.042,7.472],[4.07,7.488],[4.101,7.506],[4.135,7.525],[4.171,7.546],[4.209,7.568],[4.251,7.592],[4.29,7.615],[4.327,7.637],[4.361,7.658],[4.394,7.678],[4.425,7.697],[4.453,7.715],[4.479,7.732],[4.503,7.748],[4.525,7.763],[4.545,7.778],[4.563,7.791],[4.578,7.804],[4.591,7.815],[4.603,7.826],[4.612,7.836],[4.618,7.844],[4.625,7.853],[4.631,7.86],[4.636,7.867],[4.642,7.874],[4.646,7.88],[4.651,7.885],[4.655,7.89],[4.658,7.895],[4.661,7.899],[4.664,7.902],[4.666,7.905],[4.667,7.907],[4.669,7.908],[4.67,7.909],[4.67,7.91]],"label":"Ibadan's relief march through the floods","by":"Ibadan","refs":[1],"color":"#9a3b5c"},{"kind":"retreat","path":[[4.67,7.91],[4.67,7.91],[4.671,7.911],[4.672,7.911],[4.673,7.912],[4.675,7.914],[4.677,7.915],[4.679,7.917],[4.681,7.918],[4.684,7.921],[4.687,7.923],[4.691,7.925],[4.694,7.928],[4.698,7.931],[4.703,7.935],[4.708,7.938],[4.713,7.942],[4.717,7.946],[4.72,7.95],[4.723,7.955],[4.725,7.96],[4.727,7.965],[4.728,7.97],[4.728,7.976],[4.727,7.982],[4.726,7.988],[4.724,7.994],[4.721,8.001],[4.718,8.008],[4.714,8.016],[4.709,8.023],[4.703,8.031],[4.697,8.039],[4.691,8.047],[4.686,8.054],[4.68,8.06],[4.676,8.066],[4.671,8.072],[4.668,8.077],[4.664,8.082],[4.661,8.086],[4.658,8.089],[4.656,8.092],[4.654,8.095],[4.652,8.097],[4.651,8.098],[4.65,8.099],[4.65,8.1]],"label":"Ilorin's army driven into the Otin","by":"Ilorin","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#2f6b4f"}],"moments":[{"when":"1 November 1878","title":"Iba and Ikirun","text":"Ogboriefon destroys the Ijesa, then the Ilorin, Ekiti and Ila.","at":{"name":"Ikirun","point":[4.67,7.91]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1 November 1878","title":"Drowned in the Otin","text":"With the bridge cut, thousands drown in the flooded river.","mark":"massacre","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["ibadan","ekitiparapo","sokoto"],"bounds":[3.9,7.39,4.75,8.1],"refs":[1],"confidence":"high","note":"The drowning is told but not placed; the Otin crossing is not located.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-jalumi-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jalumi War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalumi_War","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"kalabari-exodus","name":"Kalabari's civil war and exodus","kind":"migration","status":"published","year":1879,"yearLabel":"1879–1884","until":1890,"actors":[{"name":"Amachree faction","polity":"kalabari","side":"migrant","color":"#8f6d2d"},{"name":"Barboy (Will Braide) faction","side":"migrant","color":"#6a5a3a"}],"summary":{"text":"From 1879 two factions of Kalabari's royal family fought for control. The Barboy or Will Braide group left the old island town of Elem Kalabari for a new settlement at Bakana in 1881. The victorious Amachree group then abandoned Elem Kalabari too, moving to Abonnema in 1882 and to Buguma in 1884. The European traders followed them up the Sombreiro river to Abonnema, and Kalabari became three towns.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"migration","path":[[6.83,4.65],[6.832,4.654],[6.835,4.657],[6.838,4.66],[6.84,4.664],[6.843,4.667],[6.845,4.67],[6.848,4.674],[6.851,4.677],[6.854,4.68],[6.857,4.683],[6.859,4.686],[6.862,4.689],[6.865,4.692],[6.868,4.694],[6.871,4.697],[6.874,4.7],[6.877,4.703],[6.881,4.705],[6.884,4.708],[6.887,4.71],[6.89,4.713],[6.894,4.715],[6.897,4.718],[6.9,4.72],[6.904,4.722],[6.907,4.724],[6.911,4.727],[6.914,4.729],[6.918,4.731],[6.922,4.733],[6.925,4.735],[6.929,4.737],[6.933,4.739],[6.936,4.74],[6.94,4.742],[6.944,4.744],[6.948,4.745],[6.952,4.747],[6.956,4.749],[6.96,4.75]],"label":"To Bakana (1881)","by":"Barboy (Will Braide) faction","refs":[1],"color":"#6a5a3a"},{"kind":"migration","path":[[6.83,4.65],[6.83,4.65],[6.829,4.651],[6.829,4.652],[6.828,4.653],[6.827,4.654],[6.826,4.656],[6.825,4.658],[6.823,4.66],[6.821,4.662],[6.819,4.665],[6.817,4.668],[6.815,4.671],[6.812,4.675],[6.809,4.679],[6.807,4.683],[6.803,4.687],[6.801,4.691],[6.799,4.695],[6.797,4.699],[6.796,4.702],[6.795,4.706],[6.795,4.709],[6.796,4.711],[6.797,4.714],[6.798,4.716],[6.8,4.718],[6.803,4.72],[6.806,4.721],[6.809,4.723],[6.813,4.724],[6.818,4.725],[6.823,4.725],[6.827,4.726],[6.832,4.726],[6.836,4.727],[6.839,4.727],[6.843,4.728],[6.846,4.728],[6.849,4.729],[6.851,4.729],[6.853,4.729],[6.855,4.729],[6.857,4.73],[6.858,4.73],[6.859,4.73],[6.86,4.73],[6.86,4.73]],"label":"To Abonnema (1882) and Buguma (1884)","by":"Amachree faction","refs":[1],"color":"#8f6d2d"}],"moments":[{"when":"1881","title":"Bakana founded","text":"The Will Braide group settles at Bakana.","at":{"name":"Bakana","point":[6.96,4.75]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1882","title":"Abonnema","text":"The Amachree group moves to Abonnema; the traders follow.","at":{"name":"Abonnema","point":[6.78,4.72]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1884","title":"Buguma","text":"The royal seat moves on to Buguma.","at":{"name":"Buguma","point":[6.86,4.73]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["kalabari"],"bounds":[6.78,4.65,6.96,4.75],"refs":[1],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kalabari-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kalabari Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabari_Kingdom","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"onitsha-1879","name":"A gunboat burns Onitsha","kind":"colonial","status":"published","year":1879,"yearLabel":"1879","until":1890,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Onitsha","side":"defender","color":"#5c4a38"}],"summary":{"text":"When British traders at Onitsha tried to leave with their goods after disputes with the town, the chiefs refused and stores were plundered. The gunboat HMS Pioneer was sent up the Niger; when its men were attacked while loading the goods, its commander shelled and burned the town, as the government told Parliament in February 1880.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.5,5.3],[6.501,5.302],[6.503,5.306],[6.506,5.313],[6.51,5.321],[6.515,5.332],[6.521,5.345],[6.527,5.36],[6.535,5.377],[6.544,5.397],[6.554,5.418],[6.564,5.442],[6.576,5.468],[6.589,5.496],[6.603,5.526],[6.617,5.558],[6.633,5.592],[6.648,5.626],[6.662,5.658],[6.675,5.689],[6.687,5.72],[6.698,5.749],[6.709,5.778],[6.719,5.805],[6.728,5.831],[6.736,5.857],[6.743,5.881],[6.749,5.905],[6.755,5.927],[6.76,5.948],[6.763,5.969],[6.766,5.988],[6.769,6.007],[6.771,6.024],[6.773,6.04],[6.774,6.055],[6.776,6.069],[6.777,6.082],[6.779,6.093],[6.78,6.104],[6.781,6.113],[6.782,6.121],[6.783,6.128],[6.784,6.133],[6.784,6.138],[6.785,6.142],[6.785,6.144],[6.785,6.145]],"label":"HMS Pioneer steams up the Niger","by":"British forces","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"}],"moments":[{"when":"1879","title":"Onitsha shelled and burned","text":"The gunboat bombards the town and a landing party burns it.","at":{"name":"Onitsha","point":[6.785,6.145]},"mark":"bombarded","colonial":true,"refs":[]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":[],"bounds":[6.5,5.3,6.785,6.145],"refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","note":"The account is the British government’s own, given in Parliament.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"hansard-1880-onitsha","citation":"UK Parliament (Hansard). (1880). Africa (West Coast): bombardment of Onitsha. House of Commons debate, 12 February 1880","url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1880/feb/12/africa-west-coast-bombardment-of-onitsha","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"company-on-the-benue","name":"The Royal Niger Company on the Benue","kind":"colonial","status":"published","year":1883,"yearLabel":"1883–1901","until":1901,"actors":[{"name":"Royal Niger Company","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Jukun of Jibu and Kona","polity":"kwararafa","side":"resister","color":"#8c3d3d"},{"name":"Muri emirate","polity":"sokoto","side":"resister","color":"#2f6b4f"}],"summary":{"text":"In 1883 the Royal Niger Company set up a station at Ibi, on the Benue inside Muri emirate. From there it burned the Jukun town of Jibu three times (1884, 1888, 1891) and, with the French officer Louis Mizon, took Kona in 1892. Muri forced the Company back at Kunini and Lau in 1889, but the Company sacked Wurio and Suntai in 1897 and 1899. Muri submitted in 1901, and Wukari passed under British rule at about the same time.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[],"moments":[{"when":"1883","title":"Company station at Ibi","text":"The Royal Niger Company settles at Ibi, where the land route from the south crosses the Benue.","at":{"name":"Ibi","point":[9.745,8.18]},"mark":"garrison","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,2]},{"when":"1884, 1888, 1891","title":"Jibu burned three times","text":"The Company sacks and burns the Jukun town of Jibu.","at":{"name":"Jibu","point":[9.98,7.255]},"mark":"burned","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1889","title":"Muri strikes back","text":"Muri's forces push the Company back at Kunini and Lau.","at":{"name":"Kunini","point":[11.401,9.241]},"mark":"battle","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1892","title":"Kona taken","text":"With help from Lieutenant Louis Mizon the Company conquers the Jukun chiefdom of Kona.","at":{"name":"Kona","point":[11.329,8.981]},"mark":"captured","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1901","title":"Muri submits","text":"Emir Hassan of Muri submits to the British without a fight; Ibi becomes the headquarters of western Muri.","at":{"name":"Ibi","point":[9.745,8.18]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,2]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["kwararafa","sokoto"],"bounds":[9.745,7.255,11.401,9.241],"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high","note":"Wikipedia says Muri was a de facto French protectorate under Mizon in 1892–1893, yet also that Mizon helped the Company take Kona. Both are given as written.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-muri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muri, Taraba State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muri,_Taraba_State","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ibi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ibi, Taraba State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibi,_Taraba_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-wukari-federation","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Wukari Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wukari_Federation","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Wurio and Suntai have not been located."]},{"id":"opobo-1887","name":"Jaja of Opobo deported","kind":"colonial","status":"published","year":1887,"yearLabel":"September 1887","until":1891,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"King Jaja of Opobo","polity":"opobo","side":"defender","color":"#a33f5a"}],"summary":{"text":"Jaja of Opobo controlled the palm-oil trade of the Imo river and dealt directly with buyers in Britain, cutting out the coastal firms. In September 1887 the consul, Harry Johnston, invited him aboard a gunboat under a promise of safe conduct and seized him. Jaja was tried at Accra and exiled to St Vincent in the West Indies; allowed home in 1891, he died on the way.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"exile","path":[[7.54,4.51],[7.526,4.507],[7.499,4.501],[7.457,4.491],[7.402,4.478],[7.333,4.463],[7.25,4.444],[7.153,4.421],[7.042,4.396],[6.918,4.368],[6.779,4.336],[6.627,4.301],[6.461,4.263],[6.282,4.222],[6.088,4.178],[5.881,4.13],[5.659,4.08],[5.436,4.04],[5.209,4.01],[4.98,3.991],[4.749,3.983],[4.515,3.985],[4.279,3.998],[4.04,4.022],[3.798,4.056],[3.554,4.1],[3.307,4.156],[3.058,4.221],[2.806,4.298],[2.552,4.385],[2.295,4.482],[2.036,4.591],[1.774,4.709],[1.529,4.821],[1.299,4.925],[1.087,5.021],[0.89,5.11],[0.71,5.192],[0.547,5.266],[0.399,5.333],[0.268,5.392],[0.154,5.444],[0.056,5.489],[-0.026,5.526],[-0.092,5.555],[-0.141,5.578],[-0.174,5.593],[-0.19,5.6]],"label":"Jaja taken to Accra for trial","by":"British forces","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"exile","path":[[-0.19,5.6],[-0.241,5.524],[-0.292,5.449],[-0.344,5.375],[-0.398,5.302],[-0.452,5.23],[-0.507,5.159],[-0.563,5.09],[-0.619,5.021],[-0.677,4.954],[-0.735,4.887],[-0.795,4.822],[-0.855,4.758],[-0.916,4.695],[-0.978,4.633],[-1.041,4.572],[-1.105,4.512],[-1.17,4.453],[-1.235,4.395],[-1.302,4.339],[-1.369,4.283],[-1.437,4.229],[-1.506,4.175],[-1.576,4.123],[-1.647,4.072],[-1.719,4.022],[-1.791,3.973],[-1.865,3.925],[-1.939,3.878],[-2.014,3.832],[-2.09,3.787],[-2.167,3.744],[-2.245,3.701],[-2.324,3.66],[-2.404,3.619],[-2.484,3.58],[-2.566,3.542],[-2.648,3.505],[-2.731,3.469],[-2.815,3.434],[-2.9,3.4]],"label":"Exiled to St Vincent, in the West Indies","by":"British forces","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"}],"moments":[{"when":"September 1887","title":"Seized under safe conduct","text":"Jaja goes aboard to meet the consul and is not allowed to leave.","at":{"name":"Opobo","point":[7.54,4.51]},"mark":"captured","colonial":true,"refs":[]},{"when":"Late 1887","title":"Tried and exiled","text":"A tribunal at Accra sentences him to exile in the West Indies. He died in 1891 on the voyage home.","at":{"name":"Accra (Gold Coast)","point":[-0.19,5.6]},"mark":"exile","colonial":true,"refs":[]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["opobo"],"bounds":[-2.9,3.4,7.54,5.6],"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-jaja-of-opobo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jaja of Opobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaja_of_Opobo","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-opobo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Opobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opobo","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"dike-1956","citation":"Dike, K. Onwuka. (1956). Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta, 1830–1885. Clarendon Press, Oxford","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"yoruba-partition","name":"Yorubaland divided","kind":"partition","status":"published","year":1889,"yearLabel":"1889–1900","until":1914,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"French forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"The Yoruba kingdoms","side":"defender","color":"#5c4a38"}],"summary":{"text":"The Anglo-French agreement of 10 August 1889 drew a line north from the coast between British Lagos and French Porto-Novo. The western Yoruba kingdoms were left on the French side: Ketu, the oldest of them, already sacked by Dahomey in 1886, along with Sabe, Ohori, Ifonyin and Idaisa. The line split Ketu’s own lands, and Imeko and Idofa stayed on the British side. Further west, the Ana Yoruba around Atakpamé fell to German Togo. Within British territory the Yoruba were divided again in 1900. Ilorin, an emirate of the Sokoto Caliphate, and the Okun Yoruba of the Kabba country went to Northern Nigeria, and the rest stayed with Lagos and Southern Nigeria. That is why Kwara and Kogi Yoruba belong to the North today.","refs":[2,3,1,5,4,6],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[],"moments":[{"when":"1886","title":"Ketu sacked by Dahomey","text":"Dahomey’s army sacks Ketu, burns its houses and shrines, executes its chiefs and carries its people to Abomey as slaves.","at":{"name":"Ketu (Kétou)","point":[2.6,7.36]},"mark":"burned","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"10 August 1889","title":"The Lagos–Dahomey line","text":"Britain and France fix a rough frontier from the coast north to the 9th parallel. Further agreements in 1896 and 1898 refine it. Near Ketu it runs just south of the road from Ketu to Idofa, which leaves Itagbe on the French side.","at":{"name":"Idofa","point":[2.76,7.37]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[2,3]},{"when":"1894","title":"France takes Dahomey","text":"French forces conquer Dahomey. The Ketu exiles return to a kingdom now ruled from Porto-Novo, cut off from its kin at Imeko.","at":{"name":"Ketu (Kétou)","point":[2.6,7.36]},"mark":"captured","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"when":"1900","title":"North and South","text":"When the protectorates are proclaimed, Ilorin goes to Northern Nigeria, three years after the Royal Niger Company took it. The Okun Yoruba of Kabba go north as well.","at":{"name":"Ilorin","point":[4.55,8.5]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[4]}],"area":false,"pieces":[{"name":"Lagos and Southern Nigeria","note":"Lagos Colony and Protectorate, joined to Southern Nigeria in 1906. Today Lagos, Ogun, Oyo, Osun, Ondo and Ekiti States.","label":[4.232,7.4125]},{"name":"Ilorin Province, Northern Nigeria","note":"The Ilorin emirate and the Igbomina, Ekiti and Ibolo towns of today’s Kwara State.","label":[4.9,8.1555]},{"name":"Kabba Province, Northern Nigeria: the Okun Yoruba","note":"Yagba, Ijumu, Bunu, Owe (Kabba), Oworo and the Mopa and Amuro towns.","label":[5.9155,8.155]},{"name":"French Dahomey: Ketu, Sabe, Ohori, Ifonyin and Idaisa","note":"Today the Plateau and Collines departments of the Republic of Benin.","label":[2.4362500000000002,7.481250000000001]},{"name":"German Togo: the Ana Yoruba of Atakpamé","label":[1.2666666666666666,7.833333333333333]}],"polities":[],"bounds":[0.9,6.222,6.2245,9.065],"refs":[2,3,1,5,4,6,7],"confidence":"medium","note":"Rings outside Nigeria are rough and clipped at the border. Inside Nigeria the pieces follow today’s LGAs.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-dahomey-conquest-of-ketou","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Dahomey conquest of Ketou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahomey_conquest_of_Ketou","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-benin-nigeria-border","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Benin–Nigeria border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93Nigeria_border","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-anglo-french-convention-1889","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Anglo-French Convention of 1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-French_Convention_of_1889","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-ilorin","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ilorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilorin","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-yorubaland","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Yorubaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorubaland","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"asiwaju-1976","citation":"A. I. Asiwaju. (1976). Western Yorubaland under European Rule, 1889–1945: A Comparative Analysis of French and British Colonialism. Longman","checked":false},{"n":7,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-doc1","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Owner's notes on the reach of Igala, Benin, Oyo and Aro, the British conquests, and migrations (hintsPrompts/doc1.md)","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Ilorin and Kabba going to Northern Nigeria in 1900 is general knowledge stated in many histories. It should cite Asiwaju or a provincial history directly.","The Ana Yoruba piece around Atakpamé is a rough placement and needs a source for its extent under German Togo."]},{"id":"ijebu-1892","name":"The British invade Ijebu","kind":"colonial","status":"published","year":1892,"yearLabel":"May 1892","until":1900,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Ijebu Kingdom","polity":"ijebu","side":"defender","color":"#6b4f8a"}],"summary":{"text":"Ijebu kept the roads from Lagos to the interior closed to free trade and missionaries. In May 1892 a Lagos Colony force with Maxim guns marched in, defeated the Ijebu army at Imagbon and occupied Ijebu-Ode.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[3.394,6.455],[3.396,6.455],[3.401,6.456],[3.408,6.458],[3.417,6.46],[3.428,6.462],[3.442,6.465],[3.458,6.469],[3.476,6.473],[3.497,6.477],[3.52,6.482],[3.545,6.487],[3.573,6.493],[3.602,6.499],[3.634,6.506],[3.669,6.514],[3.705,6.521],[3.74,6.53],[3.772,6.539],[3.801,6.549],[3.829,6.56],[3.854,6.572],[3.877,6.584],[3.898,6.597],[3.916,6.611],[3.932,6.626],[3.946,6.641],[3.957,6.658],[3.966,6.675],[3.973,6.692],[3.978,6.711],[3.98,6.73],[3.98,6.75],[3.98,6.768],[3.979,6.785],[3.979,6.801],[3.978,6.814],[3.976,6.827],[3.975,6.837],[3.973,6.846],[3.972,6.854],[3.969,6.86],[3.967,6.864],[3.965,6.867],[3.962,6.868],[3.959,6.868],[3.955,6.866],[3.952,6.863],[3.948,6.858],[3.945,6.853],[3.941,6.848],[3.938,6.844],[3.935,6.841],[3.933,6.837],[3.931,6.834],[3.928,6.831],[3.927,6.829],[3.925,6.827],[3.924,6.825],[3.922,6.823],[3.921,6.822],[3.921,6.821],[3.92,6.82],[3.92,6.82]],"label":"The Lagos force marches inland","by":"British forces","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"}],"moments":[{"when":"May 1892","title":"Imagbon","text":"The Ijebu army is defeated at the crossing of the Yemoji river.","at":{"name":"Imagbon (approximate)","point":[3.98,6.9]},"mark":"battle","colonial":true,"refs":[]},{"when":"May 1892","title":"Ijebu-Ode occupied","text":"The capital is occupied and the roads opened to Lagos trade.","at":{"name":"Ijebu-Ode","point":[3.92,6.82]},"mark":"captured","colonial":true,"refs":[]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["ijebu"],"bounds":[3.394,6.455,3.98,6.9],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-anglo-ijebu-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Anglo-Ijebu War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Ijebu_War","checked":false},{"n":2,"id":"ayandele-1992","citation":"Ayandele, E. A. (1992). The Ijebu of Yorubaland, 1850–1950: Politics, Economy and Society. Heinemann Educational Books, Ibadan","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"rabih-conquers-bornu","name":"Rabih conquers Bornu","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1893,"yearLabel":"1892–1900","until":1902,"actors":[{"name":"Rabih az-Zubayr","side":"attacker","color":"#5a3a2a"},{"name":"Bornu","polity":"kanem-bornu","side":"defender","color":"#9c5a2c"},{"name":"France","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"}],"summary":{"text":"Rabih az-Zubayr, once a soldier of Egypt and a commander of the slaver Zubayr Pasha, led 400 men west in 1879 and built an army that crushed Bagirmi. In 1892–1894 he conquered Bornu, burned Kukawa in May 1893 and ruled from Dikwa through a brutal tax system that ruined Bornu's farms. In 1899 he killed a French column at Togbao and hanged a French envoy. On 22 April 1900 a French army with Bagirmi allies stormed his camp at Kousséri; Rabih was shot crossing the Chari and his head taken as a trophy. The French restored the al-Kanemi shehus, and in 1902 Bornu was divided among Britain, Germany and France.","refs":[1,2,3,4],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[16.17,11.4],[16.166,11.403],[16.157,11.408],[16.143,11.416],[16.125,11.427],[16.103,11.44],[16.076,11.456],[16.045,11.474],[16.01,11.496],[15.97,11.52],[15.925,11.546],[15.876,11.575],[15.823,11.607],[15.765,11.642],[15.702,11.679],[15.636,11.719],[15.564,11.761],[15.492,11.804],[15.418,11.848],[15.343,11.893],[15.267,11.938],[15.189,11.984],[15.111,12.03],[15.031,12.077],[14.949,12.125],[14.867,12.174],[14.783,12.223],[14.698,12.273],[14.612,12.323],[14.524,12.374],[14.436,12.426],[14.346,12.478],[14.254,12.532],[14.169,12.581],[14.089,12.628],[14.015,12.671],[13.946,12.711],[13.884,12.747],[13.827,12.781],[13.775,12.81],[13.73,12.837],[13.69,12.86],[13.656,12.88],[13.627,12.897],[13.604,12.91],[13.587,12.92],[13.576,12.927],[13.57,12.93]],"label":"From Bagirmi into Bornu","by":"Rabih az-Zubayr","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#5a3a2a"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[16.5,11],[16.455,11.016],[16.41,11.032],[16.366,11.048],[16.322,11.066],[16.278,11.084],[16.235,11.102],[16.193,11.121],[16.151,11.141],[16.109,11.161],[16.068,11.182],[16.027,11.203],[15.986,11.225],[15.946,11.248],[15.907,11.271],[15.868,11.295],[15.829,11.319],[15.791,11.344],[15.753,11.37],[15.716,11.396],[15.679,11.422],[15.642,11.45],[15.606,11.478],[15.57,11.506],[15.535,11.535],[15.5,11.565],[15.466,11.595],[15.432,11.626],[15.398,11.657],[15.365,11.689],[15.333,11.722],[15.3,11.755],[15.269,11.789],[15.237,11.823],[15.206,11.858],[15.176,11.894],[15.146,11.93],[15.116,11.966],[15.087,12.004],[15.058,12.042],[15.03,12.08]],"label":"French columns converge on Kousséri","by":"France","confidence":"medium","refs":[2],"color":"#c8102e"}],"moments":[{"when":"May 1893","title":"Kukawa burned","text":"Rabih plunders and burns the capital; its people are killed, enslaved or scattered.","at":{"name":"Kukawa","point":[13.57,12.93]},"mark":"burned","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[3]},{"when":"1893–1900","title":"Rabih at Dikwa","text":"Rabih makes Dikwa his capital.","at":{"name":"Dikwa","point":[13.92,12.03]},"mark":"garrison","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,3]},{"when":"22 April 1900","title":"Kousséri","text":"Rabih is killed; the French commander Lamy also dies.","at":{"name":"Kousséri","point":[15.03,12.08]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"high","refs":[2]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["kanem-bornu"],"bounds":[13.57,11,16.5,12.93],"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-rabih","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Rabih az-Zubayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabih_az-Zubayr","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-battle-of-kousseri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Battle of Kousséri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kousséri","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kukawa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kukawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukawa","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-dikwa-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Dikwa Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikwa_Emirate","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"ebrohimi-1894","name":"The fall of Ebrohimi","kind":"colonial","status":"published","year":1894,"yearLabel":"August–September 1894","until":1906,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Nana Olomu, Governor of the Benin River","polity":"warri","side":"defender","color":"#4a6fa5"}],"summary":{"text":"Nana Olomu, the Itsekiri merchant prince who governed the Benin River trade, stood in the way of the Niger Coast Protectorate. A first attack on his stronghold at Ebrohimi failed; a naval force took it in September 1894. Nana escaped to Lagos and gave himself up, was tried at Old Calabar and exiled to the Gold Coast. He was allowed home in 1906.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[5.08,5.75],[5.085,5.751],[5.09,5.752],[5.095,5.753],[5.1,5.753],[5.104,5.754],[5.109,5.755],[5.114,5.755],[5.119,5.756],[5.124,5.756],[5.129,5.756],[5.134,5.757],[5.138,5.757],[5.143,5.757],[5.148,5.757],[5.153,5.757],[5.158,5.757],[5.162,5.756],[5.167,5.756],[5.172,5.756],[5.177,5.755],[5.181,5.755],[5.186,5.754],[5.191,5.753],[5.196,5.753],[5.2,5.752],[5.205,5.751],[5.21,5.75],[5.214,5.749],[5.219,5.748],[5.224,5.746],[5.228,5.745],[5.233,5.744],[5.238,5.742],[5.242,5.741],[5.247,5.739],[5.252,5.737],[5.256,5.736],[5.261,5.734],[5.265,5.732],[5.27,5.73]],"label":"The protectorate’s gunboats and marines move on Ebrohimi","by":"British forces","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"retreat","path":[[5.27,5.73],[5.266,5.731],[5.259,5.734],[5.247,5.739],[5.232,5.744],[5.213,5.752],[5.19,5.76],[5.164,5.77],[5.134,5.782],[5.099,5.795],[5.062,5.809],[5.02,5.825],[4.974,5.843],[4.925,5.862],[4.872,5.882],[4.815,5.903],[4.755,5.927],[4.694,5.95],[4.634,5.973],[4.574,5.996],[4.515,6.018],[4.455,6.041],[4.396,6.064],[4.337,6.087],[4.279,6.109],[4.22,6.132],[4.162,6.155],[4.104,6.177],[4.047,6.199],[3.989,6.222],[3.932,6.244],[3.875,6.266],[3.819,6.289],[3.766,6.309],[3.716,6.329],[3.67,6.347],[3.628,6.363],[3.589,6.379],[3.553,6.393],[3.521,6.405],[3.493,6.416],[3.468,6.426],[3.447,6.434],[3.429,6.441],[3.415,6.447],[3.405,6.451],[3.398,6.454],[3.394,6.455]],"label":"Nana escapes to Lagos and surrenders","by":"Nana Olomu, Governor of the Benin River","refs":[],"color":"#4a6fa5"},{"kind":"exile","path":[[3.394,6.455],[3.388,6.451],[3.376,6.444],[3.359,6.433],[3.336,6.418],[3.306,6.399],[3.271,6.377],[3.231,6.351],[3.184,6.321],[3.131,6.287],[3.073,6.25],[3.009,6.209],[2.939,6.164],[2.863,6.116],[2.781,6.063],[2.694,6.007],[2.6,5.948],[2.505,5.892],[2.407,5.841],[2.306,5.793],[2.204,5.75],[2.099,5.711],[1.991,5.676],[1.881,5.645],[1.769,5.619],[1.655,5.596],[1.539,5.577],[1.42,5.563],[1.298,5.553],[1.175,5.547],[1.049,5.545],[0.92,5.547],[0.79,5.553],[0.667,5.559],[0.553,5.564],[0.447,5.57],[0.349,5.574],[0.259,5.579],[0.177,5.582],[0.104,5.586],[0.039,5.589],[-0.019,5.592],[-0.068,5.594],[-0.108,5.596],[-0.141,5.598],[-0.166,5.599],[-0.182,5.6],[-0.19,5.6]],"label":"Exiled to the Gold Coast","by":"British forces","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"}],"moments":[{"when":"August 1894","title":"The first assault repulsed","text":"Ebrohimi’s defences hold against the first attack.","at":{"name":"Ebrohimi (approximate)","point":[5.27,5.73]},"mark":"battle","colonial":true,"refs":[]},{"when":"September 1894","title":"Ebrohimi taken","text":"A larger naval force takes the town.","at":{"name":"Ebrohimi (approximate)","point":[5.27,5.73]},"mark":"bombarded","colonial":true,"refs":[]},{"when":"1894–1906","title":"Exile","text":"Tried at Old Calabar, Nana is exiled to Accra and allowed home only in 1906.","at":{"name":"Accra (Gold Coast)","point":[-0.19,5.6]},"mark":"exile","colonial":true,"refs":[]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["warri"],"bounds":[-0.19,5.5,5.27,6.455],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-nana-olomu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nana Olomu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_Olomu","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"ikime-1969","citation":"Ikime, Obaro. (1969). Niger Delta Rivalry: Itsekiri–Urhobo Relations and the European Presence, 1884–1936. Longman, London","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"esan-nupe-war","name":"The Esan–Nupe war (Egbalukpon Nell)","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1894,"yearLabel":"c. 1894–1897","until":1897,"actors":[{"name":"Nupe (Bida emirate)","polity":"nupe","side":"attacker","color":"#2a7a7a"},{"name":"Akota alliance of Esan kingdoms","side":"defender","color":"#3a6a4a"}],"summary":{"text":"Esan memory calls it Egbalukpon Nell, “the war of the robed ones”. From their base at Agbede in Afenmai, Nupe armies raided into Esanland for slaves and tribute, striking Ewu, Idoa, Uzea and Ukhun. The Esan kingdoms, which usually fought each other, formed the Akota alliance: Ubiaja, Emu, Uromi, Ewohimi, Okhuesan and others. Lying in wait in the forests around Ewohimi and Ehor, they fought the Nupe for three years and drove them back to Agbede, which stayed Muslim.","refs":[1],"confidence":"disputed"},"routes":[{"kind":"raid","path":[[6.264,6.864],[6.264,6.864],[6.263,6.863],[6.262,6.861],[6.261,6.86],[6.259,6.857],[6.257,6.855],[6.255,6.852],[6.252,6.848],[6.249,6.844],[6.246,6.84],[6.242,6.835],[6.238,6.829],[6.234,6.823],[6.23,6.817],[6.225,6.811],[6.219,6.803],[6.215,6.796],[6.212,6.787],[6.209,6.778],[6.207,6.769],[6.206,6.759],[6.206,6.748],[6.207,6.737],[6.209,6.725],[6.212,6.712],[6.216,6.699],[6.22,6.685],[6.226,6.671],[6.232,6.656],[6.239,6.64],[6.247,6.624],[6.256,6.607],[6.264,6.591],[6.272,6.577],[6.279,6.563],[6.286,6.55],[6.292,6.539],[6.298,6.528],[6.303,6.519],[6.307,6.51],[6.311,6.503],[6.315,6.497],[6.317,6.492],[6.32,6.487],[6.321,6.484],[6.322,6.482],[6.323,6.481]],"label":"From Agbede into Esanland","by":"Nupe (Bida emirate)","note":"Start and end only.","confidence":"disputed","refs":[1],"color":"#2a7a7a"},{"kind":"retreat","path":[[6.323,6.481],[6.319,6.49],[6.314,6.499],[6.31,6.508],[6.306,6.518],[6.302,6.527],[6.299,6.536],[6.295,6.545],[6.292,6.555],[6.288,6.564],[6.285,6.573],[6.282,6.583],[6.28,6.592],[6.277,6.601],[6.274,6.611],[6.272,6.62],[6.27,6.63],[6.268,6.639],[6.266,6.649],[6.264,6.658],[6.263,6.668],[6.261,6.677],[6.26,6.687],[6.259,6.697],[6.258,6.706],[6.257,6.716],[6.257,6.726],[6.256,6.735],[6.256,6.745],[6.256,6.755],[6.256,6.765],[6.256,6.775],[6.256,6.784],[6.257,6.794],[6.257,6.804],[6.258,6.814],[6.259,6.824],[6.26,6.834],[6.261,6.844],[6.262,6.854],[6.264,6.864]],"label":"Driven back to Agbede","by":"Nupe (Bida emirate)","confidence":"disputed","refs":[1],"color":"#2a7a7a"}],"moments":[{"when":"c. 1894–1897","title":"Ambush in the Ewohimi forests","text":"The Akota alliance fights from the forests around Ewohimi and Ehor.","at":{"name":"Ewohimi","point":[6.323,6.481]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"disputed","refs":[1]},{"when":"c. 1897","title":"Back to Agbede","text":"The Nupe withdraw to their base at Agbede.","at":{"name":"Agbede","point":[6.264,6.864]},"mark":"garrison","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2]}],"area":true,"pieces":[],"polities":["nupe"],"bounds":[6.18,6.481,6.4715,6.864],"refs":[1],"confidence":"disputed","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"oriire-2025-esan-nupe","citation":"Osalumhense, Stacey. (2025). The Esan-Nupe War. Oriire","url":"https://oriire.com/article/the-esan-nupe-war","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"idrees-1989-bida","citation":"Idrees, Aliyu A. (1989). Collaboration and the British Conquest of Bida in 1897: The Role and Achievement of the Indigenous Interest Groups. African Study Monographs 10(2): 69–82","url":"https://jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/ASM%20%20Vol.10%20No.2%201989/Aliyu%20A.%20IDREES.pdf","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["One popular article, citing 2003 fieldwork and esanland.org, is the only source; an academic account of the Esan–Nupe war is needed. The article's intro speaks of the 16th century but dates the main war to 1894–1897."]},{"id":"ogidi-grand-alliance","name":"The Ogidi Grand Alliance","kind":"alliance","status":"published","year":1894,"yearLabel":"1894–1897","until":1897,"actors":[{"name":"Ogidi Grand Alliance (Agahun of Esuku, Alayere Ekundina)","side":"resister","color":"#3f6f5a"},{"name":"Nupe (Bida emirate)","polity":"nupe","side":"attacker","color":"#2a7a7a"},{"name":"Kabba under the Obaro","side":"ally","color":"#5c4a38"},{"name":"Ekiti","side":"ally","color":"#5c4a38"},{"name":"Royal Niger Company","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"}],"summary":{"text":"By 1882 the Nupe ruled the whole of northeast Yorubaland, Yagba, Owe, Bunu, Ijumu and Akoko, through resident agents, except Oka Akoko, which held out on its hill. The Obaro of Kabba worked with them and was given authority over Ijumu and Akoko. In about 1884 the Nupe commander Sonku killed the ritual cow of the Alayere, king of Ayere, then murdered the messenger the king sent to ask why. Ayere burned the Nupe camp and sent word to Ogidi, Aduge, Ogale, Iffe and the Akoko towns to unite like the Ekitiparapo. After years of risings, in late 1894 the Ijumu towns Ogidi, Ayere, Aduge, Ekinrin-Adde, Iffe and Ogale, with Esuku, Oji and Akoko communities, formed the Ogidi Grand Alliance against both the Nupe and the Obaro’s rule. Its army held the Ayinoro hill at Ogidi, where the Nupe horse were useless, with arms bought from Lagos and Ekiti. The siege was still going on when Royal Niger Company troops arrived in January 1897. Bida fell to the Company that month, the Nupe left Okun country, and the alliance broke up.","refs":[2,1,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Apata dates the alliance to 1894–1897; another account gives 1891–1897. Popular retellings add the Ebira as allies and list Yagba, Owe, Oworo and Bunu as members; neither claim is in these sources, and Kabba (Owe) stood with the Nupe."},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.01,9.08],[6.01,9.077],[6.011,9.072],[6.012,9.064],[6.014,9.053],[6.015,9.04],[6.017,9.024],[6.02,9.006],[6.023,8.984],[6.026,8.96],[6.029,8.934],[6.033,8.905],[6.037,8.873],[6.042,8.838],[6.047,8.801],[6.052,8.761],[6.058,8.719],[6.063,8.677],[6.068,8.635],[6.072,8.594],[6.076,8.553],[6.079,8.513],[6.082,8.473],[6.084,8.433],[6.086,8.394],[6.088,8.355],[6.089,8.317],[6.09,8.279],[6.09,8.242],[6.089,8.205],[6.089,8.168],[6.087,8.132],[6.086,8.097],[6.084,8.063],[6.082,8.031],[6.08,8.001],[6.078,7.974],[6.076,7.948],[6.074,7.924],[6.071,7.902],[6.069,7.882],[6.067,7.864],[6.064,7.848],[6.061,7.834],[6.059,7.821],[6.056,7.811],[6.053,7.803],[6.05,7.797],[6.047,7.792],[6.044,7.788],[6.041,7.785],[6.039,7.781],[6.037,7.778],[6.035,7.775],[6.033,7.772],[6.031,7.77],[6.029,7.768],[6.028,7.766],[6.027,7.764],[6.026,7.763],[6.025,7.762],[6.025,7.761],[6.024,7.76],[6.024,7.76]],"label":"Nupe forces from Bida, by way of Kabba, against the camp at Ogidi","by":"Nupe (Bida emirate)","note":"Line of march drawn through Kabba, the Nupe base in Okun country.","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#2a7a7a"},{"kind":"alliance","path":[[5.972,7.704],[5.972,7.704],[5.972,7.704],[5.973,7.705],[5.973,7.705],[5.974,7.706],[5.974,7.707],[5.975,7.708],[5.976,7.709],[5.977,7.71],[5.978,7.712],[5.979,7.713],[5.981,7.715],[5.982,7.717],[5.983,7.719],[5.985,7.721],[5.987,7.723],[5.989,7.725],[5.99,7.727],[5.992,7.73],[5.994,7.731],[5.995,7.733],[5.997,7.735],[5.999,7.737],[6,7.739],[6.002,7.741],[6.004,7.742],[6.005,7.744],[6.007,7.745],[6.008,7.747],[6.01,7.748],[6.011,7.749],[6.013,7.751],[6.014,7.752],[6.015,7.753],[6.017,7.754],[6.018,7.755],[6.019,7.756],[6.02,7.756],[6.021,7.757],[6.021,7.758],[6.022,7.758],[6.023,7.759],[6.023,7.759],[6.023,7.76],[6.024,7.76],[6.024,7.76],[6.024,7.76]],"label":"Ayere, where the revolt began, joins its forces to Ogidi","by":"Ogidi Grand Alliance (Agahun of Esuku, Alayere Ekundina)","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#3f6f5a"},{"kind":"alliance","path":[[6.106,7.664],[6.106,7.664],[6.106,7.665],[6.105,7.665],[6.105,7.666],[6.104,7.667],[6.103,7.669],[6.102,7.67],[6.101,7.672],[6.1,7.674],[6.098,7.676],[6.097,7.678],[6.095,7.681],[6.093,7.684],[6.091,7.687],[6.089,7.69],[6.087,7.694],[6.085,7.697],[6.082,7.701],[6.08,7.704],[6.077,7.707],[6.075,7.71],[6.073,7.713],[6.07,7.717],[6.067,7.72],[6.065,7.722],[6.062,7.725],[6.06,7.728],[6.057,7.731],[6.054,7.734],[6.051,7.736],[6.048,7.739],[6.046,7.741],[6.043,7.744],[6.04,7.746],[6.038,7.748],[6.036,7.75],[6.034,7.751],[6.032,7.753],[6.03,7.754],[6.029,7.756],[6.028,7.757],[6.027,7.758],[6.026,7.758],[6.025,7.759],[6.025,7.76],[6.024,7.76],[6.024,7.76]],"label":"Ogale joins the alliance","by":"Ogidi Grand Alliance (Agahun of Esuku, Alayere Ekundina)","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#3f6f5a"},{"kind":"alliance","path":[[5.866,7.832],[5.866,7.832],[5.867,7.832],[5.868,7.831],[5.869,7.831],[5.871,7.83],[5.873,7.829],[5.875,7.829],[5.878,7.828],[5.881,7.826],[5.884,7.825],[5.888,7.824],[5.892,7.822],[5.896,7.821],[5.9,7.819],[5.905,7.817],[5.911,7.815],[5.916,7.813],[5.921,7.811],[5.926,7.809],[5.931,7.807],[5.936,7.805],[5.941,7.802],[5.946,7.8],[5.951,7.798],[5.956,7.796],[5.961,7.793],[5.966,7.791],[5.971,7.789],[5.975,7.786],[5.98,7.784],[5.985,7.781],[5.989,7.779],[5.994,7.776],[5.998,7.774],[6.001,7.772],[6.005,7.77],[6.008,7.769],[6.011,7.767],[6.014,7.766],[6.016,7.764],[6.018,7.763],[6.02,7.762],[6.021,7.762],[6.022,7.761],[6.023,7.76],[6.024,7.76],[6.024,7.76]],"label":"Ekinrin-Adde joins the alliance","by":"Ogidi Grand Alliance (Agahun of Esuku, Alayere Ekundina)","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#3f6f5a"},{"kind":"alliance","path":[[5.22,7.62],[5.221,7.62],[5.224,7.621],[5.229,7.622],[5.235,7.623],[5.242,7.625],[5.251,7.627],[5.262,7.629],[5.273,7.631],[5.287,7.634],[5.302,7.637],[5.318,7.641],[5.336,7.644],[5.355,7.648],[5.376,7.653],[5.398,7.658],[5.422,7.663],[5.446,7.667],[5.47,7.672],[5.494,7.677],[5.519,7.682],[5.543,7.686],[5.568,7.691],[5.593,7.695],[5.618,7.7],[5.643,7.704],[5.669,7.708],[5.694,7.712],[5.72,7.716],[5.746,7.72],[5.772,7.724],[5.799,7.728],[5.825,7.732],[5.85,7.735],[5.873,7.739],[5.895,7.742],[5.915,7.745],[5.933,7.747],[5.949,7.749],[5.964,7.752],[5.978,7.753],[5.989,7.755],[5.999,7.756],[6.007,7.758],[6.014,7.759],[6.019,7.759],[6.022,7.76],[6.024,7.76]],"label":"Help and guns from Ekiti, and arms bought in Lagos","by":"Ekiti","note":"Drawn from Ado-Ekiti to stand for the Ekiti country as a whole.","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#5c4a38"}],"moments":[{"when":"Late 1894","title":"The alliance takes the field","text":"The Alayere steps aside for Agahun of Esuku, a veteran of the Ekitiparapo war, who becomes war leader, with the Alayere as his second. Olumodeji of Ayere, Ajakaiye of Ogidi and Ajamba of Oji command units. The army gathers on the Ayinoro hill at Ogidi.","at":{"name":"Ayinoro hill, Ogidi","point":[6.024,7.76]},"mark":"camp","colonial":false,"refs":[1,2]},{"when":"1895–1896","title":"The Nupe cannot break Ogidi","text":"The hill takes away the Nupe cavalry’s advantage. The Nupe inflict heavy losses but cannot break the defences, and Nda Jiya, the Maiyaki, is relieved of command of the Nupe army.","at":{"name":"Ogidi","point":[6.024,7.76]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2]},{"when":"14 January 1897","title":"The Company arrives","text":"Royal Niger Company troops reach the war while the alliance and the Nupe are still fighting. The Company backs the alliance, for its own reasons: Nupe raiding was disrupting its trade on the lower Niger. Within weeks Bida falls, the Nupe leave Okun country, and the alliance disbands.","at":{"name":"Ogidi","point":[6.024,7.76]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"refs":[1,3]}],"area":true,"pieces":[],"polities":["nupe"],"bounds":[5.22,7.62,6.106,9.08],"refs":[2,1,3],"confidence":"medium","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"nupe-akokoland-2018","citation":"(2018). Nupe Hegemony in Akokoland in the Nineteenth Century. Research in Social Sciences 1 (1), pp. 1–8. Academic Publishing Group","url":"https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bae8/83fabfaaa7e0ac0e58e3a69d0be67df01e2a.pdf","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"apata-2003-ogidi","citation":"Apata, Z. O. (2003). The Nupe Imperialism and the Ogidi Grand Alliance 1894–1897: Reflections of Ekitiparapo War. In Adeagbo Akinjogbin (ed.), War and Peace in Yorubaland 1793–1893, pp. 431–437. Heinemann Educational Books Nigeria, Ibadan","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"cjhi-nupe-okun","citation":"Indigenous Colonialism in North-Central Nigeria: A Focus on Nupe Over-Rule in Okun Land, c. 1847–1897","url":"https://cjhiafulokoja.com/indigenous-colonialism-in-north-central-nigeria-a-focus-on-nupe-over-rule-in-okun-land-c-1847-1897/","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Ebira involvement, Ogidi as a 'refugee settlement', and Yagba/Owe/Oworo/Bunu/Ikiri membership come from a popular retelling and are not supported by Apata (2003) or the 2018 Akokoland paper. Left out on purpose.","Iffe, Aduge, Esuku and Oji are members but not drawn: no reliable coordinates found yet."]},{"id":"akassa-1895","name":"The Akassa raid and its reprisal","kind":"colonial","status":"published","year":1895,"yearLabel":"January–February 1895","until":1905,"actors":[{"name":"Nembe, under King Koko","polity":"nembe","side":"resister","color":"#5c7f3d"},{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"}],"summary":{"text":"Shut out of the river trade by the Royal Niger Company’s monopoly, the Nembe of Brass under King Koko attacked the Company’s headquarters at Akassa at dawn on 29 January 1895, killing many of its staff. In February a British naval force answered by shelling and burning Nembe.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"raid","path":[[6.4,4.53],[6.399,4.53],[6.398,4.529],[6.395,4.527],[6.392,4.526],[6.388,4.524],[6.384,4.521],[6.378,4.518],[6.372,4.515],[6.365,4.511],[6.357,4.506],[6.348,4.502],[6.339,4.496],[6.329,4.491],[6.318,4.485],[6.306,4.478],[6.294,4.472],[6.282,4.465],[6.27,4.458],[6.258,4.451],[6.246,4.445],[6.235,4.438],[6.224,4.432],[6.214,4.426],[6.204,4.419],[6.194,4.413],[6.184,4.407],[6.174,4.401],[6.165,4.395],[6.156,4.389],[6.147,4.384],[6.139,4.378],[6.131,4.372],[6.123,4.367],[6.116,4.362],[6.11,4.357],[6.104,4.353],[6.098,4.349],[6.093,4.346],[6.088,4.343],[6.084,4.34],[6.081,4.337],[6.078,4.335],[6.075,4.334],[6.073,4.332],[6.072,4.331],[6.071,4.33],[6.07,4.33]],"label":"Koko’s war canoes strike the Company at Akassa","by":"Nembe, under King Koko","refs":[],"color":"#5c7f3d"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.25,4.15],[6.251,4.161],[6.252,4.171],[6.253,4.182],[6.254,4.192],[6.255,4.203],[6.257,4.213],[6.259,4.223],[6.261,4.234],[6.263,4.244],[6.265,4.254],[6.267,4.264],[6.269,4.274],[6.272,4.284],[6.275,4.294],[6.278,4.304],[6.281,4.314],[6.284,4.323],[6.287,4.333],[6.291,4.342],[6.295,4.352],[6.298,4.361],[6.302,4.371],[6.307,4.38],[6.311,4.39],[6.315,4.399],[6.32,4.408],[6.325,4.417],[6.329,4.426],[6.335,4.435],[6.34,4.444],[6.345,4.453],[6.351,4.462],[6.356,4.47],[6.362,4.479],[6.368,4.488],[6.374,4.496],[6.38,4.505],[6.387,4.513],[6.393,4.522],[6.4,4.53]],"label":"The naval reprisal against Nembe","by":"British forces","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"}],"moments":[{"when":"29 January 1895","title":"Akassa","text":"The Company’s depot is sacked and many of its staff killed or captured.","at":{"name":"Akassa","point":[6.07,4.33]},"mark":"battle","colonial":true,"refs":[]},{"when":"February 1895","title":"Nembe burned","text":"A naval force shells and burns Nembe.","at":{"name":"Nembe","point":[6.4,4.53]},"mark":"burned","colonial":true,"refs":[]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["nembe"],"bounds":[6.07,4.15,6.4,4.53],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-akassa-raid","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Akassa raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akassa_raid","checked":false},{"n":2,"id":"alagoa-1964","citation":"Alagoa, E. J. (1964). The Small Brave City-State: A History of Nembe-Brass in the Niger Delta. Ibadan University Press / University of Wisconsin Press","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"idah-bombardments","name":"The Company’s guns at Idah","kind":"colonial","status":"published","year":1896,"yearLabel":"1896–1903","until":1906,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Igala Kingdom","polity":"igala","side":"defender","color":"#c9822a"},{"name":"Prince Akwu and his followers","side":"resister","color":"#5c4a38"}],"summary":{"text":"The Royal Niger Company, chartered in 1886, set up trading posts at Idah and along the river. Prince Akwu led a guerrilla war against the Company, raiding its stores at Idah several times, and the Company answered by shelling Idah from the river: in 1896, the bombardment with which a recent history dates the subjugation of Igalaland, and by one account again before 1900. Attah Amaga died in February 1900 and with him Igala’s independence. The British installed Attah Ocheje Onokpa in 1901, then deposed him in 1903 and banished him to Asaba, where he died.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.719,6.206],[6.719,6.207],[6.72,6.21],[6.72,6.215],[6.72,6.221],[6.721,6.229],[6.722,6.238],[6.723,6.249],[6.724,6.261],[6.725,6.275],[6.726,6.29],[6.727,6.307],[6.729,6.326],[6.73,6.346],[6.732,6.367],[6.734,6.39],[6.736,6.415],[6.737,6.44],[6.739,6.466],[6.74,6.492],[6.742,6.519],[6.743,6.546],[6.744,6.573],[6.744,6.601],[6.745,6.63],[6.745,6.659],[6.745,6.688],[6.745,6.718],[6.745,6.748],[6.745,6.779],[6.745,6.811],[6.744,6.842],[6.743,6.875],[6.742,6.905],[6.742,6.933],[6.741,6.959],[6.74,6.984],[6.74,7.006],[6.739,7.026],[6.739,7.044],[6.738,7.06],[6.738,7.075],[6.738,7.087],[6.738,7.097],[6.737,7.105],[6.737,7.111],[6.737,7.115],[6.737,7.117]],"label":"Company gunboats on the Niger","by":"British forces","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"exile","path":[[6.737,7.117],[6.737,7.115],[6.736,7.111],[6.736,7.105],[6.735,7.097],[6.734,7.087],[6.733,7.075],[6.732,7.06],[6.73,7.044],[6.729,7.026],[6.727,7.006],[6.725,6.984],[6.723,6.959],[6.72,6.933],[6.718,6.905],[6.715,6.875],[6.712,6.842],[6.709,6.811],[6.707,6.779],[6.705,6.748],[6.703,6.718],[6.702,6.688],[6.701,6.659],[6.7,6.63],[6.699,6.601],[6.699,6.573],[6.699,6.546],[6.699,6.519],[6.7,6.492],[6.701,6.466],[6.702,6.44],[6.704,6.415],[6.706,6.39],[6.707,6.367],[6.709,6.346],[6.71,6.326],[6.712,6.307],[6.713,6.29],[6.714,6.275],[6.715,6.261],[6.716,6.249],[6.717,6.238],[6.718,6.229],[6.718,6.221],[6.719,6.215],[6.719,6.21],[6.719,6.207],[6.719,6.206]],"label":"1903: Attah Ocheje Onokpa banished to Asaba","by":"British forces","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"exile","path":[[6.737,7.117],[6.739,7.113],[6.744,7.104],[6.75,7.091],[6.759,7.073],[6.77,7.052],[6.783,7.025],[6.799,6.995],[6.816,6.96],[6.836,6.921],[6.858,6.877],[6.882,6.829],[6.909,6.777],[6.937,6.72],[6.968,6.659],[7.001,6.593],[7.036,6.524],[7.073,6.454],[7.112,6.385],[7.152,6.316],[7.195,6.247],[7.239,6.178],[7.285,6.11],[7.332,6.042],[7.382,5.975],[7.433,5.907],[7.486,5.84],[7.541,5.773],[7.598,5.706],[7.656,5.64],[7.716,5.574],[7.778,5.508],[7.842,5.442],[7.902,5.381],[7.957,5.323],[8.009,5.27],[8.057,5.221],[8.101,5.176],[8.141,5.135],[8.177,5.098],[8.208,5.065],[8.236,5.036],[8.26,5.012],[8.28,4.991],[8.296,4.975],[8.308,4.962],[8.316,4.954],[8.32,4.95]],"label":"1903: Adukwu Okekwu exiled to Old Calabar","by":"British forces","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"}],"moments":[{"when":"1896–1900","title":"Prince Akwu’s raids","text":"Akwu and his followers raid the Company’s stores at Idah several times and attack European traders on the river.","at":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.737,7.117]},"mark":"battle","colonial":true,"refs":[]},{"when":"1896 (and again before 1900, by one account)","title":"Idah bombarded","text":"The Company shells Idah from a vessel on the Niger. Igala memory recalls the palace as the target and the town emptied as people fled inland.","at":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.737,7.117]},"mark":"bombarded","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2,3]},{"when":"February 1900","title":"The end of independence","text":"Attah Amaga dies. Britain has proclaimed its protectorates the month before, and Igala’s independence ends with him.","at":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.737,7.117]},"mark":"captured","colonial":true,"refs":[]},{"when":"March 1903","title":"Adukwu Okekwu’s attack","text":"Adukwu Okekwu attacks the assistant district commissioner, Boyle, and his escort near Alade. He is captured, tried and exiled to Old Calabar, where he dies.","at":{"name":"Old Calabar (Duke Town)","point":[8.32,4.95]},"mark":"exile","colonial":true,"refs":[]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["igala"],"bounds":[6.69,4.95,8.32,7.117],"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Ineke (2025) dates the bombardment to 1896; James (2017) has two between 1896 and 1900. Ineke was read only in a search extract.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"ineke-2025","citation":"Ineke, Ugbede Joseph. (2025). The food economy of colonial Igalaland, 1900–1960. Economic History of Developing Regions 40(2): 126–142 (Igalaland “subdued with the bombardment of Idah in 1896 by the Royal Niger Company and the conquering of Dekina and Ankpa in 1903 and 1906”; read in a search extract)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2025.2504681","checked":false},{"n":2,"id":"james-2017-igala","citation":"James, Favor Ojochegbe. (2017). A brief history of the Igala kingdom, part 3. Nigeria Tribal Languages (blog)","url":"https://nigeriatriballanguages.blogspot.com/2017/06/a-brief-history-of-igala-kingdom-part-3.html","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-doc1","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Owner's notes on the reach of Igala, Benin, Oyo and Aro, the British conquests, and migrations (hintsPrompts/doc1.md)","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The owner asked to show when Idah was attacked by the British. Written sources found give only “twice between 1896 and 1900” (James 2017). One web summary lists bombardments in 1822, 1879, 1882, 1896 and 1900, with no source. Which attacks does the owner know of, and from which book, archive or elders?","The Prince is called Akwu Amaga in one version and Akwu Agahiu in another."]},{"id":"benin-expedition-1897","name":"The British invasion of Benin","kind":"colonial","status":"published","year":1897,"yearLabel":"January–February 1897","until":1900,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Kingdom of Benin","polity":"benin","side":"defender","color":"#8e2f3c"}],"summary":{"text":"In January 1897 a British party under James Phillips, set on deposing the Oba, marched toward Benin City during a sacred festival and was ambushed at Ugbine; only two of its officers survived. Within weeks Rear-Admiral Harry Rawson led about 1,200 marines, sailors and protectorate troops in three columns on the city, which fell on 18 February. Three days later fire destroyed the palace and much of the city. Some 2,500 works of art, the Benin Bronzes among them, were carried off and sold. Oba Ovonramwen surrendered, was tried and exiled to Calabar, and died there in 1914, the year his son Eweka II was crowned.","refs":[3,4,5],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[5.43,6.24],[5.431,6.24],[5.432,6.24],[5.433,6.239],[5.434,6.239],[5.435,6.239],[5.436,6.239],[5.437,6.238],[5.438,6.238],[5.439,6.238],[5.439,6.237],[5.44,6.237],[5.441,6.237],[5.442,6.236],[5.443,6.236],[5.444,6.235],[5.445,6.235],[5.446,6.235],[5.446,6.234],[5.447,6.234],[5.448,6.233],[5.449,6.233],[5.45,6.232],[5.451,6.232],[5.451,6.231],[5.452,6.231],[5.453,6.23],[5.454,6.23],[5.455,6.229],[5.455,6.229],[5.456,6.228],[5.457,6.227],[5.458,6.227],[5.458,6.226],[5.459,6.225],[5.46,6.225],[5.461,6.224],[5.461,6.223],[5.462,6.223],[5.463,6.222],[5.463,6.221]],"label":"Phillips’ party sets out from Ughoton","by":"British forces","when":"January 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main column: up the Benin River to Warrigi, then overland via Ologbo","by":"British forces","when":"9–18 February 1897","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[5.25,6.05],[5.25,6.05],[5.251,6.051],[5.252,6.053],[5.253,6.055],[5.255,6.057],[5.257,6.06],[5.259,6.063],[5.261,6.067],[5.264,6.071],[5.267,6.076],[5.271,6.081],[5.274,6.087],[5.278,6.093],[5.283,6.099],[5.288,6.106],[5.293,6.114],[5.298,6.121],[5.303,6.128],[5.308,6.135],[5.313,6.142],[5.319,6.148],[5.324,6.155],[5.33,6.161],[5.335,6.167],[5.341,6.172],[5.347,6.178],[5.353,6.183],[5.359,6.189],[5.365,6.193],[5.371,6.198],[5.377,6.203],[5.383,6.207],[5.389,6.211],[5.394,6.215],[5.4,6.219],[5.404,6.222],[5.409,6.225],[5.412,6.228],[5.416,6.23],[5.419,6.232],[5.422,6.234],[5.424,6.236],[5.426,6.237],[5.428,6.238],[5.429,6.239],[5.43,6.24],[5.43,6.24]],"label":"The Gwato column takes Gilli Gilli and Ughoton","by":"British forces","when":"February 1897","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[5.75,5.85],[5.752,5.857],[5.754,5.864],[5.756,5.871],[5.758,5.877],[5.761,5.884],[5.763,5.891],[5.766,5.897],[5.768,5.904],[5.771,5.91],[5.774,5.917],[5.777,5.923],[5.78,5.929],[5.783,5.935],[5.786,5.941],[5.789,5.948],[5.792,5.954],[5.796,5.959],[5.799,5.965],[5.803,5.971],[5.807,5.977],[5.81,5.983],[5.814,5.988],[5.818,5.994],[5.822,6],[5.826,6.005],[5.831,6.01],[5.835,6.016],[5.84,6.021],[5.844,6.026],[5.849,6.031],[5.853,6.037],[5.858,6.042],[5.863,6.047],[5.868,6.052],[5.873,6.057],[5.878,6.061],[5.884,6.066],[5.889,6.071],[5.894,6.075],[5.9,6.08]],"label":"The Sapoba column goes up the Jamieson river","by":"British forces","when":"February 1897","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"loot","path":[[5.627,6.335],[5.627,6.333],[5.627,6.33],[5.626,6.324],[5.626,6.317],[5.625,6.308],[5.625,6.298],[5.624,6.285],[5.623,6.271],[5.622,6.255],[5.621,6.237],[5.62,6.218],[5.619,6.196],[5.617,6.173],[5.616,6.148],[5.614,6.122],[5.613,6.093],[5.609,6.066],[5.604,6.04],[5.596,6.016],[5.587,5.992],[5.575,5.97],[5.562,5.949],[5.547,5.93],[5.53,5.911],[5.511,5.894],[5.49,5.879],[5.467,5.864],[5.442,5.851],[5.415,5.839],[5.387,5.828],[5.356,5.819],[5.324,5.811],[5.289,5.798],[5.251,5.779],[5.211,5.756],[5.168,5.727],[5.123,5.693],[5.075,5.654],[5.024,5.61],[4.971,5.56],[4.915,5.506],[4.857,5.446],[4.796,5.381],[4.733,5.311],[4.667,5.236],[4.598,5.156],[4.527,5.07],[4.453,4.98],[4.384,4.895],[4.319,4.815],[4.26,4.742],[4.204,4.674],[4.154,4.612],[4.107,4.555],[4.066,4.504],[4.029,4.459],[3.997,4.419],[3.969,4.385],[3.946,4.357],[3.928,4.334],[3.914,4.317],[3.905,4.306],[3.9,4.3]],"label":"About 2,500 bronzes, ivories and carvings shipped to Britain","by":"British forces","when":"From February 1897","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"exile","path":[[5.627,6.335],[5.632,6.331],[5.642,6.324],[5.657,6.313],[5.677,6.298],[5.702,6.28],[5.731,6.258],[5.766,6.233],[5.806,6.204],[5.851,6.171],[5.9,6.134],[5.955,6.094],[6.015,6.05],[6.08,6.003],[6.149,5.952],[6.224,5.897],[6.303,5.838],[6.383,5.782],[6.464,5.727],[6.545,5.674],[6.627,5.623],[6.71,5.575],[6.793,5.527],[6.876,5.482],[6.96,5.439],[7.045,5.398],[7.13,5.358],[7.216,5.321],[7.303,5.285],[7.39,5.251],[7.477,5.219],[7.566,5.189],[7.654,5.161],[7.738,5.135],[7.815,5.11],[7.887,5.087],[7.954,5.066],[8.015,5.047],[8.07,5.029],[8.12,5.013],[8.165,4.999],[8.204,4.987],[8.237,4.976],[8.265,4.968],[8.287,4.961],[8.303,4.955],[8.314,4.952],[8.32,4.95]],"label":"Oba Ovonramwen exiled to Calabar","by":"British forces","when":"September 1897","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"}],"moments":[{"when":"4 January 1897","title":"The ambush at Ugbine","text":"Phillips’ party, with some 250 men, presses on despite word that the Oba cannot receive visitors during the Ague festival. Benin warriors attack near Ugbine. Most of the officials and many porters are killed; Boisragon and Locke escape.","at":{"name":"Ugbine (approximate)","point":[5.4633,6.2213]},"mark":"massacre","colonial":true,"refs":[]},{"when":"9 February 1897","title":"The columns land","text":"The main column lands at Warrigi; the Gwato and Sapoba columns move up their creeks to divide Benin’s defenders.","at":{"name":"Warrigi, on the Benin River (approximate)","point":[5.6,5.88]},"mark":"camp","colonial":true,"refs":[]},{"when":"18 February 1897","title":"Benin City taken","text":"After days of fighting along the forest roads, the British use rockets in the final advance and the defenders withdraw.","at":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"mark":"captured","colonial":true,"refs":[]},{"when":"21 February 1897","title":"The city burns","text":"Fire destroys the palace and much of the city.","at":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"mark":"burned","colonial":true,"refs":[]},{"when":"From May 1897","title":"The bronzes sold","text":"About 40 per cent of the looted works go to the British Museum; the rest are auctioned to pay for the expedition, many to museums in Germany.","at":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"mark":"loot","colonial":true,"refs":[]},{"when":"August–September 1897","title":"The Oba exiled","text":"Ovonramwen surrenders, is tried and deposed, and is exiled to Calabar with two of his wives. Six chiefs are hanged.","at":{"name":"Old Calabar (Duke Town)","point":[8.32,4.95]},"mark":"exile","colonial":true,"refs":[]},{"when":"28 June 1899","title":"Ologbosere hanged","text":"The war chief Ologbosere, who fought on from the forest, is captured and executed: the end of organised resistance.","at":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"mark":"massacre","colonial":true,"refs":[1]},{"when":"24 July 1914","title":"Eweka II crowned","text":"Months after Ovonramwen’s death in exile, his son is crowned Eweka II. He rebuilds the palace and the craft guilds.","at":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"mark":"founded","colonial":true,"refs":[2]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["benin"],"bounds":[3.9,4.3,8.32,6.335],"refs":[3,4,5,1,2,6],"confidence":"high","note":"Warrigi, Gilli Gilli, Sapoba and the creek mouths are placed approximately from period accounts.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-general-ologbosere","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. General Ologbosere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Ologbosere","checked":false},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-eweka-ii","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Eweka II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eweka_II","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-benin-expedition-1897","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Benin Expedition of 1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"hansard-1897-benin","citation":"UK Parliament (Hansard). (1897). Benin Expedition. House of Commons debate, 22 February 1897","url":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1897-02-22/debates/81c51e85-4bce-4a1d-975e-5194845ea04a/BeninExpedition","checked":false},{"n":5,"id":"artic-benin-conquest","citation":"Art Institute of Chicago. The British conquest of Benin and the Oba's return","url":"https://archive.artic.edu/benin/conquest/","checked":false},{"n":6,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-doc1","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Owner's notes on the reach of Igala, Benin, Oyo and Aro, the British conquests, and migrations (hintsPrompts/doc1.md)","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bida-ilorin-1897","name":"The Company takes Bida and Ilorin","kind":"colonial","status":"published","year":1897,"yearLabel":"January–February 1897","until":1903,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Bida emirate (Nupe)","polity":"nupe","side":"defender","color":"#2a7a7a"},{"name":"Ilorin emirate","polity":"sokoto","side":"defender","color":"#2f6b4f"}],"summary":{"text":"In early 1897 the Royal Niger Company’s army under George Goldie marched on the two southern emirates of the Caliphate. Bida fell after two days of fighting in late January and its Etsu was deposed; in February Ilorin was shelled and taken. Bida’s own subjects helped the Company: the north-east Yoruba, the Kyadya boatmen and the Yissazhi faction of the old Nupe dynasty, who were given the emirate of Pategi.","refs":[2,3,4,1],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.74,7.8],[6.739,7.803],[6.737,7.809],[6.734,7.818],[6.731,7.829],[6.726,7.844],[6.72,7.862],[6.714,7.882],[6.706,7.905],[6.698,7.932],[6.688,7.961],[6.678,7.993],[6.667,8.029],[6.655,8.067],[6.642,8.108],[6.628,8.152],[6.613,8.198],[6.597,8.244],[6.58,8.29],[6.562,8.334],[6.543,8.377],[6.523,8.42],[6.502,8.462],[6.48,8.503],[6.457,8.543],[6.434,8.582],[6.409,8.62],[6.383,8.657],[6.356,8.694],[6.329,8.73],[6.3,8.764],[6.27,8.798],[6.24,8.832],[6.211,8.863],[6.184,8.892],[6.159,8.919],[6.136,8.943],[6.115,8.966],[6.096,8.987],[6.079,9.005],[6.064,9.022],[6.05,9.037],[6.039,9.049],[6.029,9.059],[6.021,9.068],[6.016,9.074],[6.012,9.078],[6.01,9.08]],"label":"Company troops march on Bida","by":"British forces","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.01,9.08],[6.005,9.08],[5.996,9.081],[5.982,9.081],[5.964,9.082],[5.941,9.083],[5.913,9.084],[5.881,9.085],[5.844,9.087],[5.803,9.089],[5.756,9.091],[5.706,9.093],[5.65,9.095],[5.591,9.098],[5.526,9.101],[5.457,9.103],[5.383,9.107],[5.313,9.107],[5.246,9.105],[5.183,9.1],[5.123,9.093],[5.067,9.082],[5.014,9.07],[4.965,9.054],[4.92,9.036],[4.878,9.015],[4.839,8.992],[4.804,8.966],[4.772,8.937],[4.744,8.905],[4.72,8.871],[4.699,8.835],[4.681,8.795],[4.665,8.758],[4.65,8.724],[4.635,8.692],[4.622,8.662],[4.61,8.635],[4.599,8.611],[4.589,8.589],[4.581,8.569],[4.573,8.552],[4.566,8.537],[4.561,8.525],[4.557,8.515],[4.553,8.507],[4.551,8.502],[4.55,8.5]],"label":"Then on to Ilorin","by":"British forces","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"}],"moments":[{"when":"6 January 1897","title":"The march to Ogidi and the Kabba declaration","text":"A Company force of 30 European officers and 513 African soldiers leaves Lokoja for Ogidi via Kabba to strike Bida’s army there. The camp has gone, so the Company declares the north-east Yoruba free of Bida. Kabba gives porters and guides for the march to the Niger.","at":{"name":"Kabba","point":[6.074,7.824]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"January 1897","title":"The Kyadya change sides","text":"Kyadya boatmen under Marike, promised the title of Kuta, ferry the Company across at Kpatagbon and refuse to carry Bida’s retreating army.","mark":"camp","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"January 1897","title":"Bida falls","text":"After two days of fighting the town is taken and Etsu Abubakar is deposed.","at":{"name":"Bida","point":[6.01,9.08]},"mark":"captured","colonial":true,"refs":[]},{"when":"February 1897","title":"Ilorin taken","text":"Ilorin is shelled and occupied.","at":{"name":"Ilorin","point":[4.55,8.5]},"mark":"bombarded","colonial":true,"refs":[]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["nupe","sokoto"],"bounds":[4.55,7.8,6.74,9.13],"refs":[2,3,4,1],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"idrees-1989-bida","citation":"Idrees, Aliyu A. (1989). Collaboration and the British Conquest of Bida in 1897: The Role and Achievement of the Indigenous Interest Groups. African Study Monographs 10(2): 69–82","url":"https://jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/ASM%20%20Vol.10%20No.2%201989/Aliyu%20A.%20IDREES.pdf","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-royal-niger-company","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Royal Niger Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Niger_Company","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-bida-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bida Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bida_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-ilorin","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ilorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilorin","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"benin-partition","name":"Benin’s lands divided","kind":"partition","status":"published","year":1898,"yearLabel":"1897–1915","until":1915,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Kingdom of Benin","polity":"benin","side":"defender","color":"#8e2f3c"}],"summary":{"text":"With the Oba in exile, Britain governed Benin City through a Resident and a native council of chiefs, and the lands that had once answered to Benin were parcelled out among separate British units: Esan and the Asaba hinterland as divisions of their own, the Itsekiri and Urhobo country under Warri, and Akure, Owo and the Ekiti towns with the Yoruba provinces (Ondo Province from 1915). Eweka II was restored in 1914, but the old empire’s lands stayed divided.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[],"moments":[{"when":"1897–1914","title":"A city without its king","text":"A British Resident and a council of chiefs rule from Benin City while the Oba lives in exile at Calabar.","at":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"mark":"captured","colonial":true,"refs":[]}],"area":false,"pieces":[{"name":"Benin Division: under a British Resident","label":[5.577,6.358]},{"name":"Ishan (Esan) Division","label":[6.312,6.791]},{"name":"Asaba Division: Anioma and Agbor","label":[6.4845,6.134]},{"name":"Warri Province: Itsekiri and Urhobo country","label":[5.5895,5.6175]},{"name":"Ondo Province (1915): Akure, Owo and Ekiti","label":[5.3035,7.257]}],"polities":["benin"],"bounds":[5.1805,5.507,6.667,7.63],"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Unit names follow Southern Nigeria about 1914–1915; the boundaries moved several times after 1897 and are simplified to today’s LGAs.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-benin","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-benin-expedition-1897","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Benin Expedition of 1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-eweka-ii","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Eweka II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eweka_II","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["The names and dates of the Esan, Asaba, Warri and Ondo units are from general knowledge of the colonial administration and need a cited source, for example P. A. Igbafe, Benin under British Administration (1979)."]},{"id":"borgu-partition","name":"Borgu divided","kind":"partition","status":"published","year":1898,"yearLabel":"1894–1898","until":1920,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"French forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Borgu kingdoms (Bussa, Nikki, Illo)","polity":"borgu","side":"defender","color":"#6a7f4f"}],"summary":{"text":"Borgu was a family of Wasangari kingdoms, with Bussa honoured as the senior seat and Nikki as the most powerful. In 1894 Britain and France raced to sign treaties with Nikki, and the Anglo-French Convention of 14 June 1898 cut Borgu in two. The eastern kingdoms, Bussa, Kaiama and Illo, went to Britain and became Borgu Province of Northern Nigeria in 1900. Nikki, Kandi, Parakou and the western kingdoms were joined to French Dahomey, now the Republic of Benin. In 1968 the waters of Kainji Lake covered old Bussa itself, and its people were moved to New Bussa.","refs":[1,2,4,3],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[],"moments":[{"when":"1894","title":"The race for Nikki","text":"Frederick Lugard, for the Royal Niger Company, hurries to Nikki to sign a treaty before the French can. A French mission follows, and both sides claim Borgu.","at":{"name":"Nikki","point":[3.21,9.94]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,2]},{"when":"14 June 1898","title":"The line is drawn","text":"The Anglo-French Convention fixes the frontier from the coast north to the Niger, through the middle of Borgu. Nikki’s king goes to France and Bussa’s to Britain.","mark":"treaty","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[3,1]},{"when":"1915","title":"Bussa rises","text":"Bussa rises against the British system of indirect rule.","at":{"name":"Bussa (old town)","point":[4.5,10.2]},"mark":"battle","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[4]},{"when":"1954","title":"One emirate of Borgu","text":"Kaiama and Bussa are joined, and the emir of Bussa becomes the first emir of Borgu.","at":{"name":"Kaiama","point":[3.94,9.6]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[2,5]},{"when":"1968","title":"Bussa under the lake","text":"Kainji Lake floods old Bussa, the spiritual seat of Borgu, and other towns along the Niger. The emir’s seat moves to New Bussa.","at":{"name":"New Bussa","point":[4.513,9.883]},"mark":"flight","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[4,2]}],"area":false,"pieces":[{"name":"Borgu Province, Northern Nigeria: Bussa and Kaiama","note":"Borgu Province from 1900; part of Kontagora Province from 1907 and Ilorin Province from 1923. Today Borgu and Agwara (Niger State) and Baruten and Kaiama (Kwara State).","label":[4.161,10.29]},{"name":"Illo, moved to Sokoto Province (1905)","note":"Illo lies on the Niger in today’s Bagudo LGA, Kebbi State.","label":[3.9125,11.2895]},{"name":"French Dahomey: Nikki, Kandi, Parakou and Kouandé","note":"Today the Borgou and Alibori departments of the Republic of Benin.","label":[2.8428571428571425,10.385714285714286]}],"polities":["borgu"],"bounds":[1.4,8.9,4.513,12],"refs":[1,2,4,5,3,6],"confidence":"high","note":"The Dahomey piece reuses the rough ring of the Borgu polity, clipped at the border. The pieces show where the kingdoms went, simplified to today’s LGAs.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-borgu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Borgu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgu","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"britannica-borgu","citation":"Borgu (emirate, Nigeria). Encyclopaedia Britannica","url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Borgu-emirate-Nigeria","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-benin-nigeria-border","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Benin–Nigeria border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93Nigeria_border","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-bussa-nigeria","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bussa, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bussa,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-borgu-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Borgu Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgu_Emirate","checked":false},{"n":6,"id":"stewart-1993","citation":"Stewart, Marjorie Helen. (1993). Borgu and Its Kingdoms: A Reconstruction of a Western Sudanese Polity. Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"ekumeku","name":"The Ekumeku resistance","kind":"colonial","status":"published","year":1898,"yearLabel":"1883–1914","until":1914,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Ekumeku of the Anioma (Enuani and Ukwuani) Igbo towns (Dunkwu Isusu, Nwabuzo Iyogolo, Idabor, Agbambu Oshue, Idegwu Otokpoike and others)","side":"resister","color":"#7a3b2a"},{"name":"Ika towns (Agbor, Owa)","side":"resister","color":"#a0522d"},{"name":"Igala of Ebu","polity":"igala","side":"resister","color":"#c9822a"},{"name":"Olukumi towns (Ukwu Nzu, Ugbodu)","side":"resister","color":"#6b4f8a"}],"summary":{"text":"Ekumeku (‘the silent ones’) was a secret society sworn to resist the Royal Niger Company, then British rule and the missions, in the land west of the lower Niger. It was a joint effort of the peoples there, the fused peoples of Anioma: towns of Igbo, Benin, Igala and Olukumi (Yoruba) descent fought side by side. The Anioma Igbo towns of the Enuani and Ukwuani country joined, among them Ibusa, Okpanam, Ogwashi-Uku, Issele-Uku, Onicha-Olona, Ubulu-Uku, Ezi, Kwale, Obiaruku and Aboh. So did the Ika towns of Agbor and Owa (Agbor traces its kings to Benin), Ebu, the Igala-speaking kingdom on the Niger founded from Idah, and the Yoruba-speaking Olukumi, whose town of Ukwu Nzu became a centre of the resistance. Its fighters struck at night and melted back into the towns. The British fought it in waves. In 1898 the Company sent Major Festing against Ibusa. Ubulu-Uku fell after a three-day siege in 1902. In February 1904 Owa had to defend itself against a British column. In 1909 the Ekumeku twice drove British troops out of Ogwashi-Uku. Its leaders included Dunkwu Isusu of Onicha-Olona, Nwabuzo Iyogolo of Ogwashi-Uku, Idabor of Issele-Uku, Agbambu Oshue of Ibusa, Idegwu Otokpoike of Ubulu-Uku and Abuzu of Idumuje-Unor. The movement was largely broken by 1911, though fighting went on until 1914. Chinua Achebe called it western Igboland’s earliest and fiercest clash with the British.","refs":[7,5,8,1,2,4,3,6,9,10],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.73,6.2],[6.728,6.199],[6.725,6.197],[6.723,6.196],[6.72,6.195],[6.718,6.194],[6.716,6.193],[6.713,6.191],[6.711,6.19],[6.708,6.189],[6.706,6.188],[6.703,6.187],[6.701,6.187],[6.698,6.186],[6.696,6.185],[6.693,6.184],[6.691,6.183],[6.688,6.183],[6.686,6.182],[6.683,6.181],[6.681,6.181],[6.678,6.18],[6.676,6.18],[6.673,6.179],[6.67,6.179],[6.668,6.179],[6.665,6.178],[6.663,6.178],[6.66,6.178],[6.657,6.178],[6.655,6.177],[6.652,6.177],[6.65,6.177],[6.647,6.177],[6.644,6.177],[6.642,6.177],[6.639,6.177],[6.636,6.177],[6.633,6.178],[6.631,6.178],[6.628,6.178]],"label":"Major Festing’s column against Ibusa","by":"British forces","when":"January 1898","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.73,6.2],[6.729,6.2],[6.728,6.2],[6.727,6.2],[6.725,6.2],[6.722,6.2],[6.719,6.2],[6.716,6.2],[6.712,6.2],[6.707,6.2],[6.702,6.2],[6.696,6.2],[6.69,6.2],[6.684,6.2],[6.677,6.2],[6.669,6.2],[6.661,6.2],[6.653,6.2],[6.644,6.2],[6.636,6.201],[6.628,6.201],[6.619,6.202],[6.611,6.202],[6.602,6.203],[6.593,6.204],[6.584,6.205],[6.575,6.206],[6.566,6.208],[6.557,6.209],[6.548,6.211],[6.539,6.212],[6.53,6.214],[6.52,6.216],[6.512,6.218],[6.503,6.219],[6.496,6.221],[6.489,6.222],[6.482,6.224],[6.476,6.225],[6.471,6.226],[6.466,6.227],[6.462,6.228],[6.459,6.228],[6.456,6.229],[6.454,6.229],[6.452,6.23],[6.451,6.23],[6.45,6.23]],"label":"Against Ubulu-Uku","by":"British forces","when":"1902","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.73,6.2],[6.729,6.2],[6.728,6.2],[6.727,6.199],[6.725,6.199],[6.722,6.198],[6.719,6.198],[6.716,6.197],[6.712,6.196],[6.707,6.195],[6.702,6.194],[6.696,6.192],[6.69,6.191],[6.684,6.189],[6.677,6.188],[6.669,6.186],[6.661,6.184],[6.653,6.182],[6.645,6.181],[6.638,6.179],[6.63,6.178],[6.623,6.177],[6.616,6.176],[6.609,6.175],[6.602,6.174],[6.596,6.174],[6.59,6.173],[6.583,6.173],[6.577,6.173],[6.572,6.173],[6.566,6.173],[6.561,6.173],[6.555,6.174],[6.55,6.174],[6.546,6.175],[6.542,6.175],[6.538,6.175],[6.534,6.175],[6.531,6.176],[6.528,6.176],[6.525,6.176],[6.523,6.176],[6.521,6.177],[6.519,6.177],[6.518,6.177],[6.517,6.177],[6.516,6.177],[6.516,6.177]],"label":"On Ogwashi-Uku, twice repulsed","by":"British forces","when":"1909","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"alliance","path":[[6.606,6.479],[6.606,6.478],[6.606,6.477],[6.606,6.475],[6.606,6.473],[6.606,6.47],[6.606,6.466],[6.605,6.462],[6.605,6.458],[6.605,6.452],[6.605,6.447],[6.605,6.44],[6.604,6.433],[6.604,6.426],[6.604,6.418],[6.603,6.409],[6.603,6.4],[6.602,6.391],[6.602,6.383],[6.601,6.376],[6.6,6.37],[6.599,6.365],[6.598,6.36],[6.597,6.356],[6.596,6.353],[6.594,6.351],[6.593,6.349],[6.591,6.348],[6.589,6.348],[6.588,6.349],[6.586,6.35],[6.584,6.353],[6.581,6.355],[6.579,6.358],[6.577,6.361],[6.576,6.363],[6.574,6.366],[6.573,6.368],[6.571,6.37],[6.57,6.371],[6.569,6.373],[6.568,6.374],[6.567,6.375],[6.566,6.376],[6.566,6.377],[6.565,6.377],[6.565,6.378],[6.565,6.378]],"label":"Ebu’s Igala join their Anioma neighbours","by":"Igala of Ebu","confidence":"medium","refs":[2,3],"color":"#c9822a"},{"kind":"alliance","path":[[6.198,6.188],[6.199,6.188],[6.2,6.188],[6.202,6.188],[6.204,6.188],[6.207,6.188],[6.21,6.187],[6.215,6.187],[6.219,6.187],[6.225,6.187],[6.231,6.186],[6.237,6.186],[6.244,6.186],[6.252,6.185],[6.26,6.185],[6.269,6.184],[6.279,6.184],[6.288,6.183],[6.298,6.183],[6.308,6.182],[6.317,6.182],[6.327,6.182],[6.337,6.181],[6.347,6.181],[6.357,6.18],[6.367,6.18],[6.377,6.18],[6.387,6.18],[6.397,6.179],[6.407,6.179],[6.417,6.179],[6.428,6.179],[6.438,6.178],[6.448,6.178],[6.457,6.178],[6.465,6.178],[6.473,6.178],[6.48,6.178],[6.487,6.178],[6.493,6.177],[6.498,6.177],[6.502,6.177],[6.506,6.177],[6.51,6.177],[6.512,6.177],[6.514,6.177],[6.515,6.177],[6.516,6.177]],"label":"The Ika towns of Agbor and Owa rise with them","by":"Ika towns (Agbor, Owa)","confidence":"medium","refs":[2,4],"color":"#a0522d"}],"moments":[{"when":"January 1898","title":"Ibusa attacked","text":"A Royal Niger Company constabulary of 202 African soldiers, 134 carriers and 8 European officers under Major Arthur Festing attacks Ibusa.","at":{"name":"Ibusa","point":[6.628,6.178]},"mark":"battle","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1,5]},{"when":"1902","title":"The siege of Ubulu-Uku","text":"Ubulu-Uku falls after a three-day siege. Its war leader Idegwu Otokpoike is among the Ekumeku chiefs.","at":{"name":"Ubulu-Uku (approximate)","point":[6.45,6.23]},"mark":"captured","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"when":"11 February 1904","title":"Owa stands","text":"Owa, the Ika kingdom near Agbor, defends itself against a British column as the rising spreads east of Agbor.","at":{"name":"Owa","point":[6.198,6.188]},"mark":"battle","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[2,4]},{"when":"1904","title":"A new wave","text":"The Ekumeku rise again against the government and the missions across the Asaba hinterland.","at":{"name":"Onicha-Olona","point":[6.565,6.378]},"mark":"battle","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"when":"1909","title":"Ogwashi-Uku holds","text":"Mobilised at Ogwashi-Uku under Nwabuzo Iyogolo, the Ekumeku twice drive back British forces before the movement is broken in 1911.","at":{"name":"Ogwashi-Uku","point":[6.516,6.177]},"mark":"battle","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1,5]},{"when":"1883–1914","title":"Ebu in the Ekumeku","text":"Ebu, the Igala-speaking kingdom on the west bank of the Niger, is among the towns that fought in the Ekumeku war, beside its Anioma Igbo and Ika neighbours.","at":{"name":"Ebu","point":[6.6061,6.4786]},"mark":"battle","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[2,3]},{"when":"1883–1914","title":"Ukwu Nzu, an Olukumi stronghold","text":"Ukwu Nzu (Eko Efun), the largest of the Olukumi towns, whose founders came from the Yoruba country of Owo and Akure, became a centre of the Ekumeku resistance.","at":{"name":"Ukwu Nzu","point":[6.4774,6.3874]},"mark":"battle","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[6]}],"area":true,"pieces":[],"polities":["igala"],"bounds":[6.1385,5.6975,6.73,6.4786],"refs":[7,5,8,1,2,4,3],"confidence":"medium","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"neusroom-ekumeku","citation":"This is the story of the Ekumeku Movement. Neusroom","url":"https://neusroom.com/this-is-the-story-of-the-ekumeku-movement-described-by-chinua-achebe-as-western-igbolands-earliest-and-fiercest-military-clash/","checked":false},{"n":2,"id":"vanguard-ekumeku-2019","citation":"Tony Eluemunor. (2019). Ekumeku war: Why Britain balkanised Anioma land. Vanguard","url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/ekumeku-war-why-britain-balkanised-anioma-land/","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-ekumeku","citation":"Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: the Ekumeku was a joint effort of the Igala (Ebu), the Igbo, the Ika and others","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-ika-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ika people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika_people","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"igbafe-1971","citation":"Philip A. Igbafe. (1971). Western Ibo Society and its Resistance to British Rule: The Ekumeku Movement 1898–1911. The Journal of African History 12 (3)","checked":false},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-olukumi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Olukumi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olukumi_people","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-ekumeku","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ekumeku Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekumeku_Movement","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"ohadike-1991","citation":"Don C. Ohadike. (1991). The Ekumeku Movement: Western Igbo Resistance to the British Conquest of Nigeria, 1883–1914. Ohio University Press","checked":false},{"n":9,"id":"esogbue-2018-anioma-origins","citation":"Emeka Esogbue. (2018). Anioma Evolved from Different Histories of Origin (interview)","url":"http://emekaesogbue.blogspot.com/2018/01/anioma-evolved-from-different-histories.html","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"owner-2026-10-08-anioma","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: the Anioma are a fusion of Igala, Igbo, Benin and Olukumi peoples, and together they fought the Ekumeku war; Illah was not founded by the Igala alone","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Details of the campaigns come from a news feature that summarises Igbafe (1971) and Ohadike (1991). They should be checked against Ohadike’s book.","Ubulu-Uku is placed approximately.","Ebu’s part rests on Eluemunor (Vanguard, 2019) and the owner. A claim that Captain Burdon attacked Ebu in 1898 was seen only in a search summary and is not used."]},{"id":"anglo-idoma-wars","name":"The Anglo-Idoma wars","kind":"colonial","status":"published","year":1899,"yearLabel":"1899–1929","until":1929,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Idoma clans","side":"resister","color":"#6a5a3a"}],"summary":{"text":"Idoma historians call the long British conquest of their land the Anglo-Idoma wars. It began in 1899, when Major Maclintock's force burned Odugbeho in Agatu, and went on clan by clan: a tax revolt at Otukpa led by Iyalla Atungwu in 1904, the killing of British agents at Aku in 1906, the destruction of 23 Adoka villages in 1907 after Hausa traders were killed, Trenchard's expedition to Oglewu and Otukpa in 1908, Amanyi's rebellion at Ugboju in 1910–1912, reprisals at Onyagede in 1912 and Ombi in 1914. Igede was only brought under control in 1922, and Ogbuloko led a last Igede rising from 1926 to 1929.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[],"moments":[{"when":"1899","title":"Odugbeho burned","text":"Major Maclintock's forces burn Odugbeho in Agatu.","at":{"name":"Odugbeho","point":[8.034,7.801]},"mark":"burned","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1904","title":"The Otukpa tax revolt","text":"Adoga fighters under Iyalla Atungwu clash with British forces.","at":{"name":"Otukpa","point":[7.67,6.879]},"mark":"battle","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1907","title":"Adoka's villages destroyed","text":"After seven Hausa traders are killed, the British destroy 23 villages.","at":{"name":"Adoka (approximate)","point":[8.03,7.37]},"mark":"burned","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1908","title":"Trenchard at Oglewu","text":"Trenchard's Niger–Cross River expedition reaches Oglewu and annexes Otukpa.","at":{"name":"Oglewu (approximate)","point":[7.88,7.6]},"mark":"camp","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"when":"1910–1912","title":"Amanyi's rebellion","text":"Chief Amanyi leads Ugboju against the British; he is captured and deported to Keffi.","at":{"name":"Ugboju","point":[8.053,7.352]},"mark":"battle","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1914","title":"Ombi","text":"After an attack on the Hausa traders' quarter, a bloody reprisal.","at":{"name":"Ombi","point":[7.892,7.374]},"mark":"massacre","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1]},{"when":"1922–1929","title":"Igede","text":"Igede is brought under control in 1922; Ogbuloko Inawo's rising lasts from 1926 to 1929.","at":{"name":"Igede (Oju)","point":[8.42,6.85]},"mark":"battle","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,2]}],"area":true,"pieces":[],"polities":[],"bounds":[7.67,6.8105,8.42,7.8875],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","note":"Adoka, Oglewu and Onyagede are placed approximately.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"itodo-2021-idoma-timeline","citation":"Sunny Green Itodo (Idoma Voice). (2021). Timeline of important dates and events in Idoma colonial history","url":"https://idomavoice.com/timeline-of-important-dates-and-events-in-idoma-colonial-history/","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"okopi-idoma-timeline","citation":"Okopi, Jonathan. Timeline of Idoma History (from pre-history to 1960). Opinion Nigeria","url":"https://www.opinionnigeria.com/timeline-of-idoma-history-from-pre-history-to-1960-by-okopi-jonathan/","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"igala-partition","name":"The Igala kingdom divided","kind":"partition","status":"published","year":1900,"yearLabel":"1900–1918","until":1918,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Igala Kingdom","polity":"igala","side":"defender","color":"#c9822a"}],"summary":{"text":"When Britain took over from the Royal Niger Company in 1900, it cut the Igala kingdom in two along the line between its new protectorates: Idah and the southern districts, shelled from the river in 1896, went to Southern Nigeria’s Onitsha Province; the north went to Northern Nigeria, where the district chiefs were cut off from their king. The north was then taken by force, Dekina in 1903 and Ankpa in 1906, and shared out again by the Attah’s account: Dekina with Nassarawa, and Ankpa, the British base for the patrols into Idoma land, with Munshi Province. The vassal lands were scattered further: the northern Igbo towns to the Nsukka Division, western Idoma to Munshi Province, and Lokoja, the first capital of Northern Nigeria, to Kabba Province. At the Attah’s request the districts were rejoined under Northern Nigeria in 1918.","refs":[1,2,7,3,5,4],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[],"moments":[{"when":"1 January 1900","title":"Northern Nigeria proclaimed at Lokoja","text":"The Protectorate of Northern Nigeria is proclaimed at Lokoja, on land the Attah had ceded in 1841.","at":{"name":"Lokoja","point":[6.74,7.8]},"mark":"founded","colonial":true,"refs":[]},{"when":"1900","title":"A king without his chiefs","text":"Clifford, Resident in the 1930s, wrote that the district chiefs were “effectually cut off from contact with their suzerain, whilst he himself was given no part in the administration of the moiety which had been left to him.”","at":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.737,7.117]},"mark":"captured","colonial":true,"refs":[1,2]},{"when":"1906","title":"Ankpa joined to Munshi Province","text":"Ankpa, conquered in 1906 and made the British base for the patrols into Idoma land, is put with Munshi Province rather than with the rest of Igala land.","at":{"name":"Ankpa","point":[7.62,7.37]},"mark":"garrison","colonial":true,"confidence":"disputed","refs":[3,4,5,6]},{"when":"1918","title":"Rejoined","text":"The Attah and the Igala-Mela ask to be joined to their kin in the north. Under Lieutenant Governor Richard Palmer the halves are reunited, but the Attah never regains his old powers.","mark":"treaty","colonial":true,"refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[{"name":"Onitsha Province, Southern Nigeria","note":"Idah with the Ibaji, Adoru and Ojoko districts and part of Omala, in Clifford’s account.","label":[6.735,7.0665]},{"name":"Bassa Province, later Nassarawa: the Dekina districts","note":"The northern districts around Dekina, in Bassa Province from 1900 and with Nassarawa by the Attah’s account.","label":[7.2355,7.582]},{"name":"Munshi Province: Ankpa District","note":"Ankpa, taken in 1906 and made the base for the patrols into Idoma land, was put with Munshi Province, the Idoma and Tiv country, by the Attah’s account.","label":[7.6125,7.4615]},{"name":"Nsukka Division: the northern Igbo vassals","label":[7.3785,6.8285]},{"name":"Munshi Province: western Idoma","label":[7.862,7.028]},{"name":"Kabba Province: Lokoja and Koton Karfe","label":[6.5985,8.043]}],"polities":["igala"],"bounds":[6.5985,6.6865,7.9905,8.145],"refs":[1,2,7,8,3,5,6],"confidence":"medium","note":"The two halves follow Clifford (1936) as quoted by Abdullahi (2016) and the LGA list given by later Igala writers. The vassal pieces show where those lands went, simplified to today’s LGAs; colonial boundaries moved several times.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"abdullahi-2016","citation":"Abdullahi, Musa Yusufu. (2016). Colonial Administration and the Re-organization of Igala Pre-colonial Political System. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 18(3)","url":"https://www.jsd-africa.com/Jsda/Vol18No3-Summer%2016/PDFs/COLONIAL%20ADMINISTRATION%20AND%20THE%20RE.pdf","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"clifford-1936","citation":"Clifford, Miles. (1936). A Nigerian Chiefdom: Some Notes on the Igala Tribe in Southern Nigeria and Their \"Divine King\". Journal of the Royal African Society 35 (cited in Yusufu 2020 for the Jukun tradition of Abutu-Eje)","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"ineke-2025","citation":"Ineke, Ugbede Joseph. (2025). The food economy of colonial Igalaland, 1900–1960. Economic History of Developing Regions 40(2): 126–142 (Igalaland “subdued with the bombardment of Idah in 1896 by the Royal Niger Company and the conquering of Dekina and Ankpa in 1903 and 1906”; read in a search extract)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2025.2504681","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"idoma-resistance-2023","citation":"Resistance and Rebellion to British Colonial Domination in Idoma Land (“Northern and Central Idoma land was subjugated by the British patrols operating from their base at Ankpa”; read in a search extract)","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370780118_RESISTANCE_AND_REBELLION_TO_BRITISH_COLONIAL_DOMINATION_IN_IDOMA_LAND","checked":false},{"n":5,"id":"guardian-igala-monarch","citation":"Monarch laments tragedies in Igala nation (the Attah: Idah District put in Onitsha Province, Ankpa District in Munchi Province, Dekina District in Nasarawa Province, reunited in 1918; read in a search extract). The Guardian (Nigeria)","url":"https://guardian.ng/?p=114026","checked":false},{"n":6,"id":"owner-2026-10-11-ankpa","citation":"Direction from the HistoNaija owner: Igala land was shelled and a garrison mounted at Ankpa, and that is why Igala land was divided","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"kogireports-igalaland","citation":"Igalaland: past, present and future. Kogi Reports","url":"https://kogireports.com/igalaland-past-present-and-future/","checked":false},{"n":8,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-doc1","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Owner's notes on the reach of Igala, Benin, Oyo and Aro, the British conquests, and migrations (hintsPrompts/doc1.md)","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Clifford and Abdullahi put the north in Bassa Province; the Attah, in the Guardian, gives three provinces (Idah to Onitsha, Ankpa to Munchi, Dekina to Nasarawa). Both are shown: Bassa, later Nassarawa, for Dekina, and Munshi for Ankpa (disputed)."]},{"id":"anglo-aro-war","name":"The Anglo-Aro war","kind":"colonial","status":"published","year":1901,"yearLabel":"November 1901 – March 1902","until":1910,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Aro Confederacy","polity":"aro","side":"defender","color":"#b5532f"}],"summary":{"text":"To break the Aro network and its oracle, the Southern Nigeria Protectorate sent 87 officers, 1,550 soldiers and 2,100 carriers under Lieutenant Colonel Montanaro in four columns from Oguta, Akwete, Unwana and Itu. Arochukwu fell on 28 December 1901 after four days of fighting, and the British set out to destroy the Ibini Ukpabi shrine; accounts differ on whether they did, and its site survives as a heritage place. The last great battle was fought near Bende, and Aro leaders, among them Okoro Toti, were tried and hanged. Resistance went on for years in Afikpo and Ezza.","refs":[3,2],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.8,5.71],[6.802,5.709],[6.806,5.708],[6.812,5.705],[6.82,5.702],[6.829,5.698],[6.841,5.693],[6.855,5.687],[6.87,5.68],[6.888,5.673],[6.907,5.665],[6.929,5.656],[6.952,5.646],[6.978,5.635],[7.005,5.624],[7.034,5.612],[7.066,5.598],[7.097,5.586],[7.129,5.573],[7.162,5.561],[7.195,5.55],[7.228,5.539],[7.262,5.528],[7.296,5.518],[7.331,5.508],[7.366,5.498],[7.402,5.489],[7.438,5.48],[7.474,5.471],[7.511,5.463],[7.548,5.456],[7.586,5.448],[7.624,5.442],[7.66,5.435],[7.693,5.429],[7.724,5.424],[7.753,5.418],[7.779,5.414],[7.803,5.409],[7.824,5.405],[7.843,5.402],[7.86,5.399],[7.874,5.396],[7.886,5.394],[7.896,5.393],[7.903,5.391],[7.908,5.39],[7.91,5.39]],"label":"The Oguta column","by":"British forces","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[7.36,4.97],[7.361,4.971],[7.363,4.973],[7.367,4.975],[7.371,4.979],[7.377,4.983],[7.384,4.989],[7.392,4.995],[7.401,5.002],[7.411,5.01],[7.422,5.019],[7.435,5.029],[7.448,5.04],[7.463,5.052],[7.479,5.064],[7.496,5.078],[7.514,5.092],[7.532,5.106],[7.55,5.12],[7.568,5.134],[7.585,5.148],[7.603,5.162],[7.62,5.175],[7.638,5.188],[7.655,5.202],[7.672,5.215],[7.689,5.227],[7.706,5.24],[7.722,5.253],[7.739,5.265],[7.756,5.277],[7.772,5.289],[7.788,5.301],[7.803,5.312],[7.818,5.322],[7.831,5.332],[7.843,5.341],[7.854,5.349],[7.864,5.357],[7.873,5.363],[7.882,5.369],[7.889,5.374],[7.895,5.379],[7.9,5.383],[7.904,5.386],[7.907,5.388],[7.909,5.389],[7.91,5.39]],"label":"The Akwete column","by":"British forces","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[7.95,5.82],[7.95,5.819],[7.95,5.817],[7.95,5.815],[7.95,5.811],[7.95,5.807],[7.95,5.802],[7.95,5.796],[7.95,5.789],[7.95,5.781],[7.95,5.773],[7.95,5.763],[7.95,5.753],[7.95,5.742],[7.95,5.73],[7.95,5.717],[7.95,5.703],[7.95,5.689],[7.95,5.676],[7.949,5.662],[7.948,5.649],[7.948,5.635],[7.947,5.621],[7.946,5.608],[7.944,5.595],[7.943,5.581],[7.941,5.568],[7.94,5.554],[7.938,5.541],[7.936,5.528],[7.934,5.515],[7.931,5.502],[7.929,5.488],[7.926,5.476],[7.924,5.465],[7.922,5.454],[7.92,5.444],[7.919,5.435],[7.917,5.427],[7.916,5.42],[7.914,5.413],[7.913,5.407],[7.912,5.402],[7.912,5.398],[7.911,5.395],[7.91,5.392],[7.91,5.391],[7.91,5.39]],"label":"The Unwana column","by":"British forces","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[7.98,5.2],[7.977,5.204],[7.974,5.208],[7.971,5.213],[7.968,5.217],[7.965,5.221],[7.962,5.226],[7.959,5.23],[7.956,5.234],[7.954,5.239],[7.951,5.243],[7.949,5.248],[7.946,5.252],[7.944,5.257],[7.942,5.261],[7.94,5.266],[7.937,5.271],[7.935,5.275],[7.933,5.28],[7.932,5.285],[7.93,5.289],[7.928,5.294],[7.926,5.299],[7.925,5.304],[7.923,5.309],[7.922,5.314],[7.921,5.318],[7.919,5.323],[7.918,5.328],[7.917,5.333],[7.916,5.338],[7.915,5.343],[7.914,5.348],[7.913,5.354],[7.913,5.359],[7.912,5.364],[7.912,5.369],[7.911,5.374],[7.911,5.379],[7.91,5.385],[7.91,5.39]],"label":"The Itu column","by":"British forces","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"}],"moments":[{"when":"28 December 1901","title":"Arochukwu taken","text":"After four days of fighting the town falls.","at":{"name":"Arochukwu","point":[7.91,5.39]},"mark":"captured","colonial":true,"refs":[]},{"when":"After the capture","title":"The Long Juju destroyed","text":"The British say they blew up the shrine of Ibini Ukpabi, the high court of the east. Accounts differ: one says the stronghold was destroyed, another that the shrine still stands; its site is visited today.","at":{"name":"Arochukwu","point":[7.91,5.39]},"mark":"burned","colonial":true,"confidence":"disputed","refs":[1,2,3]},{"when":"Early 1902","title":"Bende","text":"The last major battle; the war ends three weeks later.","at":{"name":"Bende","point":[7.63,5.56]},"mark":"battle","colonial":true,"refs":[]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["aro"],"bounds":[6.8,4.97,7.98,5.82],"refs":[3,2],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-ibini-ukpabi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ibini Ukpabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibini_Ukpabi","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-aro-confederacy","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Aro Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aro_Confederacy","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-anglo-aro-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Anglo-Aro war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Aro_war","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"kanem-bornu-partition","name":"Borno divided four ways","kind":"partition","status":"published","year":1902,"yearLabel":"1893–1902","until":1961,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"French forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"German forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Rabih az-Zubayr","side":"attacker","color":"#5c4a38"},{"name":"Kanem-Bornu (the al-Kanemi shehus)","polity":"kanem-bornu","side":"defender","color":"#9c5a2c"}],"summary":{"text":"In 1893 the Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr conquered Borno, destroyed the shehus’ capital at Kukawa and ruled from Dikwa. France killed him at Kousséri in 1900, and the three colonial powers then shared out the old empire. The British took most of Borno west of Lake Chad and made Abubakar Garbai its shehu. He ruled from Maiduguri from 1907. Germany kept Dikwa and the land south of the lake as part of Kamerun, where a cousin, Sanda Mandarama, ruled as shehu of ‘German Borno’. France took Kanem, east of the lake, for Chad, and the land north of it for Niger. That is why there are two shehus in Borno State today, of Borno and of Dikwa. Dikwa passed to Britain in 1916 and joined Nigeria after the plebiscite of 1961.","refs":[3,1,2,4],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[],"moments":[{"when":"1893","title":"Rabih takes Borno","text":"Rabih az-Zubayr defeats the shehu’s armies, destroys Kukawa and makes Dikwa his seat.","at":{"name":"Kukawa","point":[13.572,12.925]},"mark":"burned","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,2]},{"when":"14 January 1900","title":"A shehu under French protection","text":"The French recognise Sanda Kura of the al-Kanemi line as shehu at Dikwa, to give a legal cover for their war on Rabih.","at":{"name":"Dikwa","point":[13.92,12.03]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[3,4]},{"when":"22 April 1900","title":"Kousséri","text":"A French army under Lamy and Gentil, with Bagirmi and Bornoan allies, defeats and kills Rabih. Lamy also dies, and Rabih’s head is shown on the walls of Kousséri.","at":{"name":"Kousséri","point":[15.03,12.08]},"mark":"battle","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[4]},{"when":"23 August 1901","title":"Fadlallah falls at Gujba","text":"Rabih’s son Fadlallah, seeking British support, is caught by French forces at Gujba and killed.","at":{"name":"Gujba (approximate)","point":[11.93,11.5]},"mark":"battle","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[3]},{"when":"1902–1907","title":"British Borno and German Borno","text":"British forces occupy Borno in March 1902. Abubakar Garbai leaves Dikwa to be shehu of British Borno, ruling from Maiduguri from 1907. Sanda Mandarama stays at Dikwa as shehu under the Germans.","at":{"name":"Maiduguri","point":[13.16,11.85]},"mark":"founded","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,2]},{"when":"1916–1961","title":"Dikwa comes back","text":"Britain takes Kamerun in the First World War, and Dikwa is governed as part of British Cameroons. In 1961 a plebiscite joins the Northern Cameroons, Dikwa among them, to Nigeria.","at":{"name":"Dikwa","point":[13.92,12.03]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[2]}],"area":false,"pieces":[{"name":"British Borno (Northern Nigeria)","note":"The shehu at Maiduguri. Today the Borno Emirate and Yobe State.","label":[12.043,11.8365]},{"name":"German Borno (Kamerun): Dikwa","note":"The shehu at Dikwa. Today Dikwa, Ngala, Kala-Balge, Bama and Gwoza in Nigeria, and the Far North of Cameroon.","label":[14.0405,11.908]},{"name":"French Chad: Kanem","note":"The old heartland east of Lake Chad.","label":[15.157142857142858,13.771428571428572]},{"name":"French Niger: Mainé-Soroa and N’guigmi","note":"Borno’s lands north and west of the lake.","label":[12.216666666666669,13.783333333333333]}],"polities":["kanem-bornu"],"bounds":[10.038,10.1795,16.4,15.2],"refs":[3,1,2,4],"confidence":"medium","note":"The rings outside Nigeria are rough and clipped at the border. Gwoza was part of the Dikwa Division of the Northern Cameroons; it is included with Dikwa here.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-borno-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Borno Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borno_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-dikwa-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Dikwa Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikwa_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kanem-bornu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kanem–Bornu Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-rabih","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Rabih az-Zubayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabih_az-Zubayr","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Gwoza’s place in German Borno and the Niger and Chad rings need a direct source."]},{"id":"igala-north-conquest","name":"Dekina and Ankpa taken; the base at Ankpa","kind":"colonial","status":"published","year":1903,"yearLabel":"1903–1918","until":1918,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Igala Kingdom","polity":"igala","side":"defender","color":"#c9822a"}],"summary":{"text":"After the shelling of Idah, the British took the northern Igala country by force: Dekina in 1903 and Ankpa in 1906. Ankpa became a British base, and from it patrols went out to subdue northern and central Idoma land. The British set their own men over the conquered districts: Ankpa had three outsiders as district head between 1906 and 1917, Mallam Jibril from Zaria, then the Hausa Sharafu Abu, then Akanya, a Bassa-Nge from Shintaku, before an Igala was restored; and from 1914 to 1918 a soldier of the West African Frontier Force, Ahmodu, was made Onu of Dekina. The Igala resisted these imposed chiefs. The districts were also shared out among separate provinces: Idah with Onitsha in Southern Nigeria, and in the north, by the Attah’s account, Dekina with Nassarawa and Ankpa, the base for the Idoma patrols, with Munshi Province, the Idoma and Tiv country. Not until 1918 were the Igala districts brought back together.","refs":[1,2,4,5,3],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.74,7.8],[6.741,7.8],[6.742,7.799],[6.744,7.799],[6.746,7.798],[6.749,7.797],[6.753,7.796],[6.758,7.795],[6.762,7.793],[6.768,7.791],[6.774,7.789],[6.781,7.787],[6.789,7.785],[6.797,7.782],[6.806,7.779],[6.815,7.777],[6.825,7.773],[6.835,7.77],[6.845,7.767],[6.855,7.764],[6.864,7.761],[6.874,7.757],[6.884,7.754],[6.893,7.75],[6.903,7.747],[6.912,7.743],[6.922,7.74],[6.931,7.736],[6.94,7.733],[6.949,7.729],[6.958,7.725],[6.967,7.721],[6.977,7.718],[6.985,7.714],[6.993,7.711],[7,7.708],[7.007,7.705],[7.013,7.702],[7.019,7.7],[7.024,7.698],[7.028,7.696],[7.032,7.694],[7.036,7.693],[7.038,7.691],[7.041,7.69],[7.042,7.69],[7.043,7.689],[7.044,7.689]],"label":"1903: Dekina taken","by":"British forces","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[7.044,7.689],[7.045,7.688],[7.048,7.687],[7.051,7.685],[7.056,7.682],[7.062,7.678],[7.069,7.673],[7.077,7.668],[7.087,7.662],[7.098,7.656],[7.11,7.648],[7.123,7.64],[7.137,7.631],[7.153,7.622],[7.17,7.611],[7.187,7.6],[7.207,7.589],[7.226,7.577],[7.244,7.566],[7.263,7.555],[7.282,7.544],[7.3,7.533],[7.318,7.523],[7.336,7.512],[7.355,7.502],[7.372,7.493],[7.39,7.483],[7.408,7.474],[7.425,7.465],[7.442,7.456],[7.46,7.447],[7.477,7.439],[7.493,7.431],[7.509,7.423],[7.524,7.416],[7.538,7.41],[7.55,7.404],[7.562,7.398],[7.573,7.393],[7.582,7.388],[7.59,7.384],[7.598,7.381],[7.604,7.378],[7.609,7.375],[7.614,7.373],[7.617,7.372],[7.619,7.371],[7.62,7.37]],"label":"1906: Ankpa taken and made a base","by":"British forces","confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"raid","path":[[7.62,7.37],[7.623,7.363],[7.626,7.357],[7.629,7.35],[7.632,7.343],[7.635,7.336],[7.637,7.33],[7.64,7.323],[7.642,7.316],[7.645,7.309],[7.647,7.302],[7.649,7.296],[7.651,7.289],[7.653,7.282],[7.654,7.275],[7.656,7.268],[7.658,7.261],[7.659,7.254],[7.66,7.247],[7.661,7.24],[7.662,7.233],[7.663,7.226],[7.664,7.219],[7.665,7.212],[7.666,7.205],[7.666,7.198],[7.666,7.191],[7.667,7.184],[7.667,7.177],[7.667,7.17],[7.667,7.162],[7.667,7.155],[7.666,7.148],[7.666,7.141],[7.665,7.134],[7.665,7.126],[7.664,7.119],[7.663,7.112],[7.662,7.105],[7.661,7.097],[7.66,7.09]],"label":"Patrols from Ankpa into Idoma land (Otukpa)","by":"British forces","confidence":"medium","refs":[2],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"raid","path":[[7.62,7.37],[7.631,7.373],[7.642,7.376],[7.653,7.378],[7.664,7.381],[7.675,7.383],[7.686,7.385],[7.697,7.387],[7.708,7.388],[7.718,7.39],[7.729,7.391],[7.74,7.393],[7.751,7.394],[7.762,7.394],[7.773,7.395],[7.784,7.396],[7.795,7.396],[7.806,7.396],[7.816,7.396],[7.827,7.396],[7.838,7.395],[7.849,7.395],[7.86,7.394],[7.87,7.393],[7.881,7.392],[7.892,7.391],[7.903,7.39],[7.914,7.388],[7.924,7.386],[7.935,7.384],[7.946,7.382],[7.957,7.38],[7.967,7.377],[7.978,7.375],[7.989,7.372],[8,7.369],[8.01,7.366],[8.021,7.363],[8.032,7.359],[8.042,7.355],[8.053,7.352]],"label":"Patrols from Ankpa into Idoma land (Ugboju)","by":"British forces","confidence":"medium","refs":[2],"color":"#c8102e"}],"moments":[{"when":"1903","title":"Dekina taken","text":"British forces conquer Dekina, the seat of the northern Igala districts.","at":{"name":"Dekina","point":[7.044,7.689]},"mark":"captured","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"when":"1906","title":"Ankpa taken; a British base","text":"Ankpa is conquered and becomes a British base. From it, patrols subdue northern and central Idoma land.","at":{"name":"Ankpa","point":[7.62,7.37]},"mark":"garrison","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2,3]},{"when":"1906–1917","title":"Outsiders set over Ankpa","text":"The British make Mallam Jibril of Zaria district head of Ankpa (1906), then the Hausa Sharafu Abu (1909), then Akanya, a Bassa-Nge from Shintaku, before restoring an Igala. The Igala resist these imposed chiefs.","at":{"name":"Ankpa","point":[7.62,7.37]},"mark":"garrison","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[4]},{"when":"1914–1918","title":"A soldier as Onu of Dekina","text":"Ahmodu, a Yoruba soldier of the West African Frontier Force, is made Onu of Dekina.","at":{"name":"Dekina","point":[7.044,7.689]},"mark":"garrison","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[4]},{"when":"1918","title":"The districts rejoined","text":"At the Attah’s request the Igala districts are brought back together under Northern Nigeria, and the Attah regains a political role under Lieutenant Governor Palmer.","at":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.737,7.117]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[4,5]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["igala"],"bounds":[6.737,7.09,8.0531,7.8],"refs":[1,2,4,5,3],"confidence":"medium","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"ineke-2025","citation":"Ineke, Ugbede Joseph. (2025). The food economy of colonial Igalaland, 1900–1960. Economic History of Developing Regions 40(2): 126–142 (Igalaland “subdued with the bombardment of Idah in 1896 by the Royal Niger Company and the conquering of Dekina and Ankpa in 1903 and 1906”; read in a search extract)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2025.2504681","checked":false},{"n":2,"id":"idoma-resistance-2023","citation":"Resistance and Rebellion to British Colonial Domination in Idoma Land (“Northern and Central Idoma land was subjugated by the British patrols operating from their base at Ankpa”; read in a search extract)","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370780118_RESISTANCE_AND_REBELLION_TO_BRITISH_COLONIAL_DOMINATION_IN_IDOMA_LAND","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"owner-2026-10-11-ankpa","citation":"Direction from the HistoNaija owner: Igala land was shelled and a garrison mounted at Ankpa, and that is why Igala land was divided","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"abdullahi-2016","citation":"Abdullahi, Musa Yusufu. (2016). Colonial Administration and the Re-organization of Igala Pre-colonial Political System. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 18(3)","url":"https://www.jsd-africa.com/Jsda/Vol18No3-Summer%2016/PDFs/COLONIAL%20ADMINISTRATION%20AND%20THE%20RE.pdf","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"guardian-igala-monarch","citation":"Monarch laments tragedies in Igala nation (the Attah: Idah District put in Onitsha Province, Ankpa District in Munchi Province, Dekina District in Nasarawa Province, reunited in 1918; read in a search extract). The Guardian (Nigeria)","url":"https://guardian.ng/?p=114026","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["The owner (2026-10-11) holds that the shelling and the garrison at Ankpa are why Igala land was divided. The first cut, Idah from the north, came with the protectorate boundary on 1 January 1900, before Ankpa was taken in 1906. The later split of the north fits the owner’s reading: Ankpa, the base for the Idoma patrols, went to Munshi Province, the Idoma country. That link is the compiler’s reading of the sources, not stated in them.","The conquest dates (Dekina 1903, Ankpa 1906) and the 1896 bombardment come from Ineke (2025), and the Ankpa base from a study of Idoma resistance; both were read only in search extracts. The colonial files in Kaduna (NAK) would confirm the troops and dates.","The routes of the British columns are not recorded; they are drawn from Lokoja and between the towns."]},{"id":"sokoto-1903","name":"The conquest of the Sokoto Caliphate","kind":"colonial","status":"published","year":1903,"yearLabel":"February–July 1903","until":1910,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Sokoto Caliphate","polity":"sokoto","side":"defender","color":"#2f6b4f"}],"summary":{"text":"Frederick Lugard’s West African Frontier Force marched north from Zungeru and Zaria, took Kano in February 1903 and defeated the Caliph’s army outside Sokoto in March. Caliph Attahiru I led a hijra of thousands eastward and was killed at Burmi in July; many of his followers went on to the Sudan.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.15,9.8],[6.156,9.805],[6.168,9.815],[6.186,9.83],[6.211,9.85],[6.241,9.874],[6.277,9.904],[6.32,9.939],[6.368,9.979],[6.422,10.023],[6.483,10.073],[6.55,10.127],[6.622,10.187],[6.701,10.251],[6.786,10.321],[6.877,10.395],[6.973,10.475],[7.067,10.553],[7.159,10.629],[7.247,10.705],[7.332,10.779],[7.415,10.852],[7.495,10.923],[7.572,10.993],[7.646,11.062],[7.717,11.129],[7.785,11.195],[7.851,11.26],[7.914,11.324],[7.973,11.386],[8.03,11.446],[8.084,11.506],[8.136,11.564],[8.184,11.619],[8.229,11.669],[8.27,11.717],[8.309,11.76],[8.344,11.8],[8.376,11.837],[8.405,11.869],[8.43,11.898],[8.453,11.924],[8.472,11.946],[8.488,11.964],[8.501,11.978],[8.51,11.989],[8.517,11.996],[8.52,12]],"label":"The Frontier Force marches on Kano","by":"British forces","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[8.52,12],[8.514,12.002],[8.502,12.007],[8.484,12.014],[8.461,12.023],[8.431,12.035],[8.395,12.049],[8.354,12.066],[8.306,12.084],[8.253,12.105],[8.193,12.129],[8.128,12.155],[8.057,12.183],[7.98,12.213],[7.897,12.246],[7.808,12.281],[7.713,12.319],[7.617,12.356],[7.52,12.392],[7.422,12.428],[7.323,12.463],[7.223,12.498],[7.123,12.532],[7.021,12.566],[6.919,12.599],[6.815,12.632],[6.711,12.664],[6.606,12.695],[6.499,12.726],[6.392,12.756],[6.284,12.786],[6.175,12.816],[6.065,12.844],[5.962,12.871],[5.866,12.896],[5.776,12.92],[5.694,12.941],[5.618,12.961],[5.549,12.979],[5.488,12.995],[5.432,13.01],[5.384,13.022],[5.343,13.033],[5.309,13.042],[5.281,13.049],[5.261,13.055],[5.247,13.058],[5.24,13.06]],"label":"Then on to Sokoto","by":"British forces","refs":[],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"retreat","path":[[5.24,13.06],[5.249,13.057],[5.266,13.05],[5.293,13.04],[5.328,13.026],[5.372,13.01],[5.425,12.989],[5.487,12.966],[5.558,12.939],[5.637,12.909],[5.726,12.875],[5.823,12.838],[5.929,12.798],[6.043,12.754],[6.167,12.707],[6.299,12.657],[6.441,12.603],[6.581,12.549],[6.721,12.494],[6.861,12.439],[6.999,12.383],[7.137,12.326],[7.275,12.269],[7.412,12.212],[7.548,12.153],[7.684,12.095],[7.819,12.036],[7.953,11.976],[8.087,11.915],[8.22,11.855],[8.353,11.793],[8.484,11.731],[8.616,11.669],[8.744,11.607],[8.87,11.546],[8.993,11.486],[9.113,11.427],[9.231,11.368],[9.346,11.31],[9.458,11.253],[9.567,11.197],[9.674,11.141],[9.778,11.087],[9.879,11.033],[9.977,10.98],[10.073,10.927],[10.166,10.876],[10.256,10.825],[10.344,10.775],[10.426,10.728],[10.502,10.684],[10.573,10.644],[10.639,10.606],[10.699,10.572],[10.754,10.541],[10.803,10.513],[10.847,10.488],[10.885,10.466],[10.918,10.447],[10.945,10.431],[10.967,10.419],[10.984,10.409],[10.995,10.403],[11,10.4]],"label":"Attahiru I’s hijra to the east","by":"Sokoto Caliphate","refs":[],"color":"#2f6b4f"}],"moments":[{"when":"February 1903","title":"Kano taken","text":"Kano falls after its walls are breached.","at":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"mark":"captured","colonial":true,"refs":[]},{"when":"March 1903","title":"Sokoto","text":"The Caliph’s army is defeated outside the city, which is occupied.","at":{"name":"Sokoto","point":[5.24,13.06]},"mark":"battle","colonial":true,"refs":[]},{"when":"July 1903","title":"Burmi","text":"Attahiru I is killed with many of his followers.","at":{"name":"Burmi (approximate)","point":[11,10.4]},"mark":"massacre","colonial":true,"refs":[]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["sokoto"],"bounds":[5.24,9.8,11,13.06],"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-battle-of-sokoto","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Battle of Sokoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sokoto","checked":false},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-battle-of-burmi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Battle of Burmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Burmi","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"last-1967","citation":"Last, Murray. (1967). The Sokoto Caliphate. Longmans, London","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"hausa-partition","name":"Hausaland divided","kind":"partition","status":"published","year":1904,"yearLabel":"1890–1910","until":1914,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"French forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Sokoto Caliphate","polity":"sokoto","side":"defender","color":"#2f6b4f"}],"summary":{"text":"In 1890 Britain and France split the central Sudan along a line from Say on the Niger to Barruwa on Lake Chad, with Britain claiming “all that fairly belongs to the Kingdom of Sokoto”. Nobody asked the region’s rulers. The French took the northern Hausa lands by force from 1898. The convention of 8 April 1904 then set the frontier that still divides Hausaland, 20 km north of Birnin Konni and 15 km south of Maradi. It was surveyed in 1906 and marked on the ground in 1910. Most of the line followed old divides. The states left on the French side had mostly resisted Sokoto: the Katsina rulers in exile at Maradi, Gobir at Tsibiri, Konni, and the sultanate of Damagaram at Zinder. Their kin in Katsina, Sokoto and Kano stayed British, and today Hausa speakers are the majority on both sides of the border. In the east, German Kamerun took most of the caliphate’s Adamawa lands.","refs":[1,6,2,7,4,5,3],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[],"moments":[{"when":"5 August 1890","title":"The Say–Barruwa line","text":"Britain claims Sokoto’s lands; France takes the land north of a line from Say to Barruwa, which ran further north than today’s border.","at":{"name":"Say","point":[2.36,13.1]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,2]},{"when":"1898","title":"Birnin Konni sacked","text":"The French Voulet–Chanoine mission sacks Birnin Konni on its way east.","at":{"name":"Birnin Konni","point":[5.25,13.79]},"mark":"massacre","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[3]},{"when":"1899","title":"Maradi destroyed","text":"The French arrive at Maradi, seat of the Katsina rulers in exile, and destroy the town in bloody fighting.","at":{"name":"Maradi","point":[7.1,13.5]},"mark":"burned","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[4]},{"when":"30 July 1899","title":"Zinder falls","text":"At Tirmini, 10 km from Zinder, French and Senegalese troops beat the Sultan of Damagaram and take his capital. Damagaram loses its trade partner Kano to the British side.","at":{"name":"Zinder","point":[8.99,13.8]},"mark":"captured","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[5]},{"when":"8 April 1904","title":"The line that holds","text":"A new convention moves the frontier south of the 1890 line, to 20 km north of Konni and 15 km south of Maradi. It is surveyed in 1906 and marked on the ground in 1910.","mark":"treaty","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[6,1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[{"name":"Northern Nigeria: the caliphate’s Hausa emirates","note":"Sokoto, Gwandu, Katsina, Kano, Zaria and their emirates, conquered by Britain in 1903.","label":[7.3935,11.97]},{"name":"French Niger: Konni, Maradi, Tessaoua, Tsibiri and Zinder","note":"The Katsina rulers in exile at Maradi, Gobir at Tsibiri, Konni and Damagaram, now in the Republic of Niger.","label":[7.019999999999999,13.680000000000001]},{"name":"German Kamerun: most of Adamawa","note":"Garoua and Ngaoundéré; Yola stayed British.","label":[13.583333333333334,8.716666666666667]}],"polities":["sokoto"],"bounds":[2.36,6.7,14.7,14.3],"refs":[1,6,2,7,4,5,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"The rings outside Nigeria are rough and clipped at the border. The 1904 figures (20 km north of Konni, 15 km south of Maradi) are from the US State Department’s boundary study as quoted in a search summary.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-niger-nigeria-border","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Niger–Nigeria border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Nigeria_border","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"paideuma-sokoto-powers","citation":"The Sokoto Caliphate and the European Powers, 1890–1907. Paideuma","url":"https://journals.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/paideuma/index.php/paideuma/article/download/1061/1203/1578","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-konni","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Konni (Hausa state)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konni_(Hausa_state)","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-maradi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Maradi, Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maradi,_Niger","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-damagaram","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Sultanate of Damagaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Damagaram","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"ibs-93","citation":"US Department of State, Office of the Geographer. (1969). International Boundary Study No. 93: Niger – Nigeria Boundary","url":"https://library.law.fsu.edu/Digital-Collections/LimitsinSeas/pdf/ibs093.pdf","checked":false},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-sokoto-caliphate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Sokoto Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["IBS No. 93 is a scanned PDF that could not be read directly. Check the 1904 wording against it.","The Adamawa piece is from general knowledge of the Anglo-German boundary (1893, 1913) and the Sokoto Caliphate article. It needs a direct source."]},{"id":"ahiara-1905","name":"Dr Stewart and the Ahiara expedition","kind":"colonial","status":"published","year":1905,"yearLabel":"1905–1906","until":1910,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"The Mbaise and Mbano towns","side":"resister","color":"#5c4a38"}],"summary":{"text":"In 1905 the Bende–Onitsha Hinterland Expedition was pushing British control through the Igbo country between Bende and Owerri. Dr Stewart, a British medical officer, cycled into Mbaise, was seized, and was killed. The people took him for Harold Douglas, the District Commissioner of Owerri, whose brutality they hated. Captain Fox’s columns searched for Ahiara in December 1905, and the punitive Ahiara expedition of 1906 burned towns across Mbaise and Mbano. Villages that took up arms with machetes and charms against Maxim guns suffered heavy losses.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[7.63,5.56],[7.629,5.56],[7.628,5.559],[7.626,5.559],[7.623,5.558],[7.619,5.556],[7.615,5.555],[7.61,5.553],[7.605,5.552],[7.598,5.549],[7.591,5.547],[7.584,5.545],[7.575,5.542],[7.566,5.539],[7.556,5.535],[7.546,5.532],[7.534,5.528],[7.523,5.525],[7.512,5.522],[7.5,5.519],[7.489,5.517],[7.477,5.515],[7.465,5.513],[7.453,5.512],[7.441,5.512],[7.429,5.511],[7.417,5.511],[7.405,5.512],[7.393,5.512],[7.381,5.514],[7.368,5.515],[7.356,5.517],[7.343,5.519],[7.331,5.521],[7.32,5.523],[7.31,5.525],[7.301,5.527],[7.292,5.528],[7.284,5.53],[7.277,5.531],[7.271,5.532],[7.265,5.533],[7.261,5.534],[7.257,5.535],[7.254,5.535],[7.251,5.536],[7.25,5.536],[7.249,5.536]],"label":"The Bende–Onitsha Hinterland Expedition searches for Ahiara","by":"British forces","when":"December 1905","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#c8102e"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[7.03,5.48],[7.031,5.48],[7.032,5.48],[7.034,5.48],[7.037,5.481],[7.04,5.481],[7.044,5.482],[7.049,5.482],[7.054,5.483],[7.06,5.484],[7.067,5.484],[7.074,5.485],[7.082,5.486],[7.09,5.487],[7.1,5.488],[7.11,5.489],[7.12,5.491],[7.131,5.492],[7.141,5.492],[7.152,5.493],[7.162,5.493],[7.172,5.493],[7.182,5.492],[7.193,5.492],[7.203,5.491],[7.212,5.49],[7.222,5.488],[7.232,5.486],[7.242,5.484],[7.251,5.482],[7.261,5.479],[7.27,5.477],[7.28,5.473],[7.288,5.471],[7.297,5.468],[7.304,5.465],[7.311,5.463],[7.318,5.461],[7.324,5.459],[7.329,5.457],[7.334,5.455],[7.338,5.454],[7.341,5.453],[7.344,5.452],[7.346,5.451],[7.348,5.451],[7.349,5.45],[7.35,5.45]],"label":"The punitive expedition through Mbaise","by":"British forces","when":"1906","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#c8102e"}],"moments":[{"when":"November 1905","title":"Dr Stewart killed","text":"Dr Stewart is captured and killed in Mbaise, at Onicha in Ezinihitte by some accounts and at Obizi by others, mistaken for the District Commissioner Harold Douglas.","at":{"name":"Ezinihitte, Mbaise (approximate)","point":[7.35,5.45]},"mark":"massacre","colonial":true,"confidence":"disputed","refs":[1]},{"when":"1906","title":"Ahiara burned","text":"The punitive expedition burns Ahiara and neighbouring towns and forces their submission.","at":{"name":"Ahiara","point":[7.249,5.536]},"mark":"burned","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":[],"bounds":[7.03,5.45,7.63,5.56],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"ozikoro-ahiara","citation":"The Killing of Dr. Stewart and the Brutal Ahiara Expedition of 1905. Ozi Ikòrò","url":"https://ozikoro.com/the-killing-of-dr-stewart-and-the-brutal-ahiara-expedition-of-1905/","checked":false},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-trenchard-nigeria","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Hugh Trenchard in Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Trenchard_in_Nigeria","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["Sources disagree on where Dr Stewart was killed (Onicha Ezinihitte or Obizi) and on the dates. A colonial or academic source is needed."]},{"id":"british-in-tivland","name":"The British enter Tivland","kind":"colonial","status":"published","year":1906,"yearLabel":"1906–1911","until":1912,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Tiv","side":"resister","color":"#5a7a3a"}],"summary":{"text":"British forces entered Tivland from the east in 1906, when tension ran high between the Tiv and other peoples of the Benue valley. Between November 1907 and spring 1908 Lieutenant-Colonel Hugh Trenchard's Southern Nigeria Regiment came into the Tiv country from the south, bringing gifts for clan heads. In 1950 the Tiv said they had defeated this force and then invited the British to negotiate. The southern Tiv date the British “eruption” among them to 1911.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[9.6,6.9],[9.59,6.904],[9.58,6.909],[9.57,6.913],[9.56,6.918],[9.551,6.923],[9.541,6.927],[9.532,6.932],[9.522,6.938],[9.513,6.943],[9.504,6.948],[9.495,6.954],[9.486,6.959],[9.477,6.965],[9.468,6.971],[9.46,6.977],[9.451,6.983],[9.443,6.99],[9.435,6.996],[9.426,7.003],[9.418,7.009],[9.41,7.016],[9.403,7.023],[9.395,7.03],[9.387,7.037],[9.38,7.045],[9.372,7.052],[9.365,7.06],[9.358,7.067],[9.351,7.075],[9.344,7.083],[9.337,7.091],[9.33,7.1],[9.324,7.108],[9.317,7.116],[9.311,7.125],[9.304,7.134],[9.298,7.143],[9.292,7.152],[9.286,7.161],[9.28,7.17]],"label":"Trenchard's column (1907–1908)","by":"British forces","note":"Direction only.","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#c8102e"}],"moments":[{"when":"1906","title":"From the east","text":"British forces enter Tivland.","mark":"camp","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[2]},{"when":"1911","title":"The eruption","text":"The British reach the southern Tiv.","mark":"camp","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[2]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":[],"bounds":[9.28,6.9,9.6,7.17],"refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-hugh-trenchard-in-nigeria","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Hugh Trenchard in Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Trenchard_in_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-tiv-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Tiv people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiv_people","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"satiru-1906","name":"The Satiru rising","kind":"colonial","status":"published","year":1906,"yearLabel":"February–March 1906","until":1912,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Sultan Muhammadu Attahiru II and the Sokoto levies","side":"ally","color":"#5c4a38"},{"name":"The Mahdists of Satiru (Isa, Dan Makafo)","side":"resister","color":"#5c4a38"}],"summary":{"text":"Satiru, a village of poor clerics and their followers near Sokoto, believed the Mahdi’s coming was near. A rising that began in French Niger late in 1905 spread to it, and early in 1906 the preacher Dan Makafo arrived. The villagers hailed their leader Isa as the prophet Jesus, attacked Tsomo when it refused to follow him, and declared jihad on the British. In February they routed a British mounted infantry company sent against them. On 10 March 1906 the West African Frontier Force and the levies of the British-appointed Sultan, Muhammadu Attahiru II, destroyed the village and killed most of its people. ‘No wall or tree left standing,’ the Resident reported, and the Sultan laid a curse on anyone who builds or farms there. The site is still empty.","refs":[1,2,3,4],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[5.24,13.06],[5.242,13.061],[5.247,13.062],[5.253,13.063],[5.262,13.065],[5.273,13.068],[5.286,13.071],[5.301,13.075],[5.319,13.08],[5.338,13.085],[5.36,13.09],[5.384,13.096],[5.411,13.103],[5.439,13.11],[5.47,13.117],[5.503,13.126],[5.538,13.134],[5.573,13.143],[5.608,13.151],[5.644,13.16],[5.68,13.168],[5.717,13.175],[5.753,13.183],[5.79,13.191],[5.828,13.198],[5.865,13.205],[5.903,13.212],[5.941,13.219],[5.98,13.225],[6.018,13.232],[6.057,13.238],[6.097,13.244],[6.136,13.25],[6.173,13.255],[6.208,13.261],[6.24,13.265],[6.27,13.27],[6.297,13.274],[6.322,13.277],[6.344,13.281],[6.364,13.284],[6.381,13.286],[6.396,13.288],[6.408,13.29],[6.418,13.292],[6.426,13.293],[6.431,13.294],[6.433,13.294]],"label":"WAFF troops and Sokoto levies march on Satiru","by":"British forces","when":"10 March 1906","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#c8102e"}],"moments":[{"when":"February 1906","title":"A company routed","text":"After the attack on Tsomo, a British mounted infantry company advances on Satiru and is overwhelmed.","at":{"name":"Satiru","point":[6.433,13.294]},"mark":"battle","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[2,1]},{"when":"10–11 March 1906","title":"Satiru razed","text":"Satiru is destroyed and its people killed. The Sultan forbids anyone ever to build or farm on the site.","at":{"name":"Satiru","point":[6.433,13.294]},"mark":"massacre","colonial":true,"confidence":"high","refs":[1,3]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":[],"bounds":[5.24,13.06,6.433,13.294],"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium","note":"Satiru is drawn at the present village of that name in Isa LGA; the old site lies nearby.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"lovejoy-hogendorn-1990","citation":"Paul E. Lovejoy and J. S. Hogendorn. (1990). Revolutionary Mahdism and Resistance to Colonial Rule in the Sokoto Caliphate, 1905–6. The Journal of African History 31 (2)","url":"https://zenodo.org/records/12574422","checked":false},{"n":2,"id":"smallwars-satiru","citation":"The Satiru Uprising, Nigeria, 1906. Britain’s Small Forgotten Wars","url":"http://www.britainssmallwars.co.uk/the-satiru-uprising-nigeria-1906.html","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"humangle-satiru","citation":"Still, There Is Nothing Where Satiru Was (1906–2026). HumAngle","url":"https://humanglemedia.com/still-there-is-nothing-where-satiru-was-1906-2026/","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-muhammadu-attahiru-ii","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muhammadu Attahiru II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu_Attahiru_II","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The rout of the British company (officers’ names, numbers killed) needs checking in Lovejoy and Hogendorn (1990)."]},{"id":"nri-british-end","name":"The British end Nri’s power","kind":"colonial","status":"published","year":1907,"yearLabel":"1907–1911","until":1936,"actors":[{"name":"British colonial administration","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Christian missions","side":"european","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Eze Nri Òbalíke","polity":"nri","side":"defender","color":"#7a5c99"}],"summary":{"text":"Nri had no army; its power was ritual. Its agents cleansed abominations, crowned titled men and could isolate a town by ritual siege, and towns across Igboland were bound to Nri by codes of taboo. When the British took over the administration of the Igbo in 1907, officials and Christian missionaries saw this ritual system as a barrier to colonial rule and to the gospel, and set out to break it. They forced the Eze Nri, Òbalíke, against an ancient prohibition, to leave Nri and appear at the native court at Awka, threatening mass killing of Igbo people if he refused; he went to save innocent lives. He was made to annul the codes of taboo and abomination that still bound the towns to Nri. In 1911, with the warrant chief system, the British forced the chiefs and town leaders to denounce the Eze Nri, and he renounced the ritual power of the ìkénga. That ended Nri as a political power. Its ritual influence shrank to the nearest relations of the kingship; the title went on as a traditional throne.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"routes":[{"kind":"exile","path":[[6.98,6.15],[6.982,6.152],[6.984,6.154],[6.985,6.156],[6.987,6.158],[6.989,6.16],[6.991,6.162],[6.993,6.164],[6.995,6.166],[6.997,6.168],[6.999,6.169],[7.001,6.171],[7.003,6.173],[7.005,6.175],[7.007,6.176],[7.009,6.178],[7.011,6.18],[7.013,6.181],[7.015,6.183],[7.017,6.184],[7.019,6.185],[7.022,6.187],[7.024,6.188],[7.026,6.19],[7.028,6.191],[7.031,6.192],[7.033,6.193],[7.035,6.195],[7.038,6.196],[7.04,6.197],[7.042,6.198],[7.045,6.199],[7.047,6.2],[7.05,6.201],[7.052,6.202],[7.055,6.203],[7.057,6.204],[7.06,6.205],[7.063,6.205],[7.065,6.206],[7.068,6.207]],"label":"Òbalíke forced out of Nri to the native court at Awka","by":"Eze Nri Òbalíke","when":"c. 1910","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#7a5c99"}],"moments":[{"when":"1907","title":"The British take over","text":"The British extend their administration over the Igbo. Officials and missionaries see Nri’s ritual rule, and its sanctions over towns far from Nri, as the obstacle to their own.","at":{"name":"Agukwu Nri","point":[6.98,6.15]},"mark":"garrison","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"when":"c. 1910","title":"The Eze Nri at Awka","text":"Under threat of mass killing, Òbalíke breaks the ancient rule that kept the Eze Nri at Nri and goes to the native court at Awka. The government anthropologist Northcote Thomas records that when he appeared, the whole assembly rose and prepared to flee: no one there had seen an Eze Nri in person.","at":{"name":"Awka","point":[7.0678,6.2069]},"mark":"captured","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"when":"Before 1911","title":"The taboo codes annulled","text":"Òbalíke is made to annul all the codes of taboo and abomination that still bind the towns to Nri: the ritual threads that held Nri’s reach together.","at":{"name":"Agukwu Nri","point":[6.98,6.15]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1]},{"when":"1911","title":"Denounced under the warrant chiefs","text":"The British bring in warrant chiefs and force the chiefs and leaders of the towns to denounce the Eze Nri. He renounces the ritual power of the ìkénga, and Nri ends as a political power.","at":{"name":"Agukwu Nri","point":[6.98,6.15]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2]},{"when":"1911–1936","title":"A throne, not a power","text":"Nri’s ritual influence shrinks to the nearest relations of the kingship. Òbalíke reigns on until 1936; Jiọfọ II follows from 1937. The Odinani Museum opens at Nri in 1972, and a cultural revival begins in 1974.","at":{"name":"Agukwu Nri","point":[6.98,6.15]},"mark":"shrine","colonial":true,"confidence":"medium","refs":[1,2,3]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":["nri"],"bounds":[6.98,6.15,7.0678,6.2069],"refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-obalike","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Òbalíke (15th recorded Eze Nri, 1889–1936): forced out of Nri to the Awka native court, made to annul the taboo codes, denounced under the warrant chiefs (1911)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92bal%C3%ADke","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-nri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Nri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"onwuejeogwu-1981","citation":"Onwuejeogwu, M. Angulu. (1981). An Igbo Civilization: Nri Kingdom and Hegemony. Ethnographica, London","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["The Kingdom of Nri article speaks of a 1911 expedition by colonial troops that forced the Eze Nri to renounce the ìkénga; the Òbalíke article tells it as pressure from 1907 to 1911 (the forced appearance at Awka, the annulled taboo codes, the denunciation under the warrant chiefs). Both are told; no expedition route is drawn.","The threat of genocide and Northcote Thomas’s account come from the Òbalíke article; Thomas’s own Anthropological Report on the Ibo-speaking Peoples (1913–14) should be checked for the court scene.","Sources number Òbalíke the 14th or 15th Eze Nri."]},{"id":"adubi-war","name":"The Adubi war","kind":"colonial","status":"published","year":1918,"yearLabel":"June–July 1918","until":1925,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"Egba rebels","polity":"egba","side":"resister","color":"#4f8a6b"}],"summary":{"text":"In 1918 Britain brought direct taxes, on top of forced labour and fees, to Egbaland, which had kept its own government until 1914. On 7 June the British arrested 70 Egba chiefs. About 30,000 rebels rose, tore up the railway at Agbesi and derailed a train, burned the station at Wasinmi, and killed a European agent and the Osile of Oke-Ona, David Sokunbi Karunwi II. For three weeks they fought colonial troops, many of them just back from East Africa, at Otite, Tappona, Mokoloki and Lalako. By 10 July the rising was crushed. About 600 people died, Abeokuta’s independence was abolished, and the direct tax was postponed until 1925.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[],"moments":[{"when":"7 June 1918","title":"Seventy chiefs arrested","text":"The British arrest 70 Egba chiefs and order the resisters to lay down their arms and pay the tax.","at":{"name":"Abeokuta","point":[3.35,7.15]},"mark":"captured","colonial":true,"refs":[1]},{"when":"13 June 1918","title":"The railway torn up","text":"Rebels pull up the line at Agbesi and derail a train, demolish Wasinmi station, and kill the Osile and a British agent.","at":{"name":"Wasinmi","point":[3.157,6.899]},"mark":"burned","colonial":true,"refs":[1]},{"when":"June–10 July 1918","title":"Three weeks of fighting","text":"Colonial troops fight the rebels at Otite, Tappona, Mokoloki and Lalako. Leaders are killed or arrested; about 600 die.","at":{"name":"South of Abeokuta (approximate)","point":[3.3,7]},"mark":"battle","colonial":true,"refs":[1]}],"area":true,"pieces":[],"polities":["egba"],"bounds":[3.157,6.899,3.5545,7.2955],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-adubi-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Adubi War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adubi_War","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-abeokuta-womens-revolt","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Abeokuta Women’s Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeokuta_Women%27s_Revolt","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Agbesi, Otite, Tappona, Mokoloki and Lalako are not located; the fighting is drawn approximately south of Abeokuta."]},{"id":"womens-war-1929","name":"The Women’s War (Ogu Umunwanyi)","kind":"colonial","status":"published","year":1929,"yearLabel":"November 1929 – January 1930","until":1935,"actors":[{"name":"British forces","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"},{"name":"The women of Owerri and Calabar provinces (Nwanyeruwa; the Oloko trio Ikonnia, Nwannedia and Nwugo)","side":"resister","color":"#5c4a38"}],"summary":{"text":"Men in the Eastern provinces had paid direct tax since 1928. When a new count of wives, children and livestock began at Oloko in October 1929, the women took it as the start of a tax on them. On 18 November an enumerator for the warrant chief Okugo told Nwanyeruwa to count her goats and people. ‘Was your widowed mother counted?’ she answered, and the two fought. The women sent palm fronds to summon others, and nearly 10,000 came to ‘sit on’ Okugo until he resigned. Led by the Oloko trio, Ikonnia, Nwannedia and Nwugo, the protest spread through Owerri and Calabar provinces among Igbo, Ibibio, Andoni, Ogoni, Efik and Ijaw women. Native courts were burned, prisons opened, and European factories at Aba, Imo River and Mbawsi looted. Colonial troops killed about 55 women before the last patrols withdrew in January 1930. The warrant chief system was abolished, and women were named to the native courts.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"migration","path":[[7.52,5.43],[7.519,5.421],[7.517,5.412],[7.516,5.403],[7.514,5.394],[7.512,5.385],[7.511,5.376],[7.509,5.367],[7.506,5.358],[7.504,5.35],[7.502,5.341],[7.499,5.332],[7.497,5.324],[7.494,5.315],[7.491,5.307],[7.488,5.299],[7.485,5.29],[7.481,5.282],[7.478,5.274],[7.474,5.266],[7.471,5.258],[7.467,5.25],[7.463,5.242],[7.459,5.234],[7.455,5.226],[7.45,5.219],[7.446,5.211],[7.441,5.203],[7.437,5.196],[7.432,5.188],[7.427,5.181],[7.422,5.174],[7.416,5.166],[7.411,5.159],[7.406,5.152],[7.4,5.145],[7.394,5.138],[7.388,5.131],[7.382,5.124],[7.376,5.117],[7.37,5.11]],"label":"The protest spreads to Aba","by":"The women of Owerri and Calabar provinces (Nwanyeruwa; the Oloko trio Ikonnia, Nwannedia and Nwugo)","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#5c4a38"},{"kind":"migration","path":[[7.52,5.43],[7.507,5.427],[7.495,5.425],[7.482,5.423],[7.47,5.421],[7.457,5.419],[7.444,5.418],[7.432,5.416],[7.419,5.415],[7.407,5.414],[7.395,5.413],[7.382,5.412],[7.37,5.412],[7.357,5.412],[7.345,5.412],[7.333,5.412],[7.32,5.412],[7.308,5.413],[7.296,5.414],[7.283,5.415],[7.271,5.416],[7.259,5.417],[7.247,5.419],[7.234,5.42],[7.222,5.422],[7.21,5.425],[7.198,5.427],[7.186,5.429],[7.174,5.432],[7.162,5.435],[7.15,5.438],[7.137,5.441],[7.125,5.445],[7.113,5.449],[7.101,5.453],[7.09,5.457],[7.078,5.461],[7.066,5.465],[7.054,5.47],[7.042,5.475],[7.03,5.48]],"label":"To Owerri","by":"The women of Owerri and Calabar provinces (Nwanyeruwa; the Oloko trio Ikonnia, Nwannedia and Nwugo)","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#5c4a38"},{"kind":"migration","path":[[7.52,5.43],[7.521,5.428],[7.522,5.425],[7.524,5.42],[7.527,5.413],[7.531,5.405],[7.535,5.395],[7.54,5.383],[7.545,5.37],[7.552,5.354],[7.559,5.338],[7.566,5.319],[7.575,5.299],[7.584,5.277],[7.594,5.254],[7.604,5.228],[7.616,5.202],[7.627,5.176],[7.637,5.152],[7.647,5.129],[7.657,5.107],[7.667,5.087],[7.676,5.067],[7.685,5.05],[7.693,5.033],[7.701,5.018],[7.709,5.004],[7.716,4.991],[7.723,4.98],[7.73,4.969],[7.736,4.961],[7.742,4.953],[7.748,4.947],[7.753,4.941],[7.758,4.936],[7.763,4.93],[7.767,4.926],[7.771,4.921],[7.774,4.918],[7.777,4.914],[7.78,4.911],[7.783,4.908],[7.785,4.906],[7.786,4.904],[7.788,4.902],[7.789,4.901],[7.79,4.9],[7.79,4.9]],"label":"South to the Calabar Province towns","by":"The women of Owerri and Calabar provinces (Nwanyeruwa; the Oloko trio Ikonnia, Nwannedia and Nwugo)","confidence":"medium","refs":[1],"color":"#5c4a38"}],"moments":[{"when":"18 November 1929","title":"Nwanyeruwa and the census","text":"Mark Emereuwa, counting for the warrant chief Okugo, grabs Nwanyeruwa by the throat. The women of Oloko gather, summon others with palm fronds, and sit at Okugo’s compound until he resigns.","at":{"name":"Oloko (approximate)","point":[7.52,5.43]},"mark":"camp","colonial":true,"refs":[1]},{"when":"December 1929","title":"Aba","text":"Native courts are attacked and burned and European factories looted at Aba, Imo River and Mbawsi. Women free prisoners from the jails.","at":{"name":"Aba","point":[7.37,5.11]},"mark":"burned","colonial":true,"refs":[1]},{"when":"December 1929 – January 1930","title":"Troops fire","text":"Colonial troops put down the protests, killing about 55 women. The last soldiers leave Owerri on 27 December, and the last patrol leaves Abak Division on 9 January 1930.","at":{"name":"Abak","point":[7.79,4.98]},"mark":"massacre","colonial":true,"refs":[1]}],"area":true,"pieces":[],"polities":[],"bounds":[6.9675,4.8885,7.79,5.724],"refs":[1],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-womens-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Women’s War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_War","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Oloko (Ikwuano LGA) is placed approximately; GRID3 has no settlement of that name in Abia."]},{"id":"abeokuta-womens-revolt","name":"The Abeokuta women’s revolt","kind":"colonial","status":"published","year":1946,"yearLabel":"1946–1949","until":1952,"actors":[{"name":"Abeokuta Women’s Union (Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, Grace Eniola Soyinka)","side":"resister","color":"#5c4a38"},{"name":"Alake Ademola II and the colonial administration","side":"colonial","color":"#c8102e"}],"summary":{"text":"Egba market women had paid a flat tax of their own since 1918, without any seat on the all-male council that set it. In the 1940s the headteacher Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti and her niece-in-law Grace Eniola Soyinka organised them as the Abeokuta Women’s Union. They petitioned the Alake from 1946. When he raised the women’s tax with the British Resident’s support, about a thousand women marched on the palace in October 1946 and were met with tear gas and beatings. Over ten thousand camped outside it for two days in 1947, and protests went on until the arrested women were freed. On 3 January 1949 the Alake, Ademola II, abdicated, the tax on women was ended, and four women took seats on the new council.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[],"moments":[{"when":"October 1946","title":"The march on the palace","text":"Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti leads nearly a thousand women to the Alake’s palace against the tax increase. They are tear-gassed and beaten.","at":{"name":"Ake, Abeokuta","point":[3.35,7.16]},"mark":"camp","colonial":true,"refs":[1]},{"when":"1947","title":"Ten thousand at the palace","text":"After publishing their grievances, more than ten thousand women hold the palace grounds for two days, and stay until the women arrested are released.","at":{"name":"Ake, Abeokuta","point":[3.35,7.16]},"mark":"camp","colonial":true,"refs":[1]},{"when":"3 January 1949","title":"The Alake abdicates","text":"Ademola II leaves the throne, the council is reformed, and four women take seats in it. He later returns, but the tax on women is not restored.","at":{"name":"Ake, Abeokuta","point":[3.35,7.16]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":true,"refs":[1]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":[],"bounds":[3.35,7.16,3.35,7.16],"refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-abeokuta-womens-revolt","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Abeokuta Women’s Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeokuta_Women%27s_Revolt","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-funmilayo-ransome-kuti","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funmilayo_Ransome-Kuti","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"crisis-1966","name":"1966: the coups, the massacres and the flight east","kind":"migration","status":"published","year":1966,"yearLabel":"January 1966 – May 1967","until":1967,"actors":[{"name":"The January majors (Nzeogwu, Ifeajuna)","side":"attacker","color":"#5c4a38"},{"name":"Northern officers of the July counter-coup","side":"attacker","color":"#2e6b3f"},{"name":"Igbo and other Easterners in the North","side":"migrant","color":"#7a5a8a"}],"summary":{"text":"On 15 January 1966 young army majors led by Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu and Emmanuel Ifeajuna killed the Prime Minister, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, the Northern Premier, Ahmadu Bello, the Western Premier, Ladoke Akintola, and senior officers. Major-General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi crushed the coup and took power. Most of the plotters, and Ironsi himself, were Igbo, and the North saw an ‘Igbo coup’. On 29 July Northern soldiers mutinied at Abeokuta and killed Ironsi and his host, Colonel Adekunle Fajuyi, at Ibadan. Yakubu Gowon took command. From May to October, massacres in the Northern cities, worst on 29 September (‘Black Thursday’), killed between 8,000 and 30,000 Igbo and other Easterners. More than a million fled home to the East. Talks at Aburi in Ghana in January 1967 broke down. On 27 May 1967 Gowon split the Eastern Region into three states, and on 30 May the Eastern governor, Odumegwu Ojukwu, declared the Republic of Biafra.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"retreat","path":[[8.52,12],[8.517,11.99],[8.51,11.971],[8.501,11.941],[8.488,11.902],[8.472,11.854],[8.453,11.795],[8.43,11.727],[8.405,11.648],[8.376,11.561],[8.344,11.463],[8.309,11.355],[8.27,11.238],[8.229,11.111],[8.184,10.975],[8.136,10.828],[8.084,10.672],[8.036,10.513],[7.989,10.353],[7.945,10.19],[7.903,10.025],[7.864,9.858],[7.827,9.689],[7.792,9.518],[7.76,9.345],[7.73,9.169],[7.703,8.991],[7.678,8.811],[7.655,8.629],[7.635,8.445],[7.617,8.259],[7.602,8.07],[7.588,7.88],[7.576,7.701],[7.565,7.534],[7.554,7.379],[7.544,7.236],[7.535,7.105],[7.527,6.986],[7.52,6.879],[7.513,6.784],[7.507,6.7],[7.502,6.629],[7.498,6.569],[7.495,6.521],[7.492,6.486],[7.491,6.462],[7.49,6.45]],"label":"From Kano and the North, home to the East","by":"Igbo and other Easterners in the North","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#7a5a8a"},{"kind":"retreat","path":[[7.44,10.52],[7.441,10.512],[7.442,10.496],[7.444,10.473],[7.446,10.441],[7.449,10.402],[7.453,10.354],[7.458,10.299],[7.463,10.236],[7.468,10.165],[7.474,10.086],[7.481,9.999],[7.489,9.905],[7.497,9.802],[7.506,9.691],[7.515,9.573],[7.525,9.447],[7.534,9.321],[7.542,9.194],[7.549,9.067],[7.554,8.941],[7.559,8.814],[7.563,8.687],[7.565,8.56],[7.567,8.433],[7.568,8.305],[7.567,8.178],[7.565,8.05],[7.563,7.923],[7.559,7.795],[7.554,7.667],[7.548,7.539],[7.542,7.411],[7.535,7.291],[7.529,7.179],[7.524,7.075],[7.518,6.979],[7.514,6.89],[7.509,6.81],[7.505,6.738],[7.502,6.674],[7.499,6.618],[7.496,6.57],[7.494,6.53],[7.493,6.498],[7.491,6.474],[7.49,6.458],[7.49,6.45]],"label":"From Kaduna and Zaria","by":"Igbo and other Easterners in the North","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#7a5a8a"},{"kind":"retreat","path":[[8.54,7.73],[8.538,7.727],[8.532,7.721],[8.525,7.713],[8.515,7.701],[8.503,7.687],[8.488,7.67],[8.47,7.65],[8.45,7.627],[8.427,7.602],[8.402,7.573],[8.375,7.542],[8.345,7.508],[8.312,7.471],[8.278,7.431],[8.24,7.388],[8.2,7.342],[8.161,7.297],[8.123,7.253],[8.085,7.21],[8.049,7.167],[8.013,7.125],[7.979,7.083],[7.945,7.043],[7.912,7.002],[7.88,6.963],[7.849,6.925],[7.819,6.887],[7.79,6.85],[7.762,6.813],[7.734,6.777],[7.708,6.742],[7.682,6.708],[7.658,6.676],[7.636,6.646],[7.615,6.618],[7.596,6.592],[7.578,6.568],[7.562,6.547],[7.548,6.527],[7.535,6.51],[7.524,6.495],[7.514,6.482],[7.506,6.471],[7.5,6.463],[7.495,6.456],[7.492,6.452],[7.49,6.45]],"label":"From Makurdi","by":"Igbo and other Easterners in the North","confidence":"high","refs":[2],"color":"#7a5a8a"}],"moments":[{"when":"15 January 1966","title":"The coup of the majors","text":"Major Nzeogwu kills Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna, in Kaduna. In Lagos the Prime Minister, Tafawa Balewa, is murdered. Ironsi suppresses the coup in the South and takes power.","at":{"name":"Kaduna","point":[7.44,10.52]},"mark":"massacre","colonial":false,"refs":[2]},{"when":"29 July 1966","title":"The counter-coup","text":"Northern soldiers mutiny at Abeokuta. Ironsi and his host Colonel Fajuyi are killed at Ibadan, and about 240 Southern soldiers are killed in the barracks. Gowon takes command.","at":{"name":"Ibadan","point":[3.9,7.38]},"mark":"massacre","colonial":false,"refs":[2,1]},{"when":"29 September 1966","title":"Black Thursday","text":"The worst day of the massacres of Easterners in the Northern cities, led in many places by soldiers. The Sabon Gari quarters empty as survivors flee east.","at":{"name":"Kano","point":[8.52,12]},"mark":"massacre","colonial":false,"refs":[1,2]},{"when":"January 1967","title":"Aburi","text":"Ojukwu and Gowon meet at Aburi in Ghana and agree on a looser federation, but each side accuses the other of breaking the accord.","at":{"name":"Aburi, Ghana","point":[-0.18,5.85]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":false,"refs":[2]},{"when":"30 May 1967","title":"Biafra declared","text":"Three days after the East is split into three states, Ojukwu declares the Eastern Region the Republic of Biafra.","at":{"name":"Enugu","point":[7.49,6.45]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"refs":[2]}],"area":false,"pieces":[],"polities":[],"bounds":[-0.18,5.85,8.54,12],"refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high","note":"Death tolls are estimates and contested; the range here is the one the cited sources give.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-anti-igbo-pogrom-1966","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. 1966 anti-Igbo pogrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-nigerian-civil-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nigerian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"civil-war","name":"The Nigerian Civil War (Biafra)","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1967,"yearLabel":"6 July 1967 – 15 January 1970","until":1970,"actors":[{"name":"Federal Nigeria (Yakubu Gowon)","side":"attacker","color":"#2e6b3f"},{"name":"Nigerian 1st Division (Mohammed Shuwa)","side":"attacker","color":"#2e6b3f"},{"name":"Nigerian 3rd Marine Commando (Benjamin Adekunle, then Olusegun Obasanjo)","side":"attacker","color":"#2e6b3f"},{"name":"Nigerian 2nd Division (Murtala Muhammed)","side":"attacker","color":"#2e6b3f"},{"name":"Biafra (Odumegwu Ojukwu; Philip Effiong; Alexander Madiebo)","side":"defender","color":"#b8860b"}],"summary":{"text":"Nigeria called it a ‘police action’. On 6 July 1967 the 1st Division under Mohammed Shuwa invaded Biafra from the north, taking Nsukka on 14 July and the capital, Enugu, on 4 October. Ojukwu moved his government to Umuahia. From the sea, Benjamin Adekunle’s 3rd Marine Commando took Bonny in July 1967, Calabar in October and Port Harcourt in May 1968. With the coast lost, Nigeria’s blockade starved Biafra as a deliberate policy, and pictures of starving Biafran children went round the world on television. Night relief flights landed on a road at Uli. Biafra fought on and won at Abagana, where a 106-vehicle convoy of the 2nd Division was destroyed in March 1968, and at Owerri, retaken in April 1969. Britain and the Soviet Union armed Nigeria, while French arms reached Biafra through Gabon. The 3rd Marine Commando, now under Olusegun Obasanjo, cut the enclave in two in December 1969. Operation Tail-Wind took Owerri on 9 January 1970 and Uli on 11 January. Ojukwu flew to Ivory Coast, and Philip Effiong surrendered on 13–15 January. About 100,000 soldiers died, and between 500,000 and 2 million Biafran civilians died of starvation.","refs":[1,5,4,2,3,6],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[7.535,6.921],[7.532,6.918],[7.529,6.916],[7.526,6.913],[7.523,6.911],[7.52,6.908],[7.517,6.906],[7.514,6.903],[7.51,6.901],[7.507,6.899],[7.504,6.897],[7.501,6.895],[7.498,6.892],[7.494,6.89],[7.491,6.888],[7.488,6.887],[7.484,6.885],[7.481,6.883],[7.478,6.881],[7.474,6.88],[7.471,6.878],[7.467,6.876],[7.464,6.875],[7.46,6.873],[7.457,6.872],[7.453,6.871],[7.449,6.869],[7.446,6.868],[7.442,6.867],[7.438,6.866],[7.435,6.865],[7.431,6.864],[7.427,6.863],[7.423,6.862],[7.419,6.861],[7.416,6.86],[7.412,6.859],[7.408,6.859],[7.404,6.858],[7.4,6.858],[7.396,6.857]],"label":"The war opens: the 1st Division takes Nsukka","by":"Nigerian 1st Division (Mohammed Shuwa)","when":"6–14 July 1967","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#2e6b3f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[8.9,6.75],[8.9,6.75],[8.899,6.749],[8.899,6.749],[8.898,6.748],[8.897,6.747],[8.896,6.746],[8.895,6.745],[8.893,6.743],[8.891,6.741],[8.889,6.739],[8.887,6.737],[8.885,6.735],[8.882,6.732],[8.879,6.729],[8.877,6.727],[8.873,6.723],[8.87,6.72],[8.867,6.717],[8.864,6.714],[8.861,6.711],[8.858,6.708],[8.855,6.705],[8.851,6.702],[8.848,6.699],[8.845,6.697],[8.842,6.694],[8.839,6.691],[8.835,6.688],[8.832,6.685],[8.829,6.683],[8.826,6.68],[8.822,6.677],[8.819,6.675],[8.816,6.672],[8.814,6.67],[8.811,6.668],[8.809,6.666],[8.807,6.665],[8.805,6.663],[8.804,6.662],[8.802,6.661],[8.801,6.66],[8.8,6.659],[8.799,6.658],[8.799,6.658],[8.798,6.657],[8.798,6.657]],"label":"Gakem, Obudu and Ogoja taken","by":"Nigerian 1st Division (Mohammed Shuwa)","when":"July 1967","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#2e6b3f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[7.396,6.857],[7.396,6.856],[7.397,6.855],[7.397,6.852],[7.398,6.849],[7.399,6.845],[7.4,6.84],[7.402,6.834],[7.404,6.828],[7.405,6.821],[7.408,6.813],[7.41,6.804],[7.412,6.794],[7.415,6.783],[7.418,6.772],[7.421,6.76],[7.425,6.747],[7.428,6.734],[7.431,6.721],[7.434,6.708],[7.438,6.696],[7.441,6.683],[7.444,6.67],[7.447,6.657],[7.45,6.645],[7.453,6.632],[7.455,6.619],[7.458,6.607],[7.461,6.594],[7.464,6.581],[7.466,6.569],[7.469,6.556],[7.471,6.544],[7.474,6.532],[7.476,6.521],[7.478,6.511],[7.48,6.502],[7.481,6.493],[7.483,6.485],[7.484,6.478],[7.486,6.472],[7.487,6.466],[7.488,6.462],[7.488,6.458],[7.489,6.455],[7.49,6.452],[7.49,6.451],[7.49,6.45]],"label":"Enugu, the Biafran capital, falls","by":"Nigerian 1st Division (Mohammed Shuwa)","when":"4 October 1967","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#2e6b3f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.8,4.2],[6.807,4.209],[6.815,4.217],[6.823,4.225],[6.83,4.234],[6.838,4.242],[6.846,4.25],[6.854,4.257],[6.862,4.265],[6.87,4.272],[6.879,4.28],[6.887,4.287],[6.896,4.294],[6.904,4.301],[6.913,4.307],[6.922,4.314],[6.93,4.32],[6.939,4.327],[6.948,4.333],[6.957,4.339],[6.967,4.345],[6.976,4.35],[6.985,4.356],[6.995,4.361],[7.004,4.366],[7.014,4.371],[7.024,4.376],[7.034,4.381],[7.044,4.386],[7.054,4.39],[7.064,4.395],[7.074,4.399],[7.084,4.403],[7.095,4.407],[7.105,4.411],[7.116,4.414],[7.126,4.418],[7.137,4.421],[7.148,4.424],[7.159,4.427],[7.17,4.43]],"label":"Marines take Bonny and its oil terminal","by":"Nigerian 3rd Marine Commando (Benjamin Adekunle, then Olusegun Obasanjo)","when":"July 1967","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#2e6b3f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[8,4.5],[8.004,4.514],[8.009,4.527],[8.014,4.541],[8.019,4.554],[8.024,4.567],[8.03,4.581],[8.035,4.594],[8.041,4.606],[8.047,4.619],[8.053,4.632],[8.059,4.644],[8.066,4.657],[8.072,4.669],[8.079,4.681],[8.086,4.693],[8.093,4.705],[8.101,4.716],[8.108,4.728],[8.116,4.739],[8.124,4.751],[8.132,4.762],[8.14,4.773],[8.149,4.784],[8.157,4.795],[8.166,4.805],[8.175,4.816],[8.184,4.826],[8.194,4.837],[8.203,4.847],[8.213,4.857],[8.223,4.867],[8.233,4.876],[8.243,4.886],[8.254,4.896],[8.264,4.905],[8.275,4.914],[8.286,4.923],[8.297,4.932],[8.308,4.941],[8.32,4.95]],"label":"Calabar invaded (Operation Tiger Claw)","by":"Nigerian 3rd Marine Commando (Benjamin Adekunle, then Olusegun Obasanjo)","when":"17–20 October 1967","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#2e6b3f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[7.17,4.43],[7.17,4.431],[7.169,4.433],[7.167,4.435],[7.165,4.439],[7.163,4.443],[7.16,4.448],[7.157,4.454],[7.153,4.461],[7.149,4.469],[7.144,4.477],[7.139,4.487],[7.133,4.497],[7.127,4.508],[7.121,4.52],[7.114,4.533],[7.106,4.547],[7.099,4.56],[7.092,4.574],[7.085,4.586],[7.079,4.599],[7.073,4.612],[7.067,4.624],[7.061,4.635],[7.056,4.647],[7.051,4.658],[7.046,4.669],[7.042,4.68],[7.038,4.691],[7.034,4.701],[7.03,4.711],[7.027,4.72],[7.023,4.73],[7.021,4.738],[7.018,4.747],[7.015,4.754],[7.013,4.761],[7.011,4.768],[7.009,4.774],[7.007,4.779],[7.005,4.784],[7.004,4.788],[7.003,4.791],[7.002,4.794],[7.001,4.796],[7.001,4.798],[7,4.799],[7,4.8]],"label":"Port Harcourt captured","by":"Nigerian 3rd Marine Commando (Benjamin Adekunle, then Olusegun Obasanjo)","when":"19 May 1968","confidence":"high","refs":[2,1],"color":"#2e6b3f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[7,4.8],[7.001,4.801],[7.004,4.802],[7.007,4.805],[7.012,4.808],[7.018,4.812],[7.025,4.816],[7.033,4.822],[7.042,4.828],[7.053,4.835],[7.064,4.843],[7.077,4.852],[7.091,4.861],[7.107,4.871],[7.123,4.882],[7.141,4.894],[7.159,4.906],[7.177,4.918],[7.194,4.93],[7.21,4.942],[7.225,4.953],[7.24,4.963],[7.253,4.974],[7.265,4.984],[7.277,4.994],[7.288,5.003],[7.297,5.012],[7.306,5.021],[7.314,5.029],[7.321,5.037],[7.328,5.044],[7.333,5.052],[7.337,5.058],[7.341,5.065],[7.345,5.071],[7.349,5.076],[7.352,5.082],[7.355,5.086],[7.358,5.091],[7.36,5.095],[7.362,5.098],[7.364,5.101],[7.366,5.104],[7.367,5.106],[7.368,5.107],[7.369,5.109],[7.37,5.11],[7.37,5.11]],"label":"Operation OAU: Aba taken","by":"Nigerian 3rd Marine Commando (Benjamin Adekunle, then Olusegun Obasanjo)","when":"September 1968","confidence":"high","refs":[3],"color":"#2e6b3f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[7,4.8],[7,4.802],[7,4.805],[7,4.809],[7,4.816],[7,4.823],[7,4.833],[7,4.844],[7,4.856],[7,4.87],[7,4.886],[7,4.903],[7,4.922],[7,4.942],[7,4.964],[7,4.988],[7,5.013],[7,5.037],[7,5.061],[7.001,5.085],[7.001,5.108],[7.002,5.13],[7.002,5.153],[7.003,5.174],[7.004,5.196],[7.005,5.216],[7.006,5.237],[7.008,5.257],[7.009,5.276],[7.011,5.295],[7.012,5.313],[7.014,5.331],[7.016,5.349],[7.018,5.365],[7.019,5.38],[7.021,5.395],[7.022,5.408],[7.024,5.42],[7.025,5.431],[7.026,5.441],[7.027,5.449],[7.028,5.457],[7.028,5.464],[7.029,5.469],[7.029,5.473],[7.03,5.477],[7.03,5.479],[7.03,5.48]],"label":"Operation OAU: Owerri taken, then besieged","by":"Nigerian 3rd Marine Commando (Benjamin Adekunle, then Olusegun Obasanjo)","when":"16 September 1968","confidence":"high","refs":[3],"color":"#2e6b3f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.737,7.117],[6.738,7.115],[6.739,7.111],[6.741,7.105],[6.743,7.097],[6.747,7.087],[6.75,7.075],[6.755,7.06],[6.76,7.044],[6.766,7.026],[6.772,7.006],[6.779,6.984],[6.787,6.959],[6.795,6.933],[6.804,6.905],[6.813,6.875],[6.824,6.842],[6.833,6.81],[6.841,6.779],[6.848,6.747],[6.853,6.716],[6.858,6.685],[6.862,6.654],[6.864,6.623],[6.865,6.593],[6.866,6.563],[6.865,6.534],[6.863,6.504],[6.86,6.475],[6.855,6.446],[6.85,6.417],[6.844,6.389],[6.836,6.361],[6.829,6.335],[6.823,6.31],[6.817,6.287],[6.811,6.266],[6.806,6.247],[6.801,6.229],[6.797,6.213],[6.793,6.199],[6.79,6.187],[6.787,6.176],[6.785,6.168],[6.783,6.161],[6.781,6.155],[6.78,6.152],[6.78,6.15]],"label":"The 2nd Division crosses the Niger at Idah and takes Onitsha overland","by":"Nigerian 2nd Division (Murtala Muhammed)","when":"December 1967 – March 1968","confidence":"high","refs":[4],"color":"#2e6b3f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.78,6.15],[6.785,6.152],[6.79,6.155],[6.795,6.157],[6.8,6.159],[6.806,6.161],[6.811,6.164],[6.816,6.165],[6.821,6.167],[6.826,6.169],[6.832,6.171],[6.837,6.172],[6.842,6.174],[6.847,6.175],[6.853,6.177],[6.858,6.178],[6.863,6.179],[6.868,6.18],[6.874,6.181],[6.879,6.182],[6.884,6.183],[6.89,6.184],[6.895,6.185],[6.901,6.185],[6.906,6.186],[6.911,6.186],[6.917,6.186],[6.922,6.187],[6.928,6.187],[6.933,6.187],[6.939,6.187],[6.944,6.187],[6.95,6.187],[6.955,6.186],[6.961,6.186],[6.966,6.185],[6.972,6.185],[6.977,6.184],[6.983,6.184],[6.988,6.183],[6.994,6.182]],"label":"The convoy toward Enugu, ambushed at Abagana","by":"Nigerian 2nd Division (Murtala Muhammed)","when":"31 March 1968","confidence":"high","refs":[4],"color":"#2e6b3f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[7,4.8],[7,4.803],[7,4.808],[7.001,4.816],[7.001,4.827],[7.002,4.84],[7.002,4.856],[7.003,4.874],[7.004,4.896],[7.005,4.92],[7.006,4.946],[7.008,4.975],[7.009,5.007],[7.011,5.042],[7.012,5.079],[7.014,5.119],[7.016,5.161],[7.017,5.202],[7.017,5.242],[7.017,5.28],[7.015,5.317],[7.013,5.353],[7.01,5.387],[7.006,5.419],[7.001,5.451],[6.996,5.48],[6.99,5.509],[6.982,5.536],[6.974,5.562],[6.966,5.586],[6.956,5.609],[6.946,5.63],[6.934,5.65],[6.924,5.669],[6.914,5.686],[6.905,5.703],[6.896,5.717],[6.889,5.731],[6.882,5.744],[6.875,5.755],[6.87,5.765],[6.865,5.774],[6.861,5.781],[6.857,5.788],[6.854,5.792],[6.852,5.796],[6.851,5.799],[6.85,5.8]],"label":"Operation Tail-Wind: Owerri and Uli","by":"Nigerian 3rd Marine Commando (Benjamin Adekunle, then Olusegun Obasanjo)","when":"7–12 January 1970","confidence":"high","refs":[5],"color":"#2e6b3f"}],"moments":[{"when":"4 October 1967","title":"Enugu falls","text":"The 1st Division takes the Biafran capital. Ojukwu escapes disguised as a servant and moves the government to Umuahia.","at":{"name":"Enugu","point":[7.49,6.45]},"mark":"captured","colonial":false,"refs":[1]},{"when":"31 March 1968","title":"The Abagana ambush","text":"Major Jonathan Uchendu’s small Biafran unit, with home-made ogbunigwe rockets, destroys a 106-vehicle convoy carrying 6,000 men of the 2nd Division. Murtala Muhammed is among the few survivors.","at":{"name":"Abagana","point":[6.994,6.182]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"refs":[4]},{"when":"19 May 1968","title":"Port Harcourt lost","text":"With Port Harcourt gone, Biafra loses its last seaport and airport and is sealed in. Hunger spreads through the enclave.","at":{"name":"Port Harcourt","point":[7,4.8]},"mark":"captured","colonial":false,"refs":[2,1]},{"when":"1968–1970","title":"Uli, ‘Annabelle’","text":"A stretch of the Owerri–Ihiala road becomes Biafra’s airstrip, open only at night. Relief and arms flights land under fire, and it becomes the symbol of Biafra’s survival.","at":{"name":"Uli","point":[6.85,5.8]},"mark":"camp","colonial":false,"refs":[6]},{"when":"25 April 1969","title":"Owerri retaken","text":"After a six-month siege under Brigadier Alexander Madiebo, with Colonel Ogbugo Kalu’s 14th Division, Biafra recaptures Owerri.","at":{"name":"Owerri","point":[7.03,5.48]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"refs":[3]},{"when":"24 December 1969","title":"Umuahia falls","text":"After taking Oguta in October, federal forces invade Umuahia, Biafra’s capital since Enugu fell, on 24 December 1969. The government moves to Owerri for its last weeks.","at":{"name":"Umuahia","point":[7.49,5.53]},"mark":"captured","colonial":false,"refs":[7]},{"when":"8–11 January 1970","title":"Ojukwu leaves","text":"As Owerri falls, Ojukwu flies out of Uli into exile in Ivory Coast, leaving his deputy Philip Effiong to end the war.","at":{"name":"Uli","point":[6.85,5.8]},"mark":"exile","colonial":false,"refs":[5,1]},{"when":"13–15 January 1970","title":"Surrender","text":"Philip Effiong, Ojukwu’s deputy, surrenders to Obasanjo on 13 January; the surrender is signed in Lagos on 14 January. Gowon calls for national reconciliation: ‘we are at the dawn of national reconciliation.’","at":{"name":"Amichi (approximate)","point":[6.9,5.95]},"mark":"treaty","colonial":false,"refs":[5,1]}],"area":true,"pieces":[],"polities":[],"bounds":[5.7455,4.2,9.3025,7.117],"refs":[1,5,4,2,3,7,6],"confidence":"high","note":"The area is the Eastern Region that Biafra claimed in 1967; the land Biafra actually held shrank every year. Death tolls are estimates.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-nigerian-civil-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nigerian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-invasion-of-port-harcourt","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Invasion of Port Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Port_Harcourt","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-siege-of-owerri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Siege of Owerri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Owerri","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-abagana-ambush","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Abagana ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abagana_ambush","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-operation-tail-wind","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Operation Tail-Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tail-Wind","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-uga-uli","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Uga, Anambra State (the Uli and Uga airstrips)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uga,_Anambra_State","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-invasion-of-umuahia","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Invasion of Umuahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Umuahia","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The place of Effiong’s first surrender is drawn approximately; sources name both Obasanjo’s headquarters and Lagos (Dodan Barracks).","Check troop numbers and dates against a dedicated history, for example Siollun or de St. Jorre."]},{"id":"midwest-invasion-1967","name":"Biafra’s Midwest invasion and the Asaba massacre","kind":"war","status":"published","year":1967,"yearLabel":"August–October 1967","until":1968,"actors":[{"name":"Biafran Army (Victor Banjo)","side":"attacker","color":"#b8860b"},{"name":"Nigerian 2nd Division (Murtala Muhammed)","side":"defender","color":"#2e6b3f"},{"name":"Nigerian 3rd Marine Commando (Benjamin Adekunle)","side":"defender","color":"#2e6b3f"}],"summary":{"text":"On 9 August 1967, 3,000 Biafran soldiers under Victor Banjo, a Yoruba officer, crossed the Niger bridge at Onitsha into Asaba. At Agbor they split up. One battalion took Benin City and pushed west to Ore, 210 km from Lagos. Another took Warri, Sapele and Ughelli, and a third went north to Auchi and Agenebode. Gowon declared ‘total war’ and raised the 2nd Division under Murtala Muhammed. Stopped at Ore, the Biafrans fell back. On 19 September their administrator, Albert Okonkwo, declared the ‘Republic of Benin’, which ended the next day as federal troops entered Benin City. The retreat from Ore is counted the war’s turning point. When the 2nd Division entered Asaba in October, its soldiers killed hundreds of civilians, between 500 and 800, most of them men and boys taken from a crowd that had come out in white to welcome them. Murtala’s three attempts to cross the Niger to Onitsha failed with heavy losses.","refs":[1,3,2,4,6],"confidence":"high"},"routes":[{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.78,6.15],[6.78,6.15],[6.779,6.151],[6.779,6.151],[6.778,6.152],[6.777,6.153],[6.776,6.154],[6.775,6.155],[6.773,6.157],[6.771,6.159],[6.769,6.161],[6.767,6.163],[6.765,6.165],[6.762,6.168],[6.759,6.171],[6.757,6.173],[6.753,6.177],[6.748,6.18],[6.741,6.183],[6.733,6.186],[6.722,6.189],[6.709,6.192],[6.694,6.195],[6.678,6.198],[6.66,6.202],[6.639,6.205],[6.617,6.208],[6.593,6.211],[6.567,6.214],[6.539,6.217],[6.509,6.22],[6.477,6.223],[6.443,6.227],[6.409,6.23],[6.375,6.233],[6.341,6.237],[6.307,6.241],[6.273,6.245],[6.239,6.249],[6.205,6.253],[6.17,6.257],[6.136,6.262],[6.101,6.266],[6.067,6.271],[6.032,6.276],[5.997,6.281],[5.962,6.287],[5.927,6.292],[5.893,6.298],[5.86,6.303],[5.829,6.308],[5.801,6.313],[5.774,6.317],[5.75,6.321],[5.728,6.324],[5.709,6.327],[5.691,6.33],[5.676,6.333],[5.663,6.335],[5.652,6.336],[5.643,6.338],[5.637,6.339],[5.632,6.34],[5.63,6.34]],"label":"Across the Niger bridge, through Agbor to Benin City","by":"Biafran Army (Victor Banjo)","when":"9 August 1967","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#b8860b"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[5.63,6.34],[5.628,6.341],[5.625,6.342],[5.62,6.344],[5.613,6.346],[5.605,6.349],[5.595,6.353],[5.583,6.358],[5.57,6.363],[5.554,6.368],[5.538,6.374],[5.519,6.381],[5.499,6.389],[5.477,6.397],[5.454,6.406],[5.428,6.415],[5.402,6.425],[5.375,6.435],[5.349,6.446],[5.323,6.457],[5.298,6.469],[5.273,6.48],[5.249,6.493],[5.225,6.505],[5.201,6.518],[5.178,6.531],[5.155,6.545],[5.132,6.559],[5.11,6.573],[5.089,6.588],[5.068,6.603],[5.047,6.619],[5.026,6.634],[5.007,6.649],[4.989,6.663],[4.973,6.676],[4.957,6.688],[4.943,6.699],[4.93,6.709],[4.919,6.717],[4.909,6.725],[4.9,6.732],[4.892,6.738],[4.886,6.743],[4.881,6.747],[4.877,6.75],[4.874,6.752],[4.873,6.753]],"label":"West to Ore, 210 km from Lagos","by":"Biafran Army (Victor Banjo)","when":"17–21 August 1967","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#b8860b"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.19,6.25],[6.189,6.248],[6.187,6.245],[6.183,6.239],[6.179,6.232],[6.173,6.224],[6.166,6.213],[6.158,6.201],[6.149,6.187],[6.139,6.171],[6.128,6.153],[6.115,6.134],[6.102,6.113],[6.087,6.09],[6.071,6.065],[6.054,6.039],[6.036,6.011],[6.018,5.983],[6.001,5.957],[5.985,5.931],[5.969,5.905],[5.954,5.88],[5.939,5.856],[5.924,5.833],[5.911,5.81],[5.897,5.788],[5.885,5.766],[5.873,5.745],[5.861,5.725],[5.85,5.706],[5.84,5.687],[5.83,5.669],[5.82,5.651],[5.812,5.635],[5.803,5.62],[5.796,5.605],[5.789,5.592],[5.782,5.58],[5.776,5.569],[5.771,5.559],[5.766,5.551],[5.762,5.543],[5.759,5.536],[5.756,5.531],[5.754,5.527],[5.752,5.523],[5.751,5.521],[5.75,5.52]],"label":"South to Sapele, Ughelli and Warri","by":"Biafran Army (Victor Banjo)","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#b8860b"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[6.19,6.25],[6.19,6.252],[6.191,6.255],[6.193,6.261],[6.194,6.268],[6.196,6.276],[6.199,6.287],[6.202,6.299],[6.205,6.313],[6.209,6.329],[6.214,6.347],[6.218,6.366],[6.224,6.387],[6.229,6.41],[6.235,6.435],[6.242,6.461],[6.248,6.489],[6.255,6.517],[6.261,6.544],[6.266,6.572],[6.27,6.598],[6.275,6.625],[6.278,6.651],[6.281,6.677],[6.284,6.703],[6.286,6.728],[6.287,6.753],[6.288,6.778],[6.288,6.802],[6.288,6.826],[6.287,6.85],[6.286,6.873],[6.284,6.897],[6.284,6.918],[6.286,6.939],[6.289,6.958],[6.294,6.976],[6.301,6.992],[6.31,7.007],[6.32,7.021],[6.332,7.034],[6.346,7.045],[6.362,7.055],[6.379,7.063],[6.399,7.07],[6.42,7.076],[6.442,7.081],[6.467,7.084],[6.493,7.086],[6.518,7.088],[6.541,7.089],[6.562,7.091],[6.582,7.092],[6.6,7.094],[6.616,7.095],[6.631,7.096],[6.644,7.097],[6.656,7.098],[6.665,7.098],[6.674,7.099],[6.68,7.099],[6.685,7.1],[6.688,7.1],[6.69,7.1]],"label":"North to Auchi and Agenebode","by":"Biafran Army (Victor Banjo)","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#b8860b"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[4.873,6.753],[4.876,6.751],[4.882,6.748],[4.891,6.743],[4.903,6.737],[4.917,6.729],[4.935,6.719],[4.956,6.708],[4.979,6.695],[5.006,6.68],[5.036,6.664],[5.068,6.647],[5.104,6.627],[5.142,6.606],[5.183,6.584],[5.228,6.559],[5.275,6.534],[5.322,6.509],[5.367,6.486],[5.412,6.464],[5.457,6.443],[5.5,6.423],[5.543,6.405],[5.585,6.388],[5.626,6.373],[5.666,6.358],[5.706,6.345],[5.745,6.333],[5.783,6.322],[5.82,6.313],[5.857,6.305],[5.893,6.298],[5.927,6.292],[5.962,6.287],[5.997,6.281],[6.032,6.276],[6.067,6.271],[6.101,6.266],[6.136,6.262],[6.17,6.257],[6.205,6.253],[6.239,6.249],[6.273,6.245],[6.307,6.241],[6.341,6.237],[6.375,6.233],[6.409,6.23],[6.443,6.227],[6.477,6.223],[6.509,6.221],[6.538,6.218],[6.565,6.215],[6.591,6.213],[6.614,6.211],[6.635,6.209],[6.654,6.207],[6.671,6.205],[6.686,6.204],[6.698,6.203],[6.709,6.202],[6.717,6.201],[6.724,6.201],[6.728,6.2],[6.73,6.2]],"label":"The 2nd Division drives the Biafrans back to the Niger","by":"Nigerian 2nd Division (Murtala Muhammed)","when":"September–October 1967","confidence":"high","refs":[1,2],"color":"#2e6b3f"},{"kind":"advance","path":[[5.2,5.3],[5.202,5.301],[5.206,5.303],[5.213,5.305],[5.221,5.309],[5.232,5.313],[5.245,5.318],[5.26,5.324],[5.277,5.331],[5.297,5.339],[5.318,5.347],[5.342,5.357],[5.368,5.367],[5.396,5.378],[5.426,5.39],[5.458,5.403],[5.492,5.417],[5.524,5.431],[5.554,5.446],[5.581,5.462],[5.605,5.478],[5.628,5.494],[5.648,5.512],[5.665,5.53],[5.68,5.548],[5.693,5.567],[5.703,5.587],[5.71,5.607],[5.716,5.628],[5.719,5.649],[5.719,5.671],[5.717,5.693],[5.713,5.717],[5.709,5.738],[5.705,5.758],[5.701,5.777],[5.698,5.795],[5.695,5.811],[5.692,5.825],[5.69,5.838],[5.688,5.85],[5.686,5.86],[5.684,5.868],[5.683,5.876],[5.682,5.881],[5.681,5.886],[5.68,5.889],[5.68,5.89]],"label":"Adekunle’s marines land at Warri and take Sapele and Ughelli","by":"Nigerian 3rd Marine Commando (Benjamin Adekunle)","confidence":"high","refs":[1],"color":"#2e6b3f"},{"kind":"retreat","path":[[6.73,6.2],[6.732,6.199],[6.733,6.198],[6.735,6.197],[6.736,6.196],[6.738,6.196],[6.74,6.195],[6.741,6.194],[6.743,6.193],[6.744,6.192],[6.746,6.191],[6.747,6.189],[6.748,6.188],[6.75,6.187],[6.751,6.186],[6.752,6.185],[6.754,6.184],[6.755,6.183],[6.756,6.181],[6.758,6.18],[6.759,6.179],[6.76,6.178],[6.761,6.176],[6.763,6.175],[6.764,6.174],[6.765,6.173],[6.766,6.171],[6.767,6.17],[6.768,6.168],[6.769,6.167],[6.771,6.166],[6.772,6.164],[6.773,6.163],[6.774,6.161],[6.775,6.16],[6.776,6.158],[6.776,6.156],[6.777,6.155],[6.778,6.153],[6.779,6.152],[6.78,6.15]],"label":"The Biafrans cross back and blow the Onitsha bridge","by":"Biafran Army (Victor Banjo)","confidence":"high","refs":[2],"color":"#b8860b"}],"moments":[{"when":"21 August 1967","title":"Stopped at Ore","text":"Federal troops blow the bridges and hold the Biafran 12th Brigade at Ore. The advance on Lagos and Ibadan never comes.","at":{"name":"Ore","point":[4.873,6.753]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"refs":[1]},{"when":"19–20 September 1967","title":"The Republic of Benin","text":"Albert Okonkwo declares a ‘Republic of Benin’ as federal forces close in. It lasts less than a day.","at":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.63,6.34]},"mark":"founded","colonial":false,"refs":[3]},{"when":"5–7 October 1967","title":"The Asaba massacre","text":"Soldiers of the 2nd Division ransack Asaba. On 7 October townspeople parade in white akwa ocha, chanting ‘One Nigeria’; at Ogbe-Osowa the men and teenage boys are separated from the women and machine-gunned. An estimated 500–800 die; Quaker relief workers counted 759.","at":{"name":"Asaba","point":[6.73,6.2]},"mark":"massacre","colonial":false,"refs":[2]},{"when":"4–12 October 1967","title":"Onitsha: the river crossings fail","text":"After eight days of shelling, a boat armada lands in Onitsha. The troops loot and burn the market and are cut off by the Biafran 11th and 18th Battalions under Joseph Achuzie and Assam Nsudoh. The first attempt alone costs the 2nd Division over 5,000 men.","at":{"name":"Onitsha","point":[6.78,6.15]},"mark":"battle","colonial":false,"refs":[4,5,6]}],"area":true,"pieces":[],"polities":[],"bounds":[4.873,5.1795,6.78,7.3405],"refs":[1,3,2,4,6],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-midwest-invasion-1967","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Midwest Invasion of 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Invasion_of_1967","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-asaba-massacre","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Asaba massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaba_massacre","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-republic-of-benin-1967","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Republic of Benin (1967)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Benin_(1967)","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-first-invasion-of-onitsha","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. First Invasion of Onitsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Invasion_of_Onitsha","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-abagana-ambush","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Abagana ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abagana_ambush","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"wikipedia-nigerian-civil-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nigerian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]}],"societies":[{"id":"afizere","name":"Afizere","status":"published","rule":"chiefdoms","groups":[{"id":"afizere","name":"Afizere (Izere)"}],"span":{"from":1000,"to":1905,"fromLabel":"before written records","toLabel":"early 1900s","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"The start of the timeline, not a founding date. The end is approximate: British rule reached these lands in the first years of the 1900s."},"summary":{"text":"Afizere towns were led by a chief, the Agwom, who was also their chief priest, in a chieftaincy run by elders; five royal families, Fobur, Forsum, Maigemu, Shere and Federe, held the districts, each of six to twelve villages. The Afizere first lived in the Chawai country of southern Kaduna; groups moved south to the foot of the Gwash hills, near today's Jos Museum, and the Shere hills. During and after the jihad they kept to the hills around the Plateau to defend themselves against raids.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"The British took control of the Plateau in the early 20th century, and began mining its tin in 1902.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"lands":[{"from":1000,"to":1799,"label":[8.198,10.4135],"name":"Afizere (Chawai country)","confidence":"disputed"},{"from":1000,"to":1905,"label":[9.1045,9.8785],"name":"Afizere","confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-afizere","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Afizere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afizere","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-plateau-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Plateau State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"annang","name":"Annang","status":"published","rule":"assemblies","groups":[{"id":"annang","name":"Annang"}],"span":{"from":1000,"to":1904,"fromLabel":"before written records","toLabel":"1901–1904","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","note":"The start of the timeline, not a founding date."},"summary":{"text":"Annang society was built up from families: households (ufok) made extended families (ekpuk), these made villages (ilung), and villages made clans (abie), each governing itself. Villages and clans joined forces against a common enemy, and so held their own close to Arochukwu. Their land, between the Ibibio and the Igbo, later made up the Abak and Ikot Ekpene divisions and part of Opobo division; the Ika of Akwa Ibom call themselves Ika-Annang. They share names, culture and a closely related speech with the Ibibio.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"British columns crossed Annang country in the Aro Expedition of 1901–1902 and set up a military post at Ikot Ekpene in 1904.","refs":[3,1],"confidence":"high"},"lands":[{"from":1000,"to":1904,"label":[7.619,4.984],"name":"Annang"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-anaang","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Anaang people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaang_people","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ibibio","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ibibio people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibibio_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-anglo-aro-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Anglo-Aro war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Aro_war","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"atyap","name":"Atyap","status":"published","rule":"elders","groups":[{"id":"atyap","name":"Atyap"}],"span":{"from":1650,"to":1912,"fromLabel":"c. 1650 (the Zangon Katab trading settlement)","toLabel":"1912","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","note":"Written traces begin with the Zangon Katab market in the 1700s; the Atyap were there long before."},"summary":{"text":"The Atyap had no king. Each clan had its head, and the elders met at Mabatado, near Atyekum, to deliberate on the land and its people. Iron was smelted in their hills, part of the old Nok country. Around 1650 they let Hausa and Bornu traders settle at Zangon Katab under a pact, the akabe: the traders paid for protection and land, and an Atyap prince sent armed youths to escort caravans on the routes from Kano and Zaria to Keffi, Lokoja and the Plateau. The Hausa called their country “the land of horses”. After the jihad the traders sided with Zaria, which by the 1840s forced each Atyap clan to pay tribute of 15 slaves, mats and honey to avoid attack.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"Emir Kwassau of Zazzau made war on the Atyap from 1897 to 1902; over a thousand were killed, the fighter Marok Gandu of Magata was impaled, and many Atyap fled south. The British arrested Kwassau in 1902 and marched through Atyap land in 1903, put it under Kauru district in 1907 and created a Zangon Katab district under Hausa rulers from Zaria in 1912. The Atyap rose against forced labour in 1910 and against taxes in 1922.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"lands":[{"from":1650,"to":1912,"label":[8.246,9.876],"name":"Atyap"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-atyap","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Atyap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atyap","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-southern-kaduna","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Southern Kaduna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Kaduna","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bwatiye","name":"Bachama and Bata","status":"published","rule":"kingdoms","groups":[{"id":"bachama","name":"Bachama"}],"span":{"from":1000,"to":1901,"fromLabel":"before written records","toLabel":"1901","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"The start of the timeline, not a founding date: Bwatiye traditions of coming from Gobir are undated."},"summary":{"text":"The Bachama and Bata (Bwatiye) of the Benue valley around Numan and Demsa were ruled by kings titled Hama, and were numerous, well organised and feared for their poisoned arrows; they had driven the Verre into their hills. Fulani herders who settled among them had to obey Bata custom, and around 1803 a quarrel over it, when Ardo Njobbo had a Bata prince killed, set off a war in which Modibbo Adama's father died. When Adama led the jihad in Adamawa, Uthman dan Fodio himself told him not to conquer the Batta and Verre or enslave their children; some Bata of Zummo, Malabu and Holma joined the Muslim force at Gurin.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"The British occupied Yola, capital of the Adamawa emirate, on 2 September 1901.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"lands":[{"from":1000,"to":1901,"label":[11.767,9.4385],"name":"Bachama and Bata"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-bwatiye","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bwatiye people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwatiye_people","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-adamawa-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Adamawa Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"berom","name":"Berom","status":"published","rule":"chiefdoms","groups":[{"id":"berom","name":"Berom"}],"span":{"from":1000,"to":1905,"fromLabel":"before written records","toLabel":"early 1900s","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"The start of the timeline, not a founding date. The end is approximate: British rule reached these lands in the first years of the 1900s."},"summary":{"text":"Before colonial rule the Berom of the Jos Plateau were divided into autonomous political groups, region by region, each under its own chief and elders, with no paramount ruler. Like their Plateau neighbours they defended their hill country against slave raids from the jihad emirates. They celebrate Nzem Berom each spring. The British created the paramount stool of Gbong Gwom Jos in 1935 and merged the groups under it in 1952.","refs":[1,3],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"The British took control of the Plateau in the early 20th century, and began mining its tin in 1902.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"lands":[{"from":1000,"to":1905,"label":[8.837,9.7565],"name":"Berom"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-berom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Berom people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berom_people","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-plateau-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Plateau State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-southern-kaduna","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Southern Kaduna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Kaduna","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"biu","name":"Biu","status":"published","rule":"kingdoms","groups":[{"id":"bura-pabir","name":"Bura-Pabir"}],"span":{"from":1535,"to":1918,"fromLabel":"c. 1535","toLabel":"Biu Division, 1918","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","note":"Biu numbers its rulers from Yamta the Great, about 1535. The end is approximate."},"summary":{"text":"The Biu kingdom of the Bura and Pabir counts its rulers from Yamta-ra-Wala, Yamta the Great, who established his rule about 1535: tradition says he came from elsewhere, captured the main town of the area and built a new capital at Dlimbur, now an archaeological site. His descendants split into two rival dynasties, at Kogu and at nearby Mandaragirau. The state was called a kingdom from about 1670, under Mari Watila Tampta. Mari Watirwa of Kogu (1793–1838) beat back Fulani invaders from Gombe, and in 1878 Mari Biya became the first Bura king to rule from Biu itself.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"Under British rule Biu Division was created in 1918, and in 1920 the Mai, Ari Dogo, was recognised as the first Emir of Biu; Shani and Askira were added in 1957 to form the Biu federation.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"lands":[{"from":1535,"to":1918,"label":[11.886,10.4745],"name":"Biu"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-biu-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Biu Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biu_Emirate","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Needs a written source for the date British rule reached this people.","Biu was a kingdom for nearly four centuries; it may deserve a polity of its own on the timeline."]},{"id":"chamba","name":"Chamba","status":"published","rule":"chiefdoms","groups":[{"id":"chamba","name":"Chamba (Sama)"}],"span":{"from":1000,"to":1849,"fromLabel":"before written records","toLabel":"the jihad of the 1800s","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","note":"The start of the timeline, not a founding date. The end is where this map’s Sokoto Caliphate takes in the Chamba homeland."},"summary":{"text":"The Chamba of the uplands on today's Nigeria–Cameroon border were made up of clans with differing kinds of chiefdom, speaking two distantly related languages, Chamba Daka and Chamba Leko. Their creator god Su is the sun; ancestor spirits live with him and, unlike him, act among the living. Late in the 18th century Chamba warbands, driven by Fulani raids, pushed west down the Benue, struck Kwararafa and drove its last king, Adi Matswen, into exile; other Chamba bands went south into Cameroon, where their successors founded the Bali kingdoms.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"In the 1700s and 1800s the Chamba were targets of the Fulani jihads. Many were enslaved; others fled south into the mountains, and some became raiding bands that attacked slave and trading caravans.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"lands":[{"from":1000,"to":1849,"label":[11.962,8.373],"name":"Chamba"},{"from":1780,"to":1849,"label":[10.1645,7.6745],"name":"Chamba (Donga and Takum)","confidence":"disputed","note":"Chamba bands moving west into the Jukun country; the dating of the Donga and Takum Chamba is not yet checked."}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-chamba-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Chamba people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamba_people","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-kwararafa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kwararafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwararafa","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-wukari-federation","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Wukari Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wukari_Federation","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"ebira","name":"Ebira","status":"published","rule":"elders","groups":[{"id":"ebira","name":"Ebira"}],"span":{"from":1521,"to":1903,"fromLabel":"c. 1520","toLabel":"1903","refs":[1],"confidence":"disputed","note":"By tradition the Ebira left Idah after the Igala–Benin war of about 1519–1521."},"summary":{"text":"Ebira communities were autonomous, without a central king or royal families: each was run by the leaders of its lineages, a rule of elders. Tradition brings the Ebira from Kwararafa with the Opete stool, now the title emblem of Okene's ruler, to live beside the Igala for about 300 years; after the Igala–Benin war of about 1519–1521 they left Idah, stopped at Itobe, and divided: the Ebira Tao under Itaazi crossed to the land around Ajaokuta, Ebira Opete, and his son Ohizi's five sons founded the Adavi clans, while other branches settled at Igu (Koton Karfe), Panda, among the Bassa, and at Uno in Edo. From 1865 to 1880, under the warlord Achigidi Okino, they held off jihadist armies from Bida and Ilorin, the Ajinomoh, helped by their hills.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"After much resistance Ebira land came under British control in 1903. The British then set one head over the villages, beginning with Ouda Adidi of Eika.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"lands":[{"from":1521,"to":1599,"label":[6.567,7.507],"name":"Ebira","confidence":"disputed","note":"Ebira Opete, around Ajaokuta, after the stop at Itobe."},{"from":1600,"to":1903,"label":[6.4665,7.685],"name":"Ebira","note":"The Adavi clans spread to Okengwe, Okehi, Eika, Ihiara and Osisi."},{"from":1600,"to":1903,"label":[6.865,8.145],"name":"Ebira Koto and Panda","confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-ebira-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ebira people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebira_people","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"eggon","name":"Eggon","status":"published","rule":"villages","groups":[{"id":"eggon","name":"Eggon"}],"span":{"from":1000,"to":1905,"fromLabel":"before written records","toLabel":"early 1900s","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","note":"The start of the timeline, not a founding date. The end is approximate: British rule reached these lands in the first years of the 1900s."},"summary":{"text":"The Eggon lived through most of their history as a decentralised and fiercely independent hill people, called Madan Dutse, “hill Mada”, by the Hausa. They had no single name for themselves: they were divided into three great clans, Anzo, Eholo and Anro, each of houses and villages that governed themselves.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"lands":[{"from":1000,"to":1905,"label":[8.394,8.726],"name":"Eggon"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-eggon-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Eggon people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggon_people","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Needs a written source for the date British rule reached this people."]},{"id":"ejagham","name":"Ejagham","status":"published","rule":"assemblies","groups":[{"id":"ejagham","name":"Ejagham"}],"span":{"from":1000,"to":1904,"fromLabel":"before written records","toLabel":"c. 1900","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","note":"The start of the timeline, not a founding date. The end is approximate."},"summary":{"text":"Ejagham villages, from the Qua of Calabar to Akamkpa, Etung and Ikom and into today's Cameroon, were bound together by Ekpe, the leopard society, which spread from them across the Cross River region. The Nsibidi signs used by such societies are generally traced to the Ejagham, and the carved Ikom monoliths stand in their country. Ibibio tradition traces its own Afaha lineage to an Ejagham land, Usak Edet. Ejagham fighters from Akpa, led by Osim and Akuma Nnubi, were hired by the Igbo settlers in the Aro–Ibibio wars, and Akuma Nnubi founded the Arochukwu kingship.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"Their land was split between British Nigeria and German Kamerun. On the German side, after a Captain von Weiss was killed, they fought the German–Ekoi war of 1899–1904, in which some villages fled rather than fight; the Ejagham on the British side did not join in.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"lands":[{"from":1000,"to":1904,"label":[8.784,5.8305],"name":"Ejagham"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-ekoi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ekoi (Ejagham) people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoi_people","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ibibio","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ibibio people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibibio_people","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["How Ekpe governed Ejagham villages needs a written source beyond Wikipedia (for example Talbot, In the Shadow of the Bush, 1912).","Needs a written source for the date British rule reached this people."]},{"id":"ekiti","name":"Ekiti kingdoms","status":"published","rule":"kingdoms","groups":[{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba"}],"span":{"from":1000,"to":1877,"fromLabel":"before written records","toLabel":"1877","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","note":"The start of the timeline, not a founding date. From 1878 the Ekiti kingdoms are on this map as the Ekitiparapo."},"summary":{"text":"Ekiti, from okiti, “hilly”, was a country of sixteen principal kingdoms, each with its own Oba and none ruling the rest, linked by trade and royal marriages. The Deji of Akure, the Ewi of Ado and the Ogoga of Ikere ruled the largest towns, and Akure was closest to Benin; the Oore of Otun was later counted the most senior. Ado's founders, by its tradition, left Ile-Ife with Oranmiyan's party and settled in turn at Ita Orogun, Utamodi, Ido Ani and Agbado before Ewi Awamaro reached Ulesun, today's Ado-Ekiti. Benin conquered Ado and other Ekiti states and made Akure its base in the 16th century, and Oyo's cavalry stalled in Ekiti's hills. When the British later tried to set one paramount ruler over them, the Ekiti Obas refused.","refs":[1,2,3,4],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"Ibadan ruled Akure and other Ekiti towns through its ajele from 1854 and destroyed many settlements. The Ekiti rose in 1876–1878 and, with the Ijesha and Akoko, fought Ibadan for sixteen years as the Ekitiparapo; the Oore of Otun signed the British-brokered peace of 1886. The British made the area a protectorate, and in 1909 split it between Southern Nigeria and the Ilorin and Kabba divisions of the north.","refs":[1,5],"confidence":"high"},"lands":[{"from":1000,"to":1877,"label":[5.252,7.63],"name":"Ekiti"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-ekiti-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ekiti people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiti_people","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ado-ekiti","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ado Ekiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ado_Ekiti","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-benin","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-oyo-empire","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Oyo Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-kiriji-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kiriji War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiriji_War","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"gbagyi","name":"Gbagyi","status":"published","rule":"chiefdoms","groups":[{"id":"gbagyi","name":"Gbagyi"}],"span":{"from":1000,"to":1905,"fromLabel":"before written records","toLabel":"early 1900s","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","note":"The start of the timeline, not a founding date. The end is approximate: British rule reached these lands in the first years of the 1900s."},"summary":{"text":"Each Gbagyi settlement was headed by its own chief, the osu, helped by elders charged with keeping the peace, and families were led by their oldest men; no single ruler stood over all the Gbagyi. Tradition says they came from Bornu after quarrels with the Kanuri, settled in Zazzau and were driven out again, scattering along the Kaduna river towards the Niger–Benue confluence and onto the hills of Kuta. Zazzau, Nupe and later Kontagora raided them for slaves: in the 1880s Zaria's agent Yawa raided the Gbagyi, Koro and their neighbours from Chikun, Kachia and Kajuru, and the Hausa king Abu Ja lived three years among them at Izom before founding Abuja in 1828.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"The British occupied Abuja in 1902 and put a garrison at Zaria, ending Zaria's raids on the peoples to its south. Gbagyi villages came under the emirates of Zaria, Abuja (Suleja) and Bida in the colonial administration.","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"lands":[{"from":1000,"to":1905,"label":[7.028,9.071],"name":"Gbagyi"},{"from":1700,"to":1905,"label":[6.643,9.427],"name":"Gbagyi (Kaduna valley)","confidence":"medium","note":"Gbagyi along the Kaduna river and towards the confluence, raided by Zazzau and Nupe."}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-gbagyi-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gbagyi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbagyi_people","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-southern-kaduna","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Southern Kaduna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Kaduna","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-suleja-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Suleja Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleja_Emirate","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The Bornu origin is tradition (Kwekudee and Wikipedia); no academic source checked yet."]},{"id":"ibibio","name":"Ibibio","status":"published","rule":"assemblies","groups":[{"id":"ibibio","name":"Ibibio"}],"span":{"from":1000,"to":1904,"fromLabel":"before written records","toLabel":"1901–1904","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"The start of the timeline, not a founding date: the Ibibio are counted among the oldest peoples of southern Nigeria."},"summary":{"text":"No king ruled the Ibibio. Their clans and villages were run by lineage heads and elders, who kept law and order through societies such as Ekpo, Ekong and Ibaan Isong, using masks to enforce discipline. Ibibio tradition traces the core Afaha lineage to Usak Edet, an Ejagham country in today's Cameroon, and the first settlement to Uruan. A northern branch lived at Ibom, in today's Arochukwu, worshipping Abasi Ibom and the oracle later called Ibini Ukpabi; driven out by Igbo settlers and their Akpa allies in the Aro–Ibibio wars of the 17th century, they moved south and spread out from Ikono to found the clans of Ikono Ibom, Iman Ibom and Nsit Ibom, who call one another brothers.","refs":[1,3],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"British columns crossed Ibibio and Annang country in the Aro Expedition of 1901–1902, one of them marching from Itu, and set up a military post at Ikot Ekpene in 1904.","refs":[4,2],"confidence":"high"},"lands":[{"from":1000,"to":1649,"label":[7.8625,5.464],"name":"Ibom","confidence":"disputed","note":"The Ibom kingdom, before the Aro–Ibibio wars."},{"from":1000,"to":1904,"label":[7.9565,4.9115],"name":"Ibibio"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-ibibio","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ibibio people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibibio_people","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-anaang","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Anaang people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaang_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-ekoi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ekoi (Ejagham) people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoi_people","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-anglo-aro-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Anglo-Aro war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Aro_war","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"idoma","name":"Idoma","status":"published","rule":"chiefdoms","groups":[{"id":"idoma","name":"Idoma"}],"span":{"from":1500,"to":1922,"fromLabel":"c. 1500","toLabel":"1899–1922 (British conquest)","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Idoma tradition traces the clans to Apa, in Kwararafa, and their dispersal to about 1500 (see the event “The Idoma from Apa, through Igala land”)."},"summary":{"text":"Each Idoma community had its own government of elders, with titled councils (the igabo) and a chief (the oche); there was never one ruler over them all until the British created the Och'Idoma. Idoma tradition names Idu as the father of the clans, and many kindreds trace their dispersal to Apa, in old Kwararafa; the historian E. O. Erim shows that the Idoma in fact grew from several peoples of different origin. Idoma timelines tell of groups leaving Apa from about 1500, some living at Idah with the Igala until a power struggle around 1625, of small kingdoms such as Igumale, Agila, Ugboju and Adoka founded around 1650, of tribute paid to the Attah in the 18th century, and of a breakup into independent clans after about 1780, when slave raiding and later the Fulani jihad ravaged the land.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"The British annexed Idoma land from 1899, but conquest took a generation of what Idoma historians call the Anglo-Idoma wars: Odugbeho in Agatu was burned in 1899, Otukpa rose against tax in 1904, 23 Adoka villages were destroyed in 1907, Ugboju rebelled under Amanyi in 1910–1912, and Igede was only brought under control in 1922. The Idoma Native Authority was set up in 1923–1924 at Otukpo, and Ogbuloko's Igede rising was put down in 1929.","refs":[3,1],"confidence":"high"},"lands":[{"from":1500,"to":1649,"label":[7.857,7.8875],"name":"Idoma","confidence":"disputed","note":"Groups leaving Apa settle along the Benue near today's Agatu; others go to Idah."},{"from":1650,"to":1699,"label":[7.9355,7.251],"name":"Idoma","confidence":"medium","note":"Kingdoms of Igumale, Agila, Ugboju and Adoka founded around 1650 (Idoma timeline)."},{"from":1700,"to":1922,"label":[7.9355,7.251],"name":"Idoma","note":"Idoma who had stayed near Idah move east in 1700–1740 and form today's Ogbadibo and Okpokwu."}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"okopi-idoma-timeline","citation":"Okopi, Jonathan. Timeline of Idoma History (from pre-history to 1960). Opinion Nigeria","url":"https://www.opinionnigeria.com/timeline-of-idoma-history-from-pre-history-to-1960-by-okopi-jonathan/","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-idoma-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Idoma people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idoma_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"itodo-2021-idoma-timeline","citation":"Sunny Green Itodo (Idoma Voice). (2021). Timeline of important dates and events in Idoma colonial history","url":"https://idomavoice.com/timeline-of-important-dates-and-events-in-idoma-colonial-history/","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Dates before 1800 come from an Idoma history timeline (Okopi) built on oral tradition; Erim's Idoma Nationality 1600–1900 should be checked.","The Okopi timeline calls Idah the Idoma's spiritual capital; per the owner's correction this is not used. The Idoma paid Idah tribute; Idah is the Igala's spiritual capital."]},{"id":"igbo-village-groups","name":"Igbo village groups","status":"published","rule":"assemblies","groups":[{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo"}],"span":{"from":1000,"to":1902,"fromLabel":"before written records","toLabel":"1901–1902","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","note":"The start of the timeline, not a founding date: royal burials at Igbo-Ukwu go back to at least the 10th century."},"summary":{"text":"Most Igbo towns had no king. Each village group was governed by an assembly of its people and a council of elders, with the heads of each lineage (umunna) and title holders such as the Ozo, who were respected but not obeyed as kings. Onitsha had its Obi, and Nri and Arochukwu their priest-kings, but they were exceptions; the Eze Nri’s ritual authority was honoured far beyond Nri itself.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"end":{"text":"The British Aro Expedition of 1901–1902 broke the Aro network and opened the interior. Igbo towns went on resisting for years: Afikpo in 1902–1903, Ezza in 1905, Nri until 1911, and the Ekumeku west of the Niger until 1914.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},"lands":[{"from":1000,"to":1902,"label":[7.1555,5.5565],"name":"Igbo"},{"from":1000,"to":1902,"label":[7.4255,5.2805],"name":"Igbo"},{"from":1000,"to":1902,"label":[7.3785,6.8285],"name":"Igbo"},{"from":1000,"to":1902,"label":[8.103,6.4315],"name":"Igbo"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-igbo-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igbo people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-anglo-aro-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Anglo-Aro war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Aro_war","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"ijesha","name":"Ijesha","status":"published","rule":"kingdoms","groups":[{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba"}],"span":{"from":1250,"to":1869,"fromLabel":"c. 1250","toLabel":"1869","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","note":"Ilesa’s founding date is its own tradition. On this map Ibadan rules Ilesa from 1870, and from 1878 the Ijesha are part of the Ekitiparapo."},"summary":{"text":"The Ijesha kingdom was ruled from Ilesa by the Owa Obokun, who traces his line to Ajibogun Ajaka, Onida Raharaha, the warlike youngest son of Oduduwa; by tradition the kingdom was founded about 1250–1300. Its towns, from Ibokun, Ipetu, Esa-Oke and Ijebu-Jesa to Iwara and Ifewara, owed it allegiance, and its land is rich in gold. A missionary, W. H. Clark, wrote in 1854 that for its clean, broad and straight streets Ilesa far surpassed any town he had seen in Africa. Its royal house gave Akure its kings.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"Ibadan ruled the Ijesha through its ajele, and the Ijesha lost much land in the wars of the 1800s. From 1878 they fought Ibadan alongside the Ekiti as the Ekitiparapo, led by Ogedengbe of Ilesa, until the peace of 1886; in 1894 the British arrested Ogedengbe, and the Owa paid £6,000 to free him.","refs":[1,3],"confidence":"high"},"lands":[{"from":1250,"to":1869,"label":[4.765,7.5865],"name":"Ijesha"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-ijesha","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ijesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijesha","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ilesa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ilesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilesa","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-ogedengbe","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ogedengbe of Ilesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogedengbe_of_Ilesa","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"isoko","name":"Isoko","status":"published","rule":"elders","groups":[{"id":"isoko","name":"Isoko"}],"span":{"from":1000,"to":1900,"fromLabel":"before written records","toLabel":"c. 1900","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","note":"The start of the timeline, not a founding date. The end is approximate."},"summary":{"text":"Isoko clans were led by their eldest man, the Okpako Ewo, who held office by age: when he died, the next most senior elder took his place. There are nineteen clans: Uzere, Ozoro, Erowha, Owhe, Iyede, Okpe, Emede, Igbide, Emevor, Ofagbe, Ellu, Oyede, Umeh, Irri, Aviara, Olomoro, Enwhe, Okpolo and Oleh. Close to the Urhobo in speech and custom, they and the Urhobo were lumped together by Europeans as “Sobo”, a name both rejected.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"Like the Urhobo, the Isoko came under the British vice-consulates of the Niger Coast Protectorate in the 1890s.","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},"lands":[{"from":1000,"to":1900,"label":[6.236,5.5665],"name":"Isoko"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-urhobo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Urhobo people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhobo_people","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-isoko-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Isoko people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoko_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-nana-olomu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nana Olomu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_Olomu","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Needs a written source for the date British rule reached this people."]},{"id":"kamwe","name":"Kamwe","status":"published","rule":"kingdoms","groups":[{"id":"kamwe","name":"Kamwe (Higi)"}],"span":{"from":1000,"to":1909,"fromLabel":"before written records","toLabel":"1909","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","note":"The start of the timeline, not a founding date."},"summary":{"text":"The Kamwe of the hills around Michika, Chadic speakers, had a kingdom of their own. Their name joins Ka and Mwe: Mwe is an ornament worn only by close relatives of the dead, the mark of kinship (“tselie ra na”, you are my relative); elders also read it as “people of the hills”. More than 24 dialects are spoken, Nkafa being central. Higi, the name neighbours once gave them, they find offensive. In the jihad Michika, Mubi, Moda and Madagali became Fulani sub-emirates under Adamawa, each with its own lamido, while the Kamwe held the hills.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"Their kingdom was suspended in 1909. Adamawa State restored it in 2025.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"lands":[{"from":1000,"to":1909,"label":[13.421,10.591],"name":"Kamwe"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kamwe","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kamwe people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamwe_people","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-adamawa-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Adamawa Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"kilba","name":"Kilba","status":"published","rule":"chiefdoms","groups":[{"id":"kilba","name":"Kilba"}],"span":{"from":1000,"to":1849,"fromLabel":"before written records","toLabel":"1800s","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","note":"The start of the timeline, not a founding date."},"summary":{"text":"The Kilba (Həba) lived in large clan-based mountain communities, among them Pella, Gwaja, Hong, Kulinyi, Garaha, Bangshika and the Gaya hills, each of several villages and ruled by its Təl kəra ma, “king of the mountain top”, a ruler both secular and religious, with a cabinet of officers such as the Yaduma, Midala and Dzarma. They kept a formidable army. The traveller Heinrich Barth called Həba a well-organised kingdom.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"The jihad never conquered them: in the end Fulani and Kilba agreed a truce on market days at Pella and Mbilla.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"lands":[{"from":1000,"to":1849,"label":[12.945,10.3075],"name":"Kilba"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kilba","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kilba people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilba_people","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The Kilba source says the jihad never conquered them, but this map’s Sokoto Caliphate rules Hong from 1850, so their name leaves the map then. One of the two needs correcting."]},{"id":"mumuye","name":"Mumuye","status":"published","rule":"elders","groups":[{"id":"mumuye","name":"Mumuye"}],"span":{"from":1000,"to":1905,"fromLabel":"before written records","toLabel":"early 1900s","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","note":"The start of the timeline, not a founding date. The end is approximate: British rule reached these lands in the first years of the 1900s."},"summary":{"text":"Mumuye communities, the dola, were independent of one another, though they shared a language and customs; each extended-family village was governed by a council of elders and an elected leader, and their rainmakers were held to be the most powerful in keeping a community alive. They are today the largest people of Taraba State, from Zing and Yorro to Jalingo, Lau and Gassol, the country where Hamman Ruwa founded Muri emirate in 1817.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"Muri emirate, founded in 1817 on the plains around them, raided the hill peoples for captives; the Royal Niger Company and then the British took Muri's country between 1883 and 1901.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"lands":[{"from":1000,"to":1905,"label":[11.7335,8.893],"name":"Mumuye"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-mumuye","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Mumuye people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumuye_people","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-muri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muri, Taraba State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muri,_Taraba_State","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Needs a written source for the date British rule reached this people."]},{"id":"ngas","name":"Ngas","status":"published","rule":"chiefdoms","groups":[{"id":"ngas","name":"Ngas"}],"span":{"from":1000,"to":1905,"fromLabel":"before written records","toLabel":"early 1900s","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"The start of the timeline, not a founding date. The end is approximate: British rule reached these lands in the first years of the 1900s."},"summary":{"text":"Ngas tradition says they migrated from Bornu, splitting into groups that settled at Pankshin, Ampang, Amper and Kabwir; Kabwir's settlers were led by a chief called Gwallam and the Amper by Kendim. Each group of villages had its own chief and no one ruled over all the Ngas. Later settlers spread across the highlands, and the hill country sheltered them from Bauchi's slave raids. Their festival, Tsafi Tar, marks the harvest by “shooting the moon”.","refs":[3,4],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"The British took control of the Plateau in the early 20th century, and began mining its tin in 1902.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"lands":[{"from":1000,"to":1905,"label":[9.407,9.336],"name":"Ngas"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-angas","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Angas people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angas_people","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-plateau-state","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Plateau State (languages by LGA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_State","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-ngas-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ngas people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngas_people","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-bauchi-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bauchi Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauchi_Emirate","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"ogoni","name":"Ogoni","status":"published","rule":"kingdoms","groups":[{"id":"ogoni","name":"Ogoni"}],"span":{"from":1000,"to":1914,"fromLabel":"before written records","toLabel":"1901–1914","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","note":"The start of the timeline, not a founding date."},"summary":{"text":"Ogoniland, between Port Harcourt and the Imo river, was made up of six kingdoms: Babbe, Gokana, Ken-Khana, Nyo-Khana, Tai and Eleme, each arranging its own chiefs and affairs community by community. Their tradition brings them from far to the west along the coast; their neighbours' name for them, from the Ibani Ijaw word igoni, means “strangers”. By their own account they came through the centuries of the slave trade in relative isolation, without losing people to it, and at the start of the 20th century “the world to them did not extend beyond the next three or four villages”.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"British soldiers reached Ogoni in 1901, and resistance went on until 1914.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"lands":[{"from":1000,"to":1914,"label":[7.256,4.75],"name":"Ogoni"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-ogoni","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ogoni people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogoni_people","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"okun","name":"Okun","status":"published","rule":"chiefdoms","groups":[{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba"}],"span":{"from":1000,"to":1898,"fromLabel":"before written records","toLabel":"1898","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"The start of the timeline, not a founding date."},"summary":{"text":"The Okun are the north-eastern Yoruba of the Niger–Benue confluence: the Owe of Kabba, the Iyagba (Yagba), Adde, Gbede, Bunu, Ikiri and Oworo. Each lived in small city-states with rulers of their own, and none had a central government. Their traditions bring them from Ile-Ife or Oyo; the Yagba name comes from a leader who, blamed for losing land to other migrants, answered “Iya agba lo je mi”. The archaeologist Ade Obayemi held that the first Okun were aboriginal to the confluence, living in rock shelters such as Itaakpa and Ogbogba hill at Iffe, Udeniwu at Ayere and Ohura hill in Bunu, and were joined later by migrants.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"From the 1850s Nupe armies from Bida overran Okun country, made the Obaro of Kabba their tribute collector, and in the 1890s demanded boys and girls as tribute. The Okun towns rose in the Ogidi grand alliance in 1894; in January 1897 the Royal Niger Company declared the north-east Yoruba free of Bida at Kabba, and in 1898 the British set up a military post there.","refs":[3,1],"confidence":"high"},"lands":[{"from":1000,"to":1849,"label":[5.9155,8.155],"name":"Okun"},{"from":1850,"to":1898,"label":[5.9155,8.155],"name":"Okun (under Bida)","confidence":"medium","note":"Oworo towns near Lokoja included; Okun country is Bida's tributary from the 1850s."}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-okun-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Okun people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okun_people","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ebira-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ebira people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebira_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"idrees-1989-bida","citation":"Idrees, Aliyu A. (1989). Collaboration and the British Conquest of Bida in 1897: The Role and Achievement of the Indigenous Interest Groups. African Study Monographs 10(2): 69–82","url":"https://jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/ASM%20%20Vol.10%20No.2%201989/Aliyu%20A.%20IDREES.pdf","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"ondo","name":"Ondo","status":"published","rule":"kingdoms","groups":[{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba"}],"span":{"from":1500,"to":1899,"fromLabel":"16th century","toLabel":"1890s","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","note":"The end is approximate."},"summary":{"text":"The Ondo kingdom traces itself to Princess Pupupu: in the town's tradition a wife of Oduduwa, in Samuel Johnson's account a wife of Ajaka of Oyo, exiled from Oyo or Ife because she bore twins, she journeyed south to Ile-Oluji and became the first ruler in the 16th century. A coup set her son Airo (Aiho) on the throne; he built the palace, and the Osemawe is still chosen from the houses of his sons, ruling through six high chiefs, the Lisa, Jomo, Odunwo, Sasere, Adaja and Odofin. Before the 1800s Ondo was unusual in the region for a council system that rotated leadership among houses, a council of women, and open land: all land was the king's, but any man could farm it with the nearest chief's leave.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"As Oyo's fall filled the forest with refugees and the slave trade grew, wealth came to rest on slaveholding, and Ondo fell into conflict from 1845 to 1872, with rapid changes of ruler, wars with its neighbours and three moves of the capital; from 1865 to 1885 its people fled to Oke Opa. From 1870 the Lagos administrator John Glover sought a new trade road through Ondo and in 1872 brokered peace with Ife; missions followed in 1875. The Osemawe signed a free-trade agreement with Lagos in 1889, and in 1899 Ondo came under the Lagos protectorate.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"lands":[{"from":1500,"to":1899,"label":[4.7295,6.991],"name":"Ondo"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-ondo-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ondo Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondo_Kingdom","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Needs a written source for the date British rule reached this people."]},{"id":"tangale","name":"Tangale","status":"published","rule":"chiefdoms","groups":[{"id":"tangale","name":"Tangale"}],"span":{"from":1295,"to":1903,"fromLabel":"1295, by tradition","toLabel":"early 1900s","refs":[1],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Fifteen rulers since 1295 is a long reign each; the date is tradition."},"summary":{"text":"The western Tangale were led by rulers called the Mai Tangle, from Billiri; their name comes from Tangal, a chief of Billiri who organised the clans, and by their tradition the line began in 1295. They say they came from the east by way of Bornu, settling in at least seven places, among them Sanum Kude near Ngazargamu and Kupto, where they lived beside the Lunguda, Kare-Kare, Tera, Waja, Bolewa and others, before moving into the hills of Billiri, Kaltungo and Shongom for safety from raiders. Young men proved their courage in war and gave enemies' heads to a priest to place under the family's holy tree.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"The British conquered Gombe at the Battle of Tongo in 1902, and the Tangale hills came under colonial rule in the following years.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"lands":[{"from":1295,"to":1599,"label":[11.0375,10.1085],"name":"Tangale","confidence":"disputed","note":"Kupto and the earlier stopping places, before the move into the hills; approximate."},{"from":1600,"to":1903,"label":[11.229,9.6655],"name":"Tangale"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-tangale","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Tangale people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangale_people","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-gombe-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gombe Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe_Emirate","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Needs a written source for the date British rule reached this people."]},{"id":"tarok","name":"Tarok","status":"published","rule":"elders","groups":[{"id":"tarok","name":"Tarok"}],"span":{"from":1000,"to":1904,"fromLabel":"before written records","toLabel":"1904","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","note":"The start of the timeline, not a founding date."},"summary":{"text":"The Tarok have no king; their clans and villages ran their own affairs, led by elders. The Tarok are an amalgamation: the first clans, the Timwat and Funyallang, were joined over time by people of Pe, Ngas, Jukun, Boghom, Montol and Tal origin, many of whom came to work and were given land, and several Chadic-speaking groups shifted to the Tarok language. The Jukun called them Appa, a friendship name. Colonial rule and missions reached Tarok country by 1904.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"Colonial rule and Christian missions reached Tarok land by 1904.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"lands":[{"from":1000,"to":1904,"label":[9.8245,9.128],"name":"Tarok"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-tarok","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Tarok people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarok_people","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-tarok-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Tarok people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarok_people","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"tiv","name":"Tiv","status":"published","rule":"elders","groups":[{"id":"tiv","name":"Tiv"}],"span":{"from":1600,"to":1911,"fromLabel":"c. 1600","toLabel":"1906–1911","refs":[1],"confidence":"disputed","note":"The start follows Tiv tradition, which dates their settlement at Swem to about 1600."},"summary":{"text":"The Tiv had no king and no chiefs over them. Each clan and kindred was led by its eldest man, the orya, and the whole people saw themselves as the descendants of one ancestor, Tiv. Their tradition says they came from far to the south-east and settled at Swem, by today's Cameroon border, around 1600, then spread north and west into the Benue valley, farming new land as they went. The Fulani called them Munshi. In the 19th century they fought on the Jukun side against the jihad, and their steady expansion pressed on the Jukun and Idoma. The office of Tor Tiv was created only under British rule, in 1946.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"British forces entered Tiv country from the east in 1906, amid tension between the Tiv and other peoples of the Benue valley. Lieutenant-Colonel Hugh Trenchard's Southern Nigeria Regiment met the Tiv between November 1907 and spring 1908; the Tiv later said they had beaten that force before inviting the British to talk. The southern Tiv remember the British “eruption” in 1911. Tivland was one of the last large areas of Nigeria to come under British control.","refs":[1,3],"confidence":"high"},"lands":[{"from":1600,"to":1699,"label":[9.0915,6.799],"name":"Tiv","confidence":"disputed","note":"By Tiv tradition they settled first at Swem, near today’s Cameroon border, then spread down into the Benue valley between the early 1600s and the 1700s."},{"from":1700,"to":1799,"label":[8.9545,7.149],"name":"Tiv","confidence":"medium","note":"Moving down from Swem into the Katsina-Ala and Benue lowlands."},{"from":1800,"to":1911,"label":[8.8095,7.3565],"name":"Tiv","note":"By the 19th century Tiv farms reach the Benue at Makurdi and press on Jukun and Idoma land."}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-tiv-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Tiv people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiv_people","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-wukari-federation","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Wukari Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wukari_Federation","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-hugh-trenchard-in-nigeria","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Hugh Trenchard in Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Trenchard_in_Nigeria","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"urhobo","name":"Urhobo","status":"published","rule":"kingdoms","groups":[{"id":"urhobo","name":"Urhobo"}],"span":{"from":1300,"to":1900,"fromLabel":"c. 14th century","toLabel":"c. 1900","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","note":"Ughelli and Agbon, the oldest Urhobo kingdoms, trace back to about the 14th century. The end is approximate."},"summary":{"text":"The Urhobo lived in some twenty-four small kingdoms, each under its own Ovie or similar ruler (the Orodje of Okpe, the Ohworode of Olomu) and his council; in every community the eldest man, the Okpako Orere, held authority by age. Ughelli and Agbon are the oldest, traced to about the 14th century; Ughelli's founder Ughene is remembered as the son of Oghwoghwa, a prince of Benin. Okpe existed before the Portuguese arrived but took its form in the 17th century, and its people founded Sapele. In the 19th century Urhobo villages along the Ethiope and Warri rivers sold palm oil to Itsekiri merchant houses such as Olomu's and Nana's, whose agents and debts reached deep into Urhobo country.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"Britain claimed the western Delta after the treaty of 1884; from 1891 vice-consuls administered the rivers, and in 1894 Ralph Moor blockaded Nana's trade on the Ethiope after complaints that his men had seized Urhobo people, then destroyed Ebrohimi. Urhobo land came under the Niger Coast Protectorate in the 1890s.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"lands":[{"from":1300,"to":1900,"label":[5.7905,5.686],"name":"Urhobo"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-urhobo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Urhobo people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhobo_people","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-nana-olomu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nana Olomu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_Olomu","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Needs a written source for the date British rule reached this people."]},{"id":"western-ijaw","name":"Western Ijaw clans","status":"published","rule":"villages","groups":[{"id":"ijaw","name":"Ijaw"}],"span":{"from":1000,"to":1900,"fromLabel":"before written records","toLabel":"c. 1900","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","note":"The start of the timeline, not a founding date. The end is approximate."},"summary":{"text":"The western Ijaw (Izon) clans, among them Tuomo, Egbema, Ekeremor, Sagbama (Mein), Bassan, Apoi, Arogbo, Boma, Kabo, Ogboin, Tarakiri and Kolokuma-Opokuma, had no central kings. Each community had its own chiefs and government, some shaped by the example of Benin, and they lived by fishing and trading on routes connected to the wider Delta as early as the 15th century. Bonny's founders came, by tradition, from Kolokuma. The eastern Ijaw, by contrast, built the trading kingdoms of Kalabari, Bonny, Okrika and Nembe.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"end":{"text":"In 1888 the Royal Niger Company made treaties with Ijaw communities on the Forcados river, over Itsekiri protests; the Company and then the British protectorates took control of the western Delta waterways in the 1890s.","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},"lands":[{"from":1000,"to":1900,"label":[5.7455,4.915],"name":"Ijaw"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-ijaw","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ijaw people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijaw_people","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-bonny-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Bonny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonny_Kingdom","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-nana-olomu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nana Olomu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_Olomu","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Needs a written source for the date British rule reached this people."]}],"towns":[{"id":"aguleri","name":"Aguleri","status":"published","otherNames":["Eri-aka","Aguleri Omambala"],"point":[6.8765,6.3258],"founded":{"year":1000,"yearLabel":"In tradition, before Nri; dates for Eri run from the 10th to the 16th century","refs":[1,6,7],"confidence":"disputed"},"summary":{"text":"Aguleri was founded by Eri, who was of Igala origin. Prince M. C. M. Idigo of the Aguleri royal family wrote in The History of Aguleri (1955) that Eri was an Igala warrior from Idah who came with his followers on a military expedition and made his war camp at Eri-aka, near the Odanduli stream on the Anambra (Omambala). Meek (1937) heard the same from the Umueri towns, and Igala elders remember an Attah Eri whose sons left Idah and founded Aguleri. Eri’s son Agulu stayed and founded Aguleri; another son, Nri, went on to found his own kingdom at Agukwu Nri. Eri’s shrine, Obu Uga, stands in Enugwu Aguleri, and each new Eze Nri comes to sit on Eri’s throne there before he is crowned. Nri’s own tradition says Eri came down from the sky, and some Aguleri accounts make Eri’s sons the founders of Igala and Benin instead.","refs":[1,2,8,3,6,7,9,10,4,5],"confidence":"disputed"},"founders":[{"people":"Igala","group":{"id":"igala","name":"Igala"},"polity":"igala","color":"#c9822a","quarters":["Eri-aka"],"text":"Eri, an Igala warrior from Idah, made his war camp at Eri-aka; his son Agulu founded Aguleri. Meek also records that Aguleri’s ruling family descends from Aguve, who was given the title of Eze by the Attah at Idah.","refs":[1,2,3,4,5],"confidence":"disputed"}],"under":[],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"idigo-1955","citation":"M. C. M. Idigo. (1955). The History of Aguleri. Nicholas Printing and Publishing Co., Yaba","checked":false},{"n":2,"id":"meek-1937","citation":"C. K. Meek. (1937). Law and Authority in a Nigerian Tribe: A Study in Indirect Rule. Oxford University Press","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"adojoh-2024","citation":"Ayegba Abdullahi Adojoh, Izoduwa Amowie Imasuen, Omede Abdul Solomon and Onucheyo Sunday. (2024). Examining the Interwoven Relationship Between Igala, Benin, Ika, Urhobo, Isoko and Ijaw (quotes Idigo 1955, Meek 1937 and Boston 1960 on Eri). International Journal of Trend in Research and Development 11 (1)","url":"https://www.ijtrd.com/papers/IJTRD28300.pdf","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-eri","citation":"Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Eri is of Igala origin, according to Prince Michael Idigo of the Aguleri royal family","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"owner-2026-10-10-nri","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Eri came from Igala, as Prince M. C. M. Idigo of the Aguleri royal family wrote; Nri, his son, founded his own kingdom","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"dailytrust-2022-igala-enugu","citation":"Daily Trust. (2022). Igala footprints in Enugu","url":"https://dailytrust.com/igala-footprints-in-enugu/","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"wikipedia-eri-king","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Eri (king)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eri_(king)","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"boston-1960","citation":"J. S. Boston. (1960). Notes on contact between the Igala and the Ibo. Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 2 (1)","checked":false},{"n":9,"id":"wikipedia-aguleri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Aguleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguleri","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-nri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Nri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The founders carry no ‘from’ point on purpose: the owner asked (2026-10-10) that the Igala origin be shown on Aguleri itself and that no migration line be drawn from Idah.","Idigo (1955) and Meek (1937) are quoted from Adojoh et al. (2024); the books themselves have not been read."]},{"id":"akure","name":"Akure","status":"published","otherNames":[],"point":[5.1888,7.2552],"founded":{"year":1150,"yearLabel":"by tradition, its palace from 1150","refs":[1],"confidence":"disputed"},"summary":{"text":"Akure was founded by Alakure, but its kings descend from Omoremilekun Asodeboyede, a prince from Ile-Ife who conquered Alakure’s people; one tradition says its ruling houses also descend from the Owa of Ijesha through Princess Owawejokun. War with Benin later drew its communities closer together.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"founders":[{"people":"Yoruba (Alakure)","group":{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba"},"color":"#2e5c8a","quarters":[],"text":"Alakure, the town’s first founder.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"people":"Yoruba (Ife)","group":{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba"},"color":"#2e5c8a","from":{"name":"Ile-Ife","point":[4.56,7.48]},"quarters":[],"text":"Asodeboyede, a descendant of Oduduwa from Ile-Ife, who founded the present dynasty.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"people":"Yoruba (Ijesha)","group":{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba"},"color":"#2e5c8a","from":{"name":"Ilesa","point":[4.73,7.63]},"quarters":[],"text":"The ruling houses claim descent from the Owas of Ijesha through Princess Owawejokun.","refs":[2],"confidence":"disputed"}],"under":[],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-akure","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Akure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akure","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ijesha","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ijesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijesha","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"keana","name":"Keana","status":"published","otherNames":[],"point":[8.834,8.217],"founded":{"year":1200,"yearLabel":"12th century (tradition)","refs":[1],"confidence":"disputed"},"summary":{"text":"Keana, home of the Benue valley's salt, is one of the main Alago towns. Tradition says Akyana Adi founded it in the 12th century, and the Alago trace their migration to Kwararafa. Its brine flats, with those of Awe and Arufu, were the salt that made Kwararafa rich. The Osana of Keana is one of the three great Alago kings, with the Andoma of Doma and the Osuko of Obi.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"founders":[{"people":"Alago","group":{"id":"alago","name":"Alago"},"polity":"kwararafa","color":"#8c3d3d","from":{"name":"Kwararafa (Biepi)","point":[9.75,8.18]},"quarters":[],"text":"Akyana Adi and the Alago, who trace their origin to Kwararafa.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"}],"under":[{"polity":"kwararafa","polityName":"Kwararafa","color":"#8c3d3d","from":1500,"to":1780,"kind":"ruled","text":"The salt of Keana was part of Kwararafa's core wealth.","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-keana","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Keana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keana","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-doma","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Doma, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doma,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kwararafa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kwararafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwararafa","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["A 12th-century founding by people from Kwararafa sits uneasily with Kwararafa's own dates; the founding year is the town's tradition."]},{"id":"ugbodu","name":"Ugbodu","status":"published","otherNames":["Ugboduwa"],"point":[6.462,6.3771],"founded":{"year":1300,"yearLabel":"12th–14th century","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"summary":{"text":"Ugbodu, “the forest has saved us”, was the first Olukumi town, founded by Yoruba from the Akure kingdom; a second Yoruba group from Owo, the Ologun Uja, joined them in a war with Ohordua and stayed. Its king is the Oloza.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"founders":[{"people":"Olukumi","group":{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba"},"color":"#2e5c8a","from":{"name":"Akure","point":[5.1888,7.2552]},"quarters":["Ogbe Ogwa"],"text":"Its founders came from the Akure kingdom, led by Kokoroko (Adetola), the elder.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"people":"Olukumi","group":{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba"},"color":"#2e5c8a","from":{"name":"Owo","point":[5.5791,7.1906]},"quarters":["Ogbe Ologoza"],"text":"The Ologun Uja, “warring fighters” from Owo, who joined Ugbodu in its war with Ohordua; their leader’s line holds the title Ologun.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"}],"under":[],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-olukumi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Olukumi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olukumi_people","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"ukwu-nzu","name":"Ukwu Nzu","status":"published","otherNames":["Eko Efun"],"point":[6.4774,6.3874],"founded":{"year":1300,"yearLabel":"one of the two oldest Olukumi towns","refs":[1],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Dated with Ugbodu, its twin."},"summary":{"text":"Ukwu Nzu (Eko Efun), the largest Olukumi town, says its founders came in the retinue of Orunmiha, sent from Ife. It became a centre of the Ekumeku resistance.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"founders":[{"people":"Olukumi","group":{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba"},"color":"#2e5c8a","from":{"name":"Ile-Ife","point":[4.56,7.48]},"quarters":[],"text":"Its founders came with Orunmiha, sent from Ife to rule Benin.","refs":[1],"confidence":"disputed"}],"under":[],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-olukumi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Olukumi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olukumi_people","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bida","name":"Bida","status":"published","otherNames":["Bida Banin"],"point":[6.01,9.085],"founded":{"year":1450,"yearLabel":"a Bini city-state before Tsoede","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"summary":{"text":"Bida was one of the Bini city-states of the Nupe heartland, a small walled town that served as a war camp. In 1857 the Fulani princes Umaru Majigi and Usman Zaki, allied with the Bini towns, defeated the usurper Umaru Bahaushe around it, and Bida became the capital of Nupe. Under Masaba it grew into the largest and richest emirate of the middle Niger, until the Royal Niger Company took it in January 1897.","refs":[1,3,2],"confidence":"high"},"founders":[{"people":"Nupe (Bini)","group":{"id":"nupe","name":"Nupe"},"color":"#5c4a38","quarters":[],"text":"One of the Bini confederacy’s city-states, Bida Banin.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"people":"Fulani (Dendo’s heirs)","group":{"id":"fulani","name":"Fulani"},"polity":"nupe","color":"#2f6b4f","from":{"name":"Raba","point":[5.03,9.211]},"quarters":["the three Fulani ruling houses"],"text":"Mallam Dendo’s descendants made it their capital in 1857 and founded its three ruling houses.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"}],"under":[{"polity":"nupe","polityName":"Nupe Kingdom","color":"#2a7a7a","from":1531,"to":1857,"kind":"ruled","text":"A Bini town of Tsoede’s kingdom.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"polity":"nupe","polityName":"Nupe Kingdom","color":"#2a7a7a","from":1857,"to":1901,"kind":"ruled","text":"Capital of the Nupe emirate.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"sidi-2023-nupe","citation":"Sidi, Sheshi T. (2023). Political Crisis in Nupe Kingdom of Nigeria, 1800–1857: The Rise and Fall of Mayaki Umaru Bahaushe, the Etsu Nupe That Never Was. African Journal of History and Archaeology 7(1): 8–20","url":"https://www.iiardjournals.org/get/AJHA/VOL.%207%20NO.%201%202023/Political%20Crisis%20in%20Nupe.pdf","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-bida-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bida Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bida_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"idrees-1989-bida","citation":"Idrees, Aliyu A. (1989). Collaboration and the British Conquest of Bida in 1897: The Role and Achievement of the Indigenous Interest Groups. African Study Monographs 10(2): 69–82","url":"https://jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/ASM%20%20Vol.10%20No.2%201989/Aliyu%20A.%20IDREES.pdf","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"ibusa","name":"Ibusa","status":"published","otherNames":["Igbuzo"],"point":[6.6282,6.1777],"founded":{"year":1450,"yearLabel":"c. 1450","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"summary":{"text":"Ibusa is a federation of two settlements with two founders: Umejei, a prince of Isu exiled after killing a rival in a wrestling bout, and Edini, who left Nri with his exiled brother Odaigbo and settled where his pot fell, founding Ogboli. Some historians think followers of Ezechima from Benin also settled here.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"founders":[{"people":"Igbo","group":{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo"},"color":"#4f7a3a","quarters":["Umejei settlements"],"text":"Umejei, son of the Eze of Isu, spared from death for killing his opponent in a wrestling bout and sent away to settle.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"people":"Igbo","group":{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo"},"polity":"nri","color":"#4f7a3a","from":{"name":"Agukwu Nri","point":[6.98,6.15]},"quarters":["Ogboli"],"text":"Edini of Nri, who went into exile with his brother Odaigbo and settled where his pot fell after crossing the Niger.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"}],"under":[],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-igbuzo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igbuzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbuzo","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"agbor","name":"Agbor","status":"published","otherNames":[],"point":[6.207,6.2684],"founded":{"year":1500,"yearLabel":"by tradition","refs":[1],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Undated."},"summary":{"text":"Agbor, the largest Ika town, traces its origin to Benin, and its people also tell of roots in Igboland. Agbor fought the British in the Ekumeku war.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"founders":[{"people":"Benin","group":{"id":"edo","name":"Edo"},"polity":"benin","color":"#8e2f3c","from":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"quarters":[],"text":"Agbor’s best-known tradition traces it to Benin.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"people":"Igbo","group":{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo"},"color":"#4f7a3a","quarters":[],"text":"Another tradition traces Agbor to Igboland.","refs":[1],"confidence":"disputed"}],"under":[],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"esogbue-2018-anioma-origins","citation":"Emeka Esogbue. (2018). Anioma Evolved from Different Histories of Origin (interview)","url":"http://emekaesogbue.blogspot.com/2018/01/anioma-evolved-from-different-histories.html","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ika-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ika people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika_people","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"agenebode","name":"Agenebode","status":"published","otherNames":[],"point":[6.6908,7.1155],"founded":{"year":1500,"yearLabel":"Igala land before the war","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"disputed"},"summary":{"text":"Agenebode, on the Niger opposite Idah, was Igala land before and during the Igala–Benin war, on the owner’s account. When the Igala army was driven back to Idah after two years of pushing into northern Benin territory, Benin took the bank and posted a guard here, Ago-ni-ba-ode, “the camp of the guard”, to watch Idah.","refs":[1,3,4],"confidence":"disputed"},"founders":[{"people":"Igala","group":{"id":"igala","name":"Igala"},"polity":"igala","color":"#c9822a","from":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.737,7.117]},"quarters":[],"text":"Igala land opposite Idah before the war, on the owner’s account.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"disputed"},{"people":"Benin","group":{"id":"edo","name":"Edo"},"polity":"benin","color":"#8e2f3c","from":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"quarters":[],"text":"Benin tradition founds Agenebode as its garrison after the war.","refs":[3,4],"confidence":"medium"}],"under":[{"polity":"igala","polityName":"Igala Kingdom","color":"#c9822a","from":1500,"to":1516,"kind":"ruled","text":"Igala land until the Igala forces were driven back to Idah.","refs":[1],"confidence":"disputed"},{"polity":"benin","polityName":"Kingdom of Benin","color":"#8e2f3c","from":1517,"to":1897,"kind":"garrison","text":"Benin’s guard post facing Idah across the Niger.","refs":[3,4],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"owner-2026-10-08-agenebode","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: before and during the Igala–Benin war Agenebode was Igala land; it was lost when the Igala forces were pushed back after two years of pushing into northern Benin territory","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-agenebode","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Agenebode was Igala land before the Igala–Benin war, after which Benin took it","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-agenebode","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Agenebode (name from Edo Ago-ni-ba-ode, “camp of the guard”; Uwanno people tracing descent to Benin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenebode","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"shaibu-2024","citation":"Shaibu, Margaret Aladi. (2024). Warfares and Weaponry of Pre-Colonial Igala Land 1500–1900: A Historical Analysis. NIU Journal of Humanities 9(3): 49–63","url":"https://www.kampalajournals.ac.ug/ojs/index.php/niuhums/article/download/1951/2730","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Contrary source (2026-10-09): the Wikipedia Weppa Wanno article says Agenebode emerged as a Weppa-Wanno settlement in the second half of the 19th century, because of its nearness to the Niger. This conflicts with the owner's account of Agenebode as Igala land before 1515; the owner's account stays the headline, marked disputed."]},{"id":"kabba","name":"Kabba","status":"published","otherNames":["Owe"],"point":[6.074,7.824],"founded":{"year":1500,"yearLabel":"before written records","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"summary":{"text":"Kabba is the town of the Owe, one of the Okun Yoruba peoples. When Bida subdued north-east Yorubaland it made the Obaro of Kabba paramount over all its towns, to collect tribute under Bida’s delegate at Lokoja. The other Okun towns, and some Owe clans, hated it. In January 1897 the Royal Niger Company declared the north-east Yoruba free of Bida at Kabba, and the Owe gave the Company porters and guides.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"founders":[{"people":"Owe (Okun Yoruba)","group":{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba"},"color":"#5c4a38","quarters":[],"text":"The Owe clans, whose leading chief is the Obaro.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"}],"under":[{"polity":"nupe","polityName":"Nupe Kingdom","color":"#2a7a7a","from":1857,"to":1897,"kind":"tribute","text":"Bida raised the Obaro to paramount chief of north-east Yorubaland, as its tribute collector.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"idrees-1989-bida","citation":"Idrees, Aliyu A. (1989). Collaboration and the British Conquest of Bida in 1897: The Role and Achievement of the Indigenous Interest Groups. African Study Monographs 10(2): 69–82","url":"https://jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/ASM%20%20Vol.10%20No.2%201989/Aliyu%20A.%20IDREES.pdf","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The founding year is a placeholder: no source dates Kabba’s founding."]},{"id":"aboh","name":"Aboh","status":"published","otherNames":[],"point":[6.5263,5.5475],"founded":{"year":1550,"yearLabel":"by tradition","refs":[1],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Undated."},"summary":{"text":"Aboh, centre of a Niger river kingdom in Ndokwa land, was founded by migrants from Benin led by Prince Obazuma.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"founders":[{"people":"Benin","group":{"id":"edo","name":"Edo"},"polity":"benin","color":"#8e2f3c","from":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"quarters":[],"text":"Migrants from Benin led by Prince Obazuma.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"}],"under":[],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"esogbue-2018-anioma-origins","citation":"Emeka Esogbue. (2018). Anioma Evolved from Different Histories of Origin (interview)","url":"http://emekaesogbue.blogspot.com/2018/01/anioma-evolved-from-different-histories.html","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"ebu","name":"Ebu","status":"published","otherNames":[],"point":[6.6041,6.4781],"founded":{"year":1550,"yearLabel":"by tradition","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Undated; shown from the century of Igala expansion down the Niger."},"summary":{"text":"Ebu, on the west bank of the Niger north of Illah, claims Igala descent and still speaks Igala, the one Igala-speaking kingdom of Anioma. It fought beside its neighbours in the Ekumeku war.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high"},"founders":[{"people":"Igala","group":{"id":"igala","name":"Igala"},"polity":"igala","color":"#c9822a","from":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.737,7.117]},"quarters":[],"text":"Ebu, with Oko Ogbele, Oko Amakom and Oko Anala, claims Igala origin.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"}],"under":[],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"esogbue-2023-enuani","citation":"Emeka Esogbue. (2023). The Enuani: Who Are They?","url":"http://emekaesogbue.blogspot.com/2023/08/the-enuani-who-are-they.html","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-anioma-region","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Anioma Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anioma_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"vanguard-ekumeku-2019","citation":"Tony Eluemunor. (2019). Ekumeku war: Why Britain balkanised Anioma land. Vanguard","url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/ekumeku-war-why-britain-balkanised-anioma-land/","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"illah","name":"Illah","status":"published","otherNames":[],"point":[6.649,6.4246],"founded":{"year":1550,"yearLabel":"by tradition, before the 1600s","refs":[1],"confidence":"disputed","note":"The founding is not dated; Illah’s Igala quarters came from Idah and its Benin quarter after a prince of Benin, so the town is shown from the century of the Igala–Benin war."},"summary":{"text":"Illah was not founded by one people. Its first four quarters were founded by the sons of Illah, whose father came from Agukwu Nri and whose mother was Igala; Igbo settlers from Osamele and from the east founded two more. Two quarters were founded by Igala princes from Idah, and one by a prince of Benin who came to defend the town. Illah is governed by its elders, the Ogbelani-in-Council, and the eldest man of the Benin quarter is always its Iyase.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high"},"founders":[{"people":"Igbo","group":{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo"},"polity":"nri","color":"#4f7a3a","from":{"name":"Agukwu Nri","point":[6.98,6.15]},"quarters":["Umutei-Edem","Umutei","Ajaji","Umuagwu"],"text":"The first settlers: the sons of Illah, a son of Eri, whose wives bore Edem, Utei, Nwabukwu (Ajaji), Iyagbo and Agwu. By the town’s tradition their father was Igbo from Agukwu Nri and their mother Igala. Driven from the riverbank by raiders from across the Niger, they moved inland and named the place Ala amaka, “this land is good”.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"people":"Igbo","group":{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo"},"color":"#4f7a3a","from":{"name":"Osamele (Ossomala)","point":[6.7124,5.8923]},"quarters":["Onya","Ogbe-Orji"],"text":"Onya was founded by Prince Ogwu of Osamele (Ogbaru), who settled at the Illah waterside by agreement with the town; Ogbe-Orji by Chika, an Igbo man from the east, who planted an iroko (orji) to guide his kin to him.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"people":"Igala","group":{"id":"igala","name":"Igala"},"polity":"igala","color":"#c9822a","from":{"name":"Ode-Ukpologwu, Igala land","point":[6.748,7.1899]},"quarters":["Ukpologwu","Ogbe-Olu"],"text":"Ukpologwu was founded by Ogwu, a crown prince of Igala land passed over for the throne, who left Ode-Ukpologwu and came down the Niger; Ogbe-Olu by another Igala prince, Akinjogula.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"people":"Benin","group":{"id":"edo","name":"Edo"},"polity":"benin","color":"#8e2f3c","from":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"quarters":["Ukwumege"],"text":"Founded by Edaiken, a prince of Benin, whom the founders asked to defend them against their enemies across the river, and who was given land to stay.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"}],"under":[],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-illah","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Illah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illah","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"esogbue-2023-enuani","citation":"Emeka Esogbue. (2023). The Enuani: Who Are They?","url":"http://emekaesogbue.blogspot.com/2023/08/the-enuani-who-are-they.html","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"owner-2026-10-08-anioma","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: the Anioma are a fusion of Igala, Igbo, Benin and Olukumi peoples, and together they fought the Ekumeku war; Illah was not founded by the Igala alone","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Illah’s founding is undated; 1550 is a placeholder from the Igala and Benin traditions."]},{"id":"issele-uku","name":"Issele-Uku","status":"published","otherNames":[],"point":[6.4629,6.2982],"founded":{"year":1550,"yearLabel":"by tradition","refs":[1],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Undated."},"summary":{"text":"The original settlers of Issele-Uku came from Nri. Its leader Idabor was among the Ekumeku chiefs who fought the British.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"founders":[{"people":"Igbo","group":{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo"},"polity":"nri","color":"#4f7a3a","from":{"name":"Agukwu Nri","point":[6.98,6.15]},"quarters":[],"text":"Its first settlers were Nri people.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"}],"under":[],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"esogbue-2023-enuani","citation":"Emeka Esogbue. (2023). The Enuani: Who Are They?","url":"http://emekaesogbue.blogspot.com/2023/08/the-enuani-who-are-they.html","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ekumeku","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ekumeku Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekumeku_Movement","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"ogwashi-uku","name":"Ogwashi-Uku","status":"published","otherNames":[],"point":[6.5157,6.1775],"founded":{"year":1550,"yearLabel":"by tradition","refs":[1],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Undated."},"summary":{"text":"The original settlers of Ogwashi-Uku were the Ikelike, from Benin. In 1909 the town twice drove British troops out during the Ekumeku war.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"founders":[{"people":"Benin","group":{"id":"edo","name":"Edo"},"polity":"benin","color":"#8e2f3c","from":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"quarters":["Ikelike"],"text":"The Ikelike, its first settlers, came from Benin.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"}],"under":[],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"esogbue-2023-enuani","citation":"Emeka Esogbue. (2023). The Enuani: Who Are They?","url":"http://emekaesogbue.blogspot.com/2023/08/the-enuani-who-are-they.html","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"neusroom-ekumeku","citation":"This is the story of the Ekumeku Movement. Neusroom","url":"https://neusroom.com/this-is-the-story-of-the-ekumeku-movement-described-by-chinua-achebe-as-western-igbolands-earliest-and-fiercest-military-clash/","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"otolokpo","name":"Otolokpo","status":"published","otherNames":[],"point":[6.2982,6.2145],"founded":{"year":1550,"yearLabel":"by tradition","refs":[1],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Undated."},"summary":{"text":"Otolokpo, of seven villages, was founded by migrants from Ute-Ogbeje in the Benin country.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"founders":[{"people":"Benin","group":{"id":"edo","name":"Edo"},"polity":"benin","color":"#8e2f3c","from":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"quarters":[],"text":"Migrants from Ute-Ogbeje, in the Benin country.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"}],"under":[],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"esogbue-2018-anioma-origins","citation":"Emeka Esogbue. (2018). Anioma Evolved from Different Histories of Origin (interview)","url":"http://emekaesogbue.blogspot.com/2018/01/anioma-evolved-from-different-histories.html","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"pindiga","name":"Pindiga","status":"published","otherNames":[],"point":[10.953,9.982],"founded":{"year":1550,"yearLabel":"16th–17th century","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"medium"},"summary":{"text":"Pindiga, in Akko LGA of Gombe State, began as a Jukun settlement on a rock. Kwararafa tradition names its founder as the hunter Gidi-Gidi, and some writers count it among Kwararafa's early capitals. From 1815 Buba Yero of Gombe made war on it, and its people held out on the rocks of Kartum and Puli behind the town until the British conquered Gombe in 1903. It is now the seat of an emirate within Gombe.","refs":[2,1,4],"confidence":"medium"},"founders":[{"people":"Jukun","group":{"id":"jukun","name":"Jukun"},"polity":"kwararafa","color":"#8c3d3d","quarters":[],"text":"The hunter Gidi-Gidi, by Kwararafa tradition.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"}],"under":[{"polity":"kwararafa","polityName":"Kwararafa","color":"#8c3d3d","from":1550,"to":1812,"kind":"ruled","text":"A Jukun town of the confederacy; Meek counted its dialect among the Jukun dialects.","refs":[1,3],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kwararafa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kwararafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwararafa","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-pindiga","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Pindiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindiga_Town","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-jukun","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jukun people (West Africa)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukun_people_(West_Africa)","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-gombe-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gombe Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe_Emirate","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The founding date is the Wikipedia article's “16th and 17th century”. Kwararafa tradition makes Gidi-Gidi earlier."]},{"id":"agbede","name":"Agbede","status":"published","otherNames":[],"point":[6.264,6.864],"founded":{"year":1600,"yearLabel":"before the Nupe wars","refs":[1],"confidence":"disputed"},"summary":{"text":"Agbede in Etsako West was the Nupe army’s base in Afenmai. Esan tradition says the Nupe raided Esanland from here in the 1890s and were driven back to it by the Akota alliance. Agbede became and stayed Muslim.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"founders":[{"people":"Etsako (Afenmai)","group":{"id":"afemai","name":"Afemai"},"color":"#5c4a38","quarters":[],"text":"An Etsako town.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"}],"under":[{"polity":"nupe","polityName":"Nupe Kingdom","color":"#2a7a7a","from":1860,"to":1897,"kind":"garrison","text":"A Nupe base in Afenmai.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"oriire-2025-esan-nupe","citation":"Osalumhense, Stacey. (2025). The Esan-Nupe War. Oriire","url":"https://oriire.com/article/the-esan-nupe-war","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"idrees-1989-bida","citation":"Idrees, Aliyu A. (1989). Collaboration and the British Conquest of Bida in 1897: The Role and Achievement of the Indigenous Interest Groups. African Study Monographs 10(2): 69–82","url":"https://jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/ASM%20%20Vol.10%20No.2%201989/Aliyu%20A.%20IDREES.pdf","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["When the Nupe first held Agbede is not recorded; 1860 is the start of Masaba’s southern campaigns."]},{"id":"asaba","name":"Asaba","status":"published","otherNames":["Ahaba"],"point":[6.7193,6.2056],"founded":{"year":1600,"yearLabel":"by tradition","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Asaba’s founding is not dated in these sources; it is shown from about 1600."},"summary":{"text":"Asaba’s founder Nnebisi was born of two peoples: his father Onojobo was an Igala prince and trader, his mother Diaba was from Agbakoba village in Nteje, east of the Niger. Raised among his mother’s people, he crossed the river to find a home of his own; where his pot fell he said “Ahabam”, “I have chosen well”, and so Asaba was named.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"founders":[{"people":"Igala","group":{"id":"igala","name":"Igala"},"polity":"igala","color":"#c9822a","from":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.737,7.117]},"quarters":[],"text":"His father: Onojobo, an Igala prince and trader.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"people":"Igbo","group":{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo"},"color":"#4f7a3a","from":{"name":"Nteje","point":[6.9209,6.2722]},"quarters":[],"text":"His mother: Diaba, of Agbakoba village in Nteje.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"}],"under":[],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"esogbue-2023-enuani","citation":"Emeka Esogbue. (2023). The Enuani: Who Are They?","url":"http://emekaesogbue.blogspot.com/2023/08/the-enuani-who-are-they.html","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-asaba","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Asaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaba","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"onitsha","name":"Onitsha","status":"published","otherNames":["Onicha Ado N’Idu"],"point":[6.7889,6.1452],"founded":{"year":1630,"yearLabel":"1630–1680 (some say the 16th century)","refs":[1],"confidence":"disputed"},"summary":{"text":"Onitsha was founded by the people of Ado N’Idu under Eze Chima, an Igbo kingdom close to Benin and once ruled by its Oba. After war with Benin they crossed the Niger, drove out the Oze people they found there, and Chima’s son Oraeze became the first Obi. Other branches of the same migration founded Onicha-Olona and Onicha-Ugbo.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"founders":[{"people":"Igbo (Ado N’Idu)","group":{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo"},"polity":"benin","color":"#4f7a3a","from":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"quarters":[],"text":"The people of Ado N’Idu, led by Eze Chima (said to descend from Eri), allied to Benin until Oba Esigie made war on them.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"people":"Igbo (Oze)","group":{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo"},"color":"#4f7a3a","quarters":[],"text":"The Oze, who held the site first, were driven out; they went on to found other towns.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"}],"under":[],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-onitsha","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Onitsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onitsha","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"arochukwu","name":"Arochukwu","status":"published","otherNames":[],"point":[7.9085,5.3889],"founded":{"year":1650,"yearLabel":"c. 1650","refs":[1,3],"confidence":"medium"},"summary":{"text":"Arochukwu grew out of a war and an alliance. Proto-Ibibio settlers had founded the Ibom kingdom there; the Igbo Eze Agwu group came from Abiriba, called in the priest Nnachi from Edda, and joined Prince Akakpokpo Okon of Ibom, the son of an Eze Agwu woman. Nnachi brought the Akpa from east of the Cross River, whose guns won the war, and the three peoples together became the Aro. Their descendants live as three kindreds across nineteen villages: Oke Nnachi, whose line holds the throne of the Eze Aro; Ibom Isii; and Eze Agwu na Okwara Agwu. The Eze Aro rules with the Okpankpo Aro, the traditional council, which also sets the date of Ikeji, the harvest festival held each September over about seventeen days, with wrestling at Ibom and Ekpo masquerades at Obinkita. Beside the town lay the oracle of Ibini Ukpabi.","refs":[1,2,4],"confidence":"medium"},"founders":[{"people":"Ibibio","group":{"id":"ibibio","name":"Ibibio"},"color":"#8a5a7a","quarters":["Ibom Isii kindred: Agbagwu","Amasu","Amukwa","Atani","Ibom Etiti","Oror","Ugwuakuma","Ujari"],"text":"The Ibom kingdom, founded by proto-Ibibio settlers. Their line lives on as the Ibom Isii kindred.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"people":"Igbo (Abiriba)","group":{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo"},"color":"#4f7a3a","from":{"name":"Abiriba","point":[7.7354,5.724]},"quarters":["Eze Agwu na Okwara Agwu kindred: Amannagwu","Amoba","Atani","Obinkita","Ugbo","Ugwuavor"],"text":"The Eze Agwu group from Abiriba, who began the war with the Ibibio of Ibom; their line is the Eze Agwu na Okwara Agwu kindred.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"people":"Igbo (Edda)","group":{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo"},"color":"#4f7a3a","from":{"name":"Edda","point":[7.73,5.82]},"quarters":["Oke Nnachi kindred: Amankwu","Amangwu","Asaga","Atani","Amuvi","Isimkpu","Obinkita","Oror","Utughugwu"],"text":"The priest Nnachi, from Edda, who brought in the Akpa. His descendants, the Oke Nnachi, hold the throne of the Eze Aro to this day.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"people":"Akpa","color":"#5c4a38","quarters":[],"text":"The Akpa, from east of the Cross River, invited by Nnachi.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"}],"under":[],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-arochukwu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Arochukwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arochukwu","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"aronews-kindreds","citation":"Unity in Diversity: A Great Gain for Arochukwu Kingdom (quoting J. K. Oji, The Kingdom of Arochukwu, on the three kindreds and nineteen villages). Aro News Online","url":"https://www.aronewsonline.com/unity-in-diversity-a-great-gain-for-arochukwu-kingdom/","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"dike-ekejiuba-1990","citation":"Dike, K. Onwuka; Ekejiuba, Felicia. (1990). The Aro of South-eastern Nigeria, 1650–1980. University Press, Ibadan","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"aronews-ikeji","citation":"Orji, Orji Ogbonnaya. (2016). Ikeji Arochukwu in History. Aro News Online","url":"https://www.aronewsonline.com/ikeji-arochukwu-in-history/","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The kindreds and their villages follow Aro News Online (2018), after J. K. Oji’s The Kingdom of Arochukwu. Atani, Obinkita and Oror each have quarters in more than one kindred. Edda is placed approximately."]},{"id":"ankpa","name":"Ankpa","status":"published","otherNames":[],"point":[7.62,7.37],"founded":{"year":1680,"yearLabel":"c. late 17th century","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"disputed","note":"Dated by Atiyele’s generation, the brother of Ayegba."},"summary":{"text":"Ankpa was founded by Atiyele, eldest son of Attah Idoko and brother of Ayegba, who went east while Ayegba took the throne. The Ankpa kingdom reached from today’s Ankpa and Olamaboro into Idoma land, as far as Igumale and Enugu-Ezike, under the Attah at Idah. In 1906 the British took Ankpa and made it a base for their patrols into Idoma land, and set outsiders over it as district head until 1917.","refs":[2,1,3,4,5],"confidence":"medium"},"founders":[{"people":"Igala","group":{"id":"igala","name":"Igala"},"polity":"igala","color":"#c9822a","from":{"name":"Idah","point":[6.737,7.117]},"quarters":[],"text":"Atiyele, son of Attah Idoko, of Abutu-Eje’s line.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"}],"under":[{"polity":"igala","polityName":"Igala Kingdom","color":"#c9822a","from":1680,"to":1900,"kind":"ruled","text":"Part of the Igala kingdom, under the Attah at Idah.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-igala-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igala Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igala_Kingdom","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ankpa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ankpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankpa","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"ineke-2025","citation":"Ineke, Ugbede Joseph. (2025). The food economy of colonial Igalaland, 1900–1960. Economic History of Developing Regions 40(2): 126–142 (Igalaland “subdued with the bombardment of Idah in 1896 by the Royal Niger Company and the conquering of Dekina and Ankpa in 1903 and 1906”; read in a search extract)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2025.2504681","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"idoma-resistance-2023","citation":"Resistance and Rebellion to British Colonial Domination in Idoma Land (“Northern and Central Idoma land was subjugated by the British patrols operating from their base at Ankpa”; read in a search extract)","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370780118_RESISTANCE_AND_REBELLION_TO_BRITISH_COLONIAL_DOMINATION_IN_IDOMA_LAND","checked":false},{"n":5,"id":"abdullahi-2016","citation":"Abdullahi, Musa Yusufu. (2016). Colonial Administration and the Re-organization of Igala Pre-colonial Political System. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 18(3)","url":"https://www.jsd-africa.com/Jsda/Vol18No3-Summer%2016/PDFs/COLONIAL%20ADMINISTRATION%20AND%20THE%20RE.pdf","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The Ankpa Wikipedia article calls Abutu-Eje “of Jukun descent”, against the owner’s account."]},{"id":"ilorin","name":"Ilorin","status":"published","otherNames":[],"point":[4.5357,8.4783],"founded":{"year":1775,"yearLabel":"late 18th century","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},"summary":{"text":"Ilorin was settled first by Yoruba from Oyo, and for a time by Bariba. It grew as a military post of the Oyo Empire until Afonja, Oyo’s field marshal, rebelled in 1817 with the help of the Fulani preacher Shehu Alimi; Alimi’s line took the town, and Ilorin became an emirate of the Sokoto Caliphate under Gwandu. Its four quarters are still Hausa, Yoruba, Fulani and Yoruba Muslim.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"high"},"founders":[{"people":"Yoruba","group":{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba"},"polity":"oyo","color":"#2e5c8a","from":{"name":"Oyo-Ile (Old Oyo)","point":[4.3075,8.9747]},"quarters":[],"text":"The first settlers came from Oyo; Afonja, the Kakanfo, made it his base.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},{"people":"Fulani","group":{"id":"fulani","name":"Fulani"},"polity":"sokoto","color":"#2f6b4f","quarters":[],"text":"Shehu Alimi (Salih Janta), a Fulani scholar, came from Oyo with Yoruba Muslims; his descendants are the emirs.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},{"people":"Bariba","group":{"id":"bariba","name":"Bariba (Baatombu)"},"color":"#6a7f4f","quarters":[],"text":"Bariba lived at Ilorin for many years and left, for no known reason.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"}],"under":[{"polity":"oyo","polityName":"Oyo Empire","color":"#2e5c8a","from":1775,"to":1816,"kind":"ruled","text":"A provincial military settlement of the Oyo Empire.","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"},{"polity":"sokoto","polityName":"Sokoto Caliphate","color":"#2f6b4f","from":1824,"to":1897,"kind":"ruled","text":"An emirate of the Sokoto Caliphate, under Gwandu.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-ilorin-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ilorin Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilorin_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ilorin","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ilorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilorin","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["The year the emirate began (shown as 1824) needs a written source."]},{"id":"lafia","name":"Lafia","status":"published","otherNames":["Lafian Bare-Bari"],"point":[8.517,8.494],"founded":{"year":1780,"yearLabel":"late 18th century","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"summary":{"text":"Lafia was founded in the late 18th century by Muhammadu Dunama, leader of Kanuri (Bare-Bari) migrants from Bornu, south of the village of Shabu. Although Muslim newcomers, they asked the Aku Uka, the Jukun sacred king, to confirm Dunama's rule, and he made him Sarkin Lafia Bare-Bari. The Kanuri houses of Ari and Dallah Dunama still provide its emirs.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"founders":[{"people":"Kanuri (Bare-Bari)","group":{"id":"kanuri","name":"Kanuri"},"polity":"kanem-bornu","color":"#9c5a2c","from":{"name":"Bornu","point":[12.367,13.083]},"quarters":["Ari house","Dallah Dunama house"],"text":"Migrants from Bornu under Muhammadu Dunama.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"}],"under":[{"polity":"kwararafa","polityName":"Kwararafa","color":"#8c3d3d","from":1780,"to":1810,"kind":"crowned","text":"The Aku Uka endorsed Dunama and gave him the title Sarkin Lafia Bare-Bari.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-lafia","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Lafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafia","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-wukari-federation","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Wukari Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wukari_Federation","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["How long Lafia looked to the Aku Uka is not recorded; 1810 is the end of the old Kwararafa, not a known break."]},{"id":"raba","name":"Raba","status":"published","otherNames":["Rabba"],"point":[5.03,9.211],"founded":{"year":1796,"yearLabel":"capital from 1796","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"summary":{"text":"Raba, on the Niger in the west of Nupe, was the capital of Majiya II from 1796 and then of Mallam Dendo, who died there in 1833, and his son Usman Zaki, the first Fulani Etsu. The court left it for Bida in 1857.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"founders":[{"people":"Nupe","group":{"id":"nupe","name":"Nupe"},"polity":"nupe","color":"#2a7a7a","quarters":[],"text":"A Nupe river town, made capital by Majiya II.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"}],"under":[{"polity":"nupe","polityName":"Nupe Kingdom","color":"#2a7a7a","from":1796,"to":1901,"kind":"ruled","text":"Capital until 1857, then a town of the emirate.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"sidi-2023-nupe","citation":"Sidi, Sheshi T. (2023). Political Crisis in Nupe Kingdom of Nigeria, 1800–1857: The Rise and Fall of Mayaki Umaru Bahaushe, the Etsu Nupe That Never Was. African Journal of History and Archaeology 7(1): 8–20","url":"https://www.iiardjournals.org/get/AJHA/VOL.%207%20NO.%201%202023/Political%20Crisis%20in%20Nupe.pdf","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"idrees-1989-bida","citation":"Idrees, Aliyu A. (1989). Collaboration and the British Conquest of Bida in 1897: The Role and Achievement of the Indigenous Interest Groups. African Study Monographs 10(2): 69–82","url":"https://jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/ASM%20%20Vol.10%20No.2%201989/Aliyu%20A.%20IDREES.pdf","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Placed at GRID3’s Rabba Ndeshi in Mokwa LGA."]},{"id":"lokoja","name":"Lokoja","status":"published","otherNames":["Mount Patti","Okenka"],"point":[6.74,7.8],"founded":{"year":1800,"yearLabel":"hill settlements on Patti before the 1800s; the town on the plain from 1857","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"The first settlements on and around Mount Patti are not dated. The town on the plain dates from Baikie’s settlement of 1857."},"summary":{"text":"Lokoja was never one people’s town. Nupe from Gbara, Kupa and Kakanda from upriver, and Oworo Yoruba lived on and around Mount Patti, whose name is the Nupe word for hill. The land was the Attah’s: in 1841 he granted it to the British for their model farm. As the jihad came down the Niger it became a refuge, and the Bassa-Nge, fleeing Masaba’s raids, settled at the foot of Patti. It was never sacked or plundered. Masaba himself sent Baikie there, “where he said the British could stay”, and from 1859 Baikie’s settlement grew into a town of freed slaves, Sierra Leone and Lagos emigrants and traders from every side, under its own Hausa rulers, the Maigari. “Lokoja,” Dike writes, “belonged to no particular tribe and was the meeting place of adventurers from all quarters.” A British consulate and the CMS mission worked there until 1869, when the townspeople asked Masaba to protect them; from 1886 it was the Royal Niger Company’s military headquarters, and in 1900 the first capital of Northern Nigeria.","refs":[7,1,8,4,2,3,9],"confidence":"medium"},"founders":[{"people":"Nupe","group":{"id":"nupe","name":"Nupe"},"color":"#5c4a38","from":{"name":"Gbara","point":[6.05,8.9]},"quarters":[],"text":"Among the first to settle, Nupe from Gbara near Bida are believed to have lived on Mount Patti, and gave it its name.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"people":"Oworo (Yoruba)","group":{"id":"yoruba","name":"Yoruba"},"color":"#5c4a38","quarters":[],"text":"The Oworo held a settlement on Patti, Okenka, until the Europeans came.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"disputed"},{"people":"Bassa-Nge","group":{"id":"bassa-nge","name":"Bassa-Nge"},"polity":"nupe","color":"#2a7a7a","from":{"name":"Bida country","point":[6.01,9.08]},"quarters":["the foot of Mount Patti"],"text":"Nupe-speaking refugees from the jihad. By their own tradition they settled at the foot of Mount Patti when they came to Lokoja, fleeing Masaba’s raids of the early 1840s, before many crossed the Benue into Igala land.","refs":[1,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"people":"Hausa","group":{"id":"hausa","name":"Hausa"},"color":"#5c4a38","quarters":[],"text":"Hausa traders and rulers: the Maigari of Lokoja (Hamza, Dauda, Musa, then Muhammadu Maikarfi, whom Baikie won over to bring the people down from the hills).","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"}],"under":[{"polity":"igala","polityName":"Igala Kingdom","color":"#c9822a","from":1700,"to":1841,"kind":"ruled","text":"The Attah’s land; Igala fishermen lived on the river, and in 1841 the Attah granted the land to the British.","refs":[4,5,6],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-lokoja","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Lokoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokoja","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"lokoja-antecedents","citation":"Lokoja: The Historical Antecedents of a Multi-Ethnic Settlement (read only in search extracts: the Oworo on Patti, raids by Masaba’s general Benu, Baikie and Chief Meneha)","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358964178_Lokoja_The_Historical_Antecedents_of_a_Multi-Ethnic_Settlement","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"bassange-community-history","citation":"Bassa Nge Community of North America. Our History (the Bassa-Nge flight from Masaba’s raids of the early 1840s, Eku Anupe; Masaba camps where Lokoja now stands)","url":"https://www.bassangecommunityna.org/our-ministries","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"allen-thomson-1848","citation":"Allen, William; Thomson, T. R. H. (1848). A Narrative of the Expedition sent by Her Majesty’s Government to the River Niger in 1841, vol. I, chapters XII (the conference with the Attàh), XIV (Adda Kuddu) and XV (conquests of the Filatahs). Richard Bentley, London (transcribed by P. Davis)","url":"https://www.pdavis.nl/Niger_Contents.htm","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"trotter-1843-report","citation":"Trotter, H. D. (1843). Report of Proceedings from Captain Trotter, First Commissioner, to Lord Stanley (Parliamentary Papers No. 52, 1843): the land bought “on the right bank of the river near Adda-Kuddu, and embracing Baraga or Beaufort Island”. House of Commons (transcribed by P. Davis)","url":"https://www.pdavis.nl/PP_Niger_3.htm","checked":true},{"n":6,"id":"owner-2026-10-06-lokoja-fishermen","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: indigenous Igala fishermen lived at Lokoja when the Attah leased the land to the British; no one in Lokoja should be described as settled","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"dike-1957","citation":"Dike, K. Onwuka. (1957). Origins of the Niger Mission 1841–1891 (Lokoja “belonged to no particular tribe and was the meeting place of adventurers from all quarters”). CMS Niger Mission, Ibadan (Project Canterbury transcription)","url":"https://anglicanhistory.org/africa/ng/dike_origins1957.html","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"crowther-1872","citation":"Crowther, Samuel Adjai. (1872). Bishop Crowther’s Report of the Overland Journey from Lokoja to Bida, on the River Niger, and thence to Lagos (introduction: Lokoja’s community asks Masaba, “whose dominions surround Lokoja”, for protection after 1869). Church Missionary Society (Project Canterbury transcription)","url":"https://anglicanhistory.org/africa/crowther/niger1872.html","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"owner-2026-10-11-north","citation":"Direction from the HistoNaija owner: the Attah’s northern reach (Abaji, Toto, Umaisha and the rest) held until the jihad-era campaigns","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Drawn as a multi-ethnic town between the powers after the Attah lost the north, on the owner’s direction (2026-10-11), not as Nupe land. Crowther (1872) has Masaba as its protector from 1869, and Bida later kept a delegate there for Okun tribute (see Kabba); neither is shown as rule.","Dike (1957) says the consulate was “harassed by native attacks” and withdrawn in 1869, and that Usman Zaki of Nupe “suppressed what was left” of the abandoned 1841 model farm; neither is a sack of the town, so neither is drawn.","The Oworo settlement on Patti (Okenka) comes from a paper read only in search extracts; check the full text."]},{"id":"wase","name":"Wase","status":"published","otherNames":["Wase Tofa"],"point":[9.951,9.081],"founded":{"year":1813,"refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"summary":{"text":"Below Wase Rock the Jukun of Wase Tofa, who call themselves Wapa, were already living when Giwa, a Fulani from Wuro Mayo in Bauchi, came in about 1813 and made friends with them. His sons Hasan, Abdu and Umaru founded the three ruling houses, and Wase became Bauchi emirate's fortified outpost on the jihad's south-eastern flank.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"founders":[{"people":"Jukun (Wapa)","group":{"id":"jukun","name":"Jukun"},"polity":"kwararafa","color":"#8c3d3d","quarters":["Wase Tofa"],"text":"The Jukun living near Wase when Giwa arrived; Wase Tofa is one of the Jukun dialects Meek recorded.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"people":"Fulani","group":{"id":"fulani","name":"Fulani"},"polity":"sokoto","color":"#2f6b4f","from":{"name":"Wuro Mayo, Bauchi","point":[9.84,10.31]},"quarters":[],"text":"Giwa and his sons, founders of the Wase dynasty.","refs":[1,3],"confidence":"high"}],"under":[{"polity":"kwararafa","polityName":"Kwararafa","color":"#8c3d3d","from":1650,"to":1812,"kind":"ruled","text":"Wase lay inside Kwararafa's core at its height.","refs":[4],"confidence":"disputed"},{"polity":"sokoto","polityName":"Sokoto Caliphate","color":"#2f6b4f","from":1820,"to":1902,"kind":"ruled","text":"A sub-emirate of Bauchi under the Sokoto Caliphate, its rulers titled Madakin and then Sarkin Dutse.","refs":[1,3],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-wase","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Wase, Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wase,_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-jukun","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jukun people (West Africa)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukun_people_(West_Africa)","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"rulers-org-nigeria-traditional","citation":"Cahoon, Ben. Nigerian traditional polities (ruler lists)","url":"https://www.rulers.org/nigatrad.html","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-kwararafa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kwararafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwararafa","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Wuro Mayo is placed at Bauchi city; its own site is not located."]}],"thrones":[{"id":"dore-numa","title":"Dore Numa, Political Agent and Paramount Chief","status":"published","kind":"warrant","year":1894,"seat":{"name":"Warri (Benin River to the Urhobo hinterland)","point":[5.75,5.52]},"by":"the British, after the fall of Nana Olomu","first":"Chief Dore Numa (Itsekiri)","groups":[{"id":"itsekiri","name":"Itsekiri"},{"id":"urhobo","name":"Urhobo"}],"text":"When Nana Olomu fell in 1894 the British made Dore Numa, an Itsekiri trader, their Political Agent for the Benin River. In 1902 his authority was stretched over Warri, Sapele, the Urhobo hinterland and Kwale, and in 1916 he was made a Paramount Chief, 2nd Class. For three decades he dominated Warri Province; Urhobo historians remember him as a chief the British made, never chosen by the Itsekiri themselves, who leased Urhobo land to the government in 1906.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"obiomah-dore-numa","citation":"D. A. Obiomah. Who Was Chief Dore Numa? (from Warri: Land, Overlords & Land Rights)","url":"https://urhobodigitallibrarymuseum.com/who-was-chief-dore-numa/","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"nnama-of-nibo","title":"Nnama Orjiakor, warrant chief of Nibo","status":"published","kind":"warrant","year":1896,"until":1945,"seat":{"name":"Nibo (approximate)","point":[7.06,6.18]},"by":"the British, after Nibo surrendered","first":"Nnama Orjiakor","groups":[{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo"}],"text":"Nnama already ruled Nibo, the first town to capitulate to the British army. The British made him warrant chief and paramount ruler in 1896, and chief judge of the customary court of appeal for Awka; he served until his death in 1945. The British often recognised ruling families that signed the “instrument of surrender” rather than imposing new ones.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-nnama","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nnama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnama","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"agho-obaseki","title":"Agho Obaseki, paramount chief of Benin","status":"published","kind":"warrant","year":1898,"until":1914,"seat":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"by":"the British, after the 1897 expedition","first":"Chief Agho Obaseki","groups":[{"id":"edo","name":"Edo"}],"polity":"benin","text":"With Oba Ovonramwen exiled, the British ruled Benin through Agho Obaseki, a chief who had fought beside the Oba in 1897. He was paramount chief from 1898 until the throne was restored in 1914, then Iyase until his death in 1920.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-agho-obaseki","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Agho Obaseki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agho_Obaseki","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"emir-of-pategi","title":"Emir of Pategi","status":"published","kind":"created","year":1898,"seat":{"name":"Pategi","point":[5.7524,8.7262]},"by":"the British, after their conquest of Bida","first":"Idrissu Gana","groups":[{"id":"nupe","name":"Nupe"}],"polity":"nupe","text":"The Yissazhi, a Nupe faction that had fought the Fulani emirs of Bida, refused to join Bida against the British. After the British conquered Bida they gave the Yissazhi, under Idrissu Gana, an emirate of their own at Pategi.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high","note":"The emirate followed the conquest of Bida in 1897; it is shown from 1898.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-pategi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Pategi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pategi","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"warrant-chiefs","title":"The warrant chief system","status":"published","kind":"warrant","year":1900,"yearLabel":"early 1900s","until":1930,"seat":{"name":"Oloko, where the Women’s War began against the warrant chief Okugo","point":[7.5237,5.3731]},"by":"the British administration of Southern Nigeria","groups":[{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo"},{"id":"ibibio","name":"Ibibio"},{"id":"annang","name":"Annang"}],"text":"Where the Igbo and their neighbours had no kings, the British appointed local men as chiefs and gave them “warrants” to sit in the Native Courts. They had no precedent in Igbo tradition and were fiercely resisted. In 1929 thousands of women rose against them in the Women’s War, forcing many to resign and attacking sixteen Native Courts; in 1930 the colonial government abolished the system.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","note":"The start is approximate: warrants were issued from the first years of British rule in the east.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-colonial-nigeria","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Colonial Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-womens-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Women’s War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_War","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"sultan-attahiru-ii","title":"Sultan of Sokoto (Attahiru II)","status":"published","kind":"installed","year":1903,"seat":{"name":"Sokoto","point":[5.24,13.06]},"by":"Frederick Lugard","first":"Muhammadu Attahiru II","groups":[{"id":"fulani","name":"Fulani"},{"id":"hausa","name":"Hausa"}],"polity":"sokoto","text":"When British forces took Sokoto in 1903, Sultan Attahiru I fled with many followers. On 21 March 1903 Lugard appointed Muhammadu Attahiru II, his rival for the throne, as Sultan, and at the same time stripped the office of much of its political power.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-muhammadu-attahiru-ii","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muhammadu Attahiru II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu_Attahiru_II","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"ohinoyi-of-ebiraland","title":"Chief of Ebiraland (later the Ohinoyi)","status":"published","kind":"warrant","year":1904,"seat":{"name":"Okene","point":[6.23,7.55]},"by":"the British, after the Marsh expedition of 1903","first":"Omadivi Abonika (1904–1917), first District Head of Ebiraland","crowned":{"by":"the British administration","text":"Installed by the British after the Marsh expedition, bypassing the Ebira’s rule by lineage elders.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},"groups":[{"id":"ebira","name":"Ebira"}],"text":"The Ebira had no central king: their communities were run by the leaders of their lineages. After Major Marsh’s expedition sacked Okene in 1903, the British installed Omadivi of Abonika, who had helped them, as chief of all Ebiraland in 1904; he died in office as District Head in 1917.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"lasttribes-ebira","citation":"101 Last Tribes. Ebira","url":"https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/ebira.html","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ebira-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ebira people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebira_people","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-ohinoyi","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ohinoyi of Ebiraland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohinoyi_of_Ebiraland","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"idoma-district-heads","title":"Outsiders made district heads over the Idoma","status":"published","kind":"imposed","year":1907,"yearLabel":"1907–1911","seat":{"name":"Ugboju","point":[8.0531,7.3515]},"by":"the British administration","groups":[{"id":"idoma","name":"Idoma"}],"text":"Before the Idoma had a paramount ruler, the British set district heads over their clans, several of them strangers: in 1907 Alabi, a Hausa-speaking Yoruba man from Ilorin, over Ugboju; in 1910 Momoh, a Nupe man, over Agatu at Obagaji; in 1911 Mallam Auta, a Hausa man, over Adoka. Awudu Elachi became district head of Otukpa in 1908. Customary courts followed in 1920 and the Idoma Native Authority in 1923.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"itodo-2021-idoma-timeline","citation":"Sunny Green Itodo (Idoma Voice). (2021). Timeline of important dates and events in Idoma colonial history","url":"https://idomavoice.com/timeline-of-important-dates-and-events-in-idoma-colonial-history/","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"onyeama-neke","title":"Onyeama N’Eke, warrant chief of Eke","status":"published","kind":"warrant","year":1908,"yearLabel":"from 1908","until":1933,"seat":{"name":"Eke (Udi)","point":[7.3589,6.4549]},"by":"the British administration","first":"Chief Onyeama N’Eke (1870s–1933)","groups":[{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo"}],"text":"When British rule reached Eke in 1908, Onyeama, already rich, bought his way into the Ozo title society and got the colonists to award him the warrant chiefdom of Eke. He became one of the most powerful warrant chiefs in colonial Igboland, an upstart to the older chiefs, who clashed even with the District Officer.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-waawa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Waawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waawa","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"udo-akpabio","title":"Udo Akpabio, warrant chief of Ukana","status":"published","kind":"warrant","year":1910,"yearLabel":"early 1900s","until":1930,"seat":{"name":"Ukana Ikot Ntuen","point":[7.7138,5.1322]},"by":"the British administration of Ikot Ekpene Division","first":"Udo Akpabio","groups":[{"id":"annang","name":"Annang"}],"text":"Udo Akpabio of Ukana, Ikot Ntuen, in Ikot Ekpene Division was a warrant chief; his son Ibanga Akpabio became a leader of the independence era. The arrogance of the warrant chiefs’ tribunals, forced labour and taxes were among the grievances that gave rise to the Ibibio Union.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"The years of his office are not in the sources consulted.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-ibanga-akpabio","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ibanga Akpabio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibanga_Akpabio","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ibibio","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ibibio people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibibio_people","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"tiv-under-jukun","title":"The Tiv put under the Jukun, and a Sarkin Makurdi","status":"published","kind":"imposed","year":1912,"yearLabel":"early colonial rule","until":1945,"seat":{"name":"Makurdi","point":[8.52,7.73]},"by":"the British administration","first":"Audu Dan Afoba, Sarkin Makurdi","groups":[{"id":"tiv","name":"Tiv"},{"id":"jukun","name":"Jukun"}],"text":"The British split the Tiv into three and kept them under outside rulers: the Jukun minority in the north-east, Cross River in the south and Lafia Division in the north-west. They went as far as appointing Audu Dan Afoba as Sarkin Makurdi, “king of Makurdi”. These arrangements failed, and in 1946 the Tiv chose their own Tor Tiv.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium","note":"The years of the arrangement are approximate; the sources give the period, not dates.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-makir-zakpe","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Makir Zakpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makir_Zakpe","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-tiv-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Tiv people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiv_people","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"zaria-over-atyap","title":"Zaria’s rulers over the Atyap","status":"published","kind":"imposed","year":1912,"seat":{"name":"Zangon Kataf","point":[8.38,9.77]},"by":"the British administration of Northern Nigeria","groups":[{"id":"atyap","name":"Atyap"}],"polity":"zazzau","text":"In 1912 the British made the Atyap acknowledge the emirs of Jema’a and Zaria as their paramount chiefs, and set men from the Zaria ruling circles over them. Atyap chiefs who refused were removed. The Atyap revolted for decades, demanding a chiefdom of their own.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-atyap","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Atyap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atyap","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"oba-of-benin-1914","title":"Oba of Benin, restored","status":"published","kind":"restored","year":1914,"yearLabel":"24 July 1914","seat":{"name":"Benin City","point":[5.627,6.335]},"by":"the British colonial government","first":"Eweka II","groups":[{"id":"edo","name":"Edo"}],"polity":"benin","text":"The British deposed Oba Ovonramwen after the 1897 expedition and exiled him to Calabar, and Benin had no Oba for seventeen years. When Ovonramwen died in 1914 his son, who had worked with the colonial government as a chief since 1902, was enthroned as Eweka II. He rebuilt the palace the British had destroyed and looted.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-eweka-ii","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Eweka II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eweka_II","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"ojiako-ezenne","title":"Ojiako Ezenne, warrant chief of Adazi-Nnukwu","status":"published","kind":"warrant","year":1914,"until":1944,"seat":{"name":"Adazi-Nnukwu","point":[7.0216,6.1062]},"by":"the colonial government","first":"Ogbuefi Ojiako Ezenne (warrant chief 1914–1921, paramount chief 1921–1944)","groups":[{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo"}],"text":"Holder of the oldest Ozo title of Adazi-Nnukwu, Ojiako Ezenne was appointed warrant chief in 1914 and paramount chief in 1921. On 1 February 1915 he chaired a meeting of forty-five warrant chiefs of the south-east that enacted laws ending slavery there, setting him against the Aro.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-ojiako-ezenne","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ojiako Ezenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojiako_Ezenne","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"ahebi-ugbabe","title":"Ahebi Ugbabe, warrant chief and king of Enugu-Ezike","status":"published","kind":"warrant","year":1915,"yearLabel":"1910s (headman, then warrant chief); died 1948","until":1948,"seat":{"name":"Enugu-Ezike (approximate)","point":[7.45,6.98]},"by":"the British divisional officer","first":"Ahebi Ugbabe, the only female warrant chief and king in colonial Nigeria","crowned":{"by":"the Attah Igala","at":{"name":"Idah, the Attah’s palace","point":[6.737,7.117]},"text":"She became king of Enugu-Ezike with the aid of the Attah Igala, whose power reached into northern Igbo land. The British made her headman and warrant chief.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"groups":[{"id":"igbo","name":"Igbo"}],"text":"Exiled from Enugu-Ezike as a girl, Ahebi lived in Igala land, learned Igala, Nupe and Pidgin, and won the favour of the Attah Igala and the British divisional officer. They brought her home; the British made her headman in place of an old headman who could not speak with them, then warrant chief, against their own policy of keeping women out of office. She later became eze, king, of Enugu-Ezike, the only female king in colonial Nigeria.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high","note":"The years of each office are in Achebe (2011); the sources consulted give only her death in 1948 and a Native Court seat in 1930.","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-ahebi-ugbabe","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ahebi Ugbabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahebi_Ugbabe","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"dashu-ahebi","citation":"Max Dashu. Ahebi Ugbabe, the Female Leopard of Igboland","url":"https://oldwitch.substack.com/p/ahebi-ugbabe-the-female-leopard-of","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"achebe-2011-ahebi","citation":"Nwando Achebe. (2011). The Female King of Colonial Nigeria: Ahebi Ugbabe. Indiana University Press","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"emir-of-biu","title":"Emir of Biu","status":"published","kind":"retitled","year":1920,"seat":{"name":"Biu","point":[12.19,10.61]},"by":"the British administration of Northern Nigeria","groups":[{"id":"bura-pabir","name":"Bura-Pabir"}],"text":"Biu was a kingdom of its own for nearly four centuries. Until 1920 it was called the Biu Kingdom; under British rule it became the Biu Emirate.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-biu-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Biu Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biu_Emirate","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"gbong-gwom-jos","title":"Gbong Gwom Jos","status":"published","kind":"created","year":1935,"seat":{"name":"Jos (first at Riyom)","point":[8.89,9.93]},"by":"the British administration of Plateau Province","first":"Dachung Gyang of Riyom (1935–1941)","groups":[{"id":"berom","name":"Berom"}],"text":"Before colonial rule the Berom were autonomous groups with no paramount ruler. The British made a Berom royal court at Riyom, ratified in 1936, and its head became the paramount stool; in 1947 it moved to Jos, and from 1952 the Berom groups were merged under it as the Gbong Gwom Jos.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-gbong-gwom-jos","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gbong Gwom Jos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbong_Gwom_Jos","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-berom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Berom people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berom_people","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"olu-of-warri-1936","title":"Olu of Warri, restored","status":"published","kind":"restored","year":1936,"seat":{"name":"Ode-Itsekiri (Big Warri) (approximate)","point":[5.3,5.55]},"by":"the Itsekiri royal family, under colonial rule","first":"Ginuwa II","groups":[{"id":"itsekiri","name":"Itsekiri"}],"polity":"warri","text":"After Olu Akengbuwa died in 1848 the Itsekiri had no Olu for 88 years, while merchant-governors ruled the trading rivers and the British took control. The monarchy was restored under colonial rule in 1936, when Ginuwa II, Akengbuwa’s grandson, was installed.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-warri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Warri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Warri","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-ginuwa-ii","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ginuwa II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginuwa_II","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"tor-tiv","title":"Tor Tiv","status":"published","kind":"created","year":1946,"seat":{"name":"Gboko","point":[9,7.32]},"by":"the British colonial administration","groups":[{"id":"tiv","name":"Tiv"}],"text":"The Tiv had no king. The British, who found Tivland as large as the northern emirates and hard to rule, first made a Tiv Division and a Tiv Central Council (Ijir Tamen) with its headquarters at Gboko, then in 1946 created the stool of Tor Tiv. It met a need of the colonial government, and the Tiv’s own wish for a voice in it.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-tor-tiv","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Tor Tiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_Tiv","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"och-idoma","title":"Och’Idoma","status":"published","kind":"created","year":1947,"yearLabel":"elected 10 October 1947, installed 3 February 1949","seat":{"name":"Otukpo","point":[8.13,7.19]},"by":"the Idoma clan heads, under British rule","first":"Agabaidu Ogiri Oko","crowned":{"by":"the Attah Igala at Idah (one account)","at":{"name":"Idah, the Attah’s palace","point":[6.737,7.117]},"text":"By the owner’s account, Ogiri Oko, whose lineage claims Igala descent, went to Idah and was crowned and given his royal staff by the Attah Igala, who beaded only rulers of Igala royal blood. The Idoma records consulted name only his installation by the Acting Resident, D. F. H. McBride, and say nothing of Idah.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"disputed"},"groups":[{"id":"idoma","name":"Idoma"}],"text":"Each Idoma community had its own government of elders and no ruler stood over them all. Under British rule the twenty-two district clan heads, brought together in a traditional council, elected the first Och’Idoma, Agabaidu Ogiri Oko, on 10 October 1947. The Acting Resident of Benue Province installed him on 3 February 1949. His successor, Ajene Okpabi, received his staff of office from Queen Elizabeth II in 1960.","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"high","sources":[{"n":1,"id":"owner-2026-10-08-ochidoma","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Notes passed on by the HistoNaija owner: the first Och’Idoma, Agabaidu Ogiri Oko, of a lineage claiming Igala descent, went to Idah and was crowned and given his staff by the Attah Igala, who beaded only rulers of Igala royal blood","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"itodo-2021-idoma-timeline","citation":"Sunny Green Itodo (Idoma Voice). (2021). Timeline of important dates and events in Idoma colonial history","url":"https://idomavoice.com/timeline-of-important-dates-and-events-in-idoma-colonial-history/","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-idoma-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Idoma people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idoma_people","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["A written source for the Attah crowning Ogiri Oko at Idah is needed; Idoma Voice’s colonial timeline does not mention 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