{"forces":[{"id":"aro","of":"polity","status":"published","terrain":"forest","summary":{"text":"The Aro did not rule by army. Their strength was the oracle at Arochukwu, Ibini Ukpabi, and alliances with the warrior towns of Abam, Ohafia, Edda, Abiriba and Afikpo, whose fighters they could call on.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"arms":[{"kind":"allies","level":3,"text":"The militarised Igbo and Cross River towns of Ohafia, Edda, Abam, Abiriba, Afikpo and Ekoi fought for the Aro.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},{"kind":"ritual","level":3,"text":"The ‘Long Juju’ oracle at Arochukwu, the centre of Aro authority.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},{"kind":"firearms","level":1,"from":1750,"text":"Guns from the Atlantic trade.","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"}],"record":[{"year":1690,"yearLabel":"c. 1650–1700","against":"The Ibibio of the Arochukwu area","result":"won","text":"With Akpa allies, the founders of Arochukwu won the land.","event":"aro-founding","refs":[4,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1901,"yearLabel":"1901–1902","against":"British","result":"lost","text":"After strong resistance Arochukwu fell on 28 December 1901, and the confederacy collapsed.","event":"anglo-aro-war","refs":[1,3],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-aro-confederacy","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Aro Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aro_Confederacy","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"dike-ekejiuba-1990","citation":"Dike, K. Onwuka; Ekejiuba, Felicia. (1990). The Aro of South-eastern Nigeria, 1650–1980. University Press, Ibadan","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-anglo-aro-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Anglo-Aro war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Aro_war","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-arochukwu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Arochukwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arochukwu","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Arms levels (1 some, 2 a real strength, 3 famous for it) are the compiler’s judgement from the sources, for the Versus page’s guess; please check them."]},{"id":"benin","of":"polity","status":"published","terrain":"forest","summary":{"text":"Benin made war from the forest. The Oba commanded regiments in the capital and the palace, the Ezomo and the Iyase led the field armies, villages sent their levies, and canoes carried troops through the creeks and lagoons. Benin City sat inside one of the largest earthworks in the world.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"arms":[{"kind":"standing","level":3,"text":"A Metropolitan Regiment, a Royal Regiment of picked warriors and the Iyoba’s own, with village regiments called up for war, under the Ezomo and Iyase.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},{"kind":"walls","level":3,"text":"About twelve kilometres of walls and moats round the city, and earthworks across the countryside.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},{"kind":"firearms","level":2,"from":1515,"text":"Portuguese musketeers fought for Esigie in 1515–1517; Benin went on buying guns and cannon, and its smiths tried making light firearms.","refs":[1,3,2],"confidence":"high"},{"kind":"canoes","level":2,"from":1440,"text":"Troops moved by canoe through the lagoons and creeks; Benin’s wars ran west along the lagoons to Lagos.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"kind":"allies","level":2,"from":1440,"text":"Tributaries from the Niger to Lagos owed tribute and men at the height.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"}],"record":[{"year":1517,"yearLabel":"1515–1517","against":"Igala","polity":"igala","result":"held","text":"An Igala army crossed the Niger and nearly overran Benin; Esigie, with Portuguese musketeers, drove it back across the Niger to Idah.","event":"igala-benin-war","refs":[3,1,2],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1550,"yearLabel":"c. 1550","against":"The Awori of Lagos island","result":"won","text":"Orhogbua’s armies made Lagos island a Benin war camp, Eko.","event":"orhogbua-eko","refs":[4,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1897,"against":"British","result":"lost","text":"A British punitive expedition took and burned Benin City and exiled Oba Ovonramwen.","event":"benin-expedition-1897","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-benin","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"ryder-1969","citation":"Ryder, A. F. C. (1969). Benin and the Europeans, 1485–1897. Longmans, London","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-igala-benin-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igala–Benin War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igala%E2%80%93Benin_War","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-orhogbua","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Orhogbua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhogbua","checked":false},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-benin-expedition-1897","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Benin Expedition of 1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Arms levels (1 some, 2 a real strength, 3 famous for it) are the compiler’s judgement from the sources, for the Versus page’s guess; please check them."]},{"id":"bonny","of":"polity","status":"published","terrain":"delta","summary":{"text":"Bonny was a trading city-state of the eastern Delta. Its canoe houses each manned war canoes, some carrying cannon, and fought Kalabari for the trade.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"arms":[{"kind":"canoes","level":3,"text":"Canoe houses manned war canoes, some armed with cannon.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"kind":"firearms","level":2,"from":1600,"text":"Guns and cannon from the Atlantic trade.","refs":[2,4],"confidence":"medium"}],"record":[{"year":1869,"against":"Jaja’s Anna Pepple house","polity":"opobo","result":"lost","text":"Civil war split Bonny; Jaja left to found Opobo and took much of the oil trade.","refs":[5,2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"jones-1963","citation":"Jones, G. I. (1963). The Trading States of the Oil Rivers: A Study of Political Development in Eastern Nigeria. Oxford University Press for the International African Institute","checked":false},{"n":2,"id":"dike-1956","citation":"Dike, K. Onwuka. (1956). Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta, 1830–1885. Clarendon Press, Oxford","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-bonny","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Bonny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bonny","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"thornton-1999","citation":"Thornton, John K. (1999). Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500–1800. UCL Press","checked":false},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-opobo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Opobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opobo","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Arms levels (1 some, 2 a real strength, 3 famous for it) are the compiler’s judgement from the sources, for the Versus page’s guess; please check them."]},{"id":"borgu","of":"polity","status":"published","terrain":"savanna","summary":{"text":"Borgu’s Wasangari kingdoms fought with horse-mounted warriors from the 15th century. They held off Songhai raids, broke Oyo’s army in 1783, and sent their horsemen to die with Oyo’s in the last war against Ilorin.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"arms":[{"kind":"cavalry","level":2,"text":"Horse-mounted warriors from the 15th century.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"kind":"archers","level":2,"text":"Bowmen fought beside the horse.","refs":[3,2],"confidence":"medium"}],"record":[{"year":1783,"against":"Oyo","polity":"oyo","result":"won","text":"Borgu regained its full independence by beating Oyo at Gberegburu.","refs":[1,4],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1837,"against":"Ilorin and the caliphate","polity":"sokoto","result":"lost","text":"Siru Kpera of Nikki died with Alaafin Oluewu in the war at Ilorin.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-borgu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Borgu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgu","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"stewart-1993","citation":"Stewart, Marjorie Helen. (1993). Borgu and Its Kingdoms: A Reconstruction of a Western Sudanese Polity. Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"smith-1989-warfare","citation":"Smith, Robert S. (1989). Warfare and Diplomacy in Pre-colonial West Africa (2nd edition). University of Wisconsin Press","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-oyo-empire","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Oyo Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Arms levels (1 some, 2 a real strength, 3 famous for it) are the compiler’s judgement from the sources, for the Versus page’s guess; please check them."]},{"id":"daura","of":"polity","status":"published","terrain":"sahel","summary":{"text":"Daura was honoured as the oldest Hausa state but was small, and was taken in the jihad.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"arms":[{"kind":"cavalry","level":1,"text":"Hausa horsemen.","refs":[3,1],"confidence":"medium"}],"record":[{"year":1806,"against":"The Sokoto jihad","polity":"sokoto","result":"lost","text":"Daura fell to the jihad.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-hausa-kingdoms","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Hausa Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"hogben-kirk-greene-1966","citation":"Hogben, S. J.; Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. (1966). The Emirates of Northern Nigeria: A Preliminary Survey of Their Historical Traditions. Oxford University Press","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"law-1980-horse","citation":"Law, Robin. (1980). The Horse in West African History: The Role of the Horse in the Societies of Pre-colonial West Africa. Oxford University Press for the International African Institute","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["Arms levels (1 some, 2 a real strength, 3 famous for it) are the compiler’s judgement from the sources, for the Versus page’s guess; please check them."]},{"id":"egba","of":"polity","status":"published","terrain":"forest","summary":{"text":"The Egba rebuilt themselves at Abeokuta behind walls, and beat Dahomey there twice. They bought guns through Lagos and sided with Ijaye and the Ekitiparapo against Ibadan.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"arms":[{"kind":"walls","level":2,"from":1830,"text":"The walls of Abeokuta.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"kind":"firearms","level":2,"from":1840,"text":"Guns bought through Lagos.","refs":[1,4],"confidence":"medium"}],"record":[{"year":1851,"against":"Dahomey","result":"held","text":"Dahomey’s army, its women soldiers among it, was beaten at the walls of Abeokuta.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1864,"against":"Dahomey","result":"held","text":"A second Dahomean attack on Abeokuta failed.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1862,"against":"Ibadan","polity":"ibadan","result":"lost","text":"The Egba fought for Ijaye, which Ibadan destroyed.","event":"ijaye-war","refs":[2,5],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"biobaku-1957","citation":"Biobaku, Saburi O. (1957). The Egba and Their Neighbours, 1842–1872. Clarendon Press, Oxford","checked":false},{"n":2,"id":"johnson-1921","citation":"Johnson, Samuel. (1921). The History of the Yorubas. Routledge, London (CMS Lagos)","url":"https://archive.org/details/the-history-of-the-yorubas-from-the-earliest-times-to-the-beginning-of-the-british-protectorate","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"smith-1988","citation":"Smith, Robert S. (1988). Kingdoms of the Yoruba (3rd edition). University of Wisconsin Press / James Currey","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"smith-1989-warfare","citation":"Smith, Robert S. (1989). Warfare and Diplomacy in Pre-colonial West Africa (2nd edition). University of Wisconsin Press","checked":false},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-ijaye","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ijaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijaye","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Arms levels (1 some, 2 a real strength, 3 famous for it) are the compiler’s judgement from the sources, for the Versus page’s guess; please check them."]},{"id":"ekitiparapo","of":"polity","status":"published","terrain":"forest","summary":{"text":"The Ekiti, Ijesha and their allies rose against Ibadan together, armed with breech-loading rifles bought through Lagos, and fought it to a standstill at Kiriji.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"arms":[{"kind":"firearms","level":3,"text":"Snider and Martini-Henry rifles and Winchester repeaters.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},{"kind":"allies","level":2,"text":"Ekiti and Ijesha warriors with Igbomina and Akoko contingents.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"}],"record":[{"year":1886,"yearLabel":"1877–1886","against":"Ibadan","polity":"ibadan","result":"stalemate","text":"The Kiriji war ended in a stalemate.","event":"kiriji-war","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kiriji-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kiriji War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiriji_War","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"akintoye-1971","citation":"Akintoye, S. A. (1971). Revolution and Power Politics in Yorubaland, 1840–1893: Ibadan Expansion and the Rise of Ekitiparapo. Longman, London","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["Arms levels (1 some, 2 a real strength, 3 famous for it) are the compiler’s judgement from the sources, for the Versus page’s guess; please check them."]},{"id":"gobir","of":"polity","status":"published","terrain":"sahel","summary":{"text":"Gobir was the most warlike of the Hausa states in the 18th century: its horsemen destroyed Zamfara’s capital and made Alkalawa the power of the north, until the jihad began within its own borders.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"arms":[{"kind":"cavalry","level":2,"text":"Gobir’s horsemen.","refs":[1,4],"confidence":"medium"},{"kind":"walls","level":1,"from":1764,"text":"The walled capital Alkalawa.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"record":[{"year":1764,"against":"Zamfara","polity":"zamfara","result":"won","text":"Gobir took Zamfara’s lands and built Alkalawa.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1804,"against":"The jihad","polity":"sokoto","result":"won","text":"Gobir beat the jihad army at Tsuntua.","event":"fulani-jihad","refs":[5],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1808,"against":"The Sokoto jihad","polity":"sokoto","result":"lost","text":"Alkalawa fell and Yunfa was killed.","event":"fulani-jihad","refs":[5,2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-gobir","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gobir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobir","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-alkalawa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Alkalawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalawa","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"last-1967","citation":"Last, Murray. (1967). The Sokoto Caliphate. Longmans, London","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"law-1980-horse","citation":"Law, Robin. (1980). The Horse in West African History: The Role of the Horse in the Societies of Pre-colonial West Africa. Oxford University Press for the International African Institute","checked":false},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-fulani-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jihad of Usman dan Fodio (Fulani War)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani_War","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Arms levels (1 some, 2 a real strength, 3 famous for it) are the compiler’s judgement from the sources, for the Versus page’s guess; please check them."]},{"id":"ibadan","of":"polity","status":"published","terrain":"forest","summary":{"text":"Ibadan was a war camp that became a city: a military republic where rank came from war, called the ‘gun base’. Its army stopped the jihad at Osogbo in 1840 and then built an empire in the east.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"arms":[{"kind":"standing","level":3,"text":"A warrior class dominated the city; its chiefs rose by merit in war.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},{"kind":"firearms","level":2,"text":"Ibadan was nicknamed the gun base.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},{"kind":"allies","level":2,"from":1850,"text":"Subject towns in the east, ruled through resident agents (ajele).","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"record":[{"year":1840,"against":"Ilorin and the caliphate","polity":"sokoto","result":"won","text":"At Osogbo Ibadan decisively beat the jihad’s push south.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1862,"against":"Ijaye and the Egba","polity":"egba","result":"won","text":"Ibadan destroyed Ijaye.","event":"ijaye-war","refs":[3,4],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1886,"yearLabel":"1877–1886","against":"The Ekitiparapo","polity":"ekitiparapo","result":"stalemate","text":"The Kiriji war ended in a stalemate, and a peace brokered from Lagos.","event":"kiriji-war","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-ibadan","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ibadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"akintoye-1971","citation":"Akintoye, S. A. (1971). Revolution and Power Politics in Yorubaland, 1840–1893: Ibadan Expansion and the Rise of Ekitiparapo. Longman, London","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"johnson-1921","citation":"Johnson, Samuel. (1921). The History of the Yorubas. Routledge, London (CMS Lagos)","url":"https://archive.org/details/the-history-of-the-yorubas-from-the-earliest-times-to-the-beginning-of-the-british-protectorate","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"wikipedia-ijaye","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Ijaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijaye","checked":true},{"n":5,"id":"wikipedia-kiriji-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kiriji War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiriji_War","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Arms levels (1 some, 2 a real strength, 3 famous for it) are the compiler’s judgement from the sources, for the Versus page’s guess; please check them."]},{"id":"ife","of":"polity","status":"published","terrain":"forest","summary":{"text":"Ife was the sacred city of the Yoruba, honoured by every crowned king. Its strength was reverence, not armies, and in the 19th-century wars it was sacked more than once.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"arms":[{"kind":"ritual","level":3,"text":"The cradle of the Yoruba: kings traced their crowns to Ife.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},{"kind":"militia","level":1,"text":"Town levies.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"record":[{"year":1820,"yearLabel":"c. 1817–1822","against":"Owu","result":"won","text":"Ife joined Ijebu to destroy Owu in the Owu war.","refs":[2,4],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-yorubaland","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Yorubaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorubaland","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"smith-1988","citation":"Smith, Robert S. (1988). Kingdoms of the Yoruba (3rd edition). University of Wisconsin Press / James Currey","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"akintoye-1971","citation":"Akintoye, S. A. (1971). Revolution and Power Politics in Yorubaland, 1840–1893: Ibadan Expansion and the Rise of Ekitiparapo. Longman, London","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"johnson-1921","citation":"Johnson, Samuel. (1921). The History of the Yorubas. Routledge, London (CMS Lagos)","url":"https://archive.org/details/the-history-of-the-yorubas-from-the-earliest-times-to-the-beginning-of-the-british-protectorate","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Arms levels (1 some, 2 a real strength, 3 famous for it) are the compiler’s judgement from the sources, for the Versus page’s guess; please check them."]},{"id":"igala","of":"polity","status":"published","terrain":"river","summary":{"text":"The Igala held the Niger–Benue confluence and the crossings of the lower Niger. Their armies fought on foot with spears, swords and bows, and crossed the Niger to invade Benin in 1515. The Attah also ruled through awe: he crowned rulers from Nsukka to the Niger.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"arms":[{"kind":"archers","level":2,"text":"Spears, swords and bows were the arms of Igala armies before guns.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"kind":"canoes","level":2,"text":"The Igala held the Niger crossings below the confluence; an army crossed the river to invade Benin.","refs":[3,1],"confidence":"medium"},{"kind":"allies","level":2,"from":1700,"text":"Vassals and crowned rulers from Panda and Igu to the northern Igbo towns.","refs":[4,5],"confidence":"medium"},{"kind":"ritual","level":2,"from":1630,"text":"The Attah’s sacred kingship: rulers far beyond Idah sought his crown.","refs":[5,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"kind":"firearms","level":1,"from":1800,"text":"Guns came late, through the river trade of the 19th century.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"}],"record":[{"year":1517,"yearLabel":"1515–1517","against":"Benin","polity":"benin","result":"stalemate","text":"The invasion of Benin came close to the city, and after two years the Igala forces were driven back across the Niger to Idah. Benin counts it a victory; in Igala memory it was no defeat, for Benin never crossed the river and Idah paid it no tribute.","event":"igala-benin-war","refs":[3,1,6],"confidence":"disputed"},{"year":1700,"yearLabel":"c. 1700","against":"Kwararafa (the Jukun)","polity":"kwararafa","result":"won","text":"Attah Ayegba refused the tribute; the Jukun army that came to enforce it was beaten, and Idah was free of Wukari.","event":"igala-jukun-war","refs":[1,7,8],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1820,"yearLabel":"c. 1810s–1880","against":"Fulani-led Nupe armies of the jihad","polity":"nupe","result":"held","text":"Igala tradition tells of a victory at Igu (Koton Karfe) that stopped the jihad’s advance. With the Ebira and the Koto, the town was raided and burned more than once but never conquered, and in 1841 it still paid tribute to the Attah.","event":"igu-victory","refs":[9,10,11,12,13],"confidence":"disputed"},{"year":1860,"yearLabel":"mid 19th century","against":"Nupe","polity":"nupe","result":"lost","text":"Nupe raids emptied Adda Kuddu in 1838 and broke the Attah’s hold on the north after 1853; Koton Karfe was raided but never conquered, and the heartland held.","event":"nupe-raids-confluence","refs":[11,14,4],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"shaibu-2024","citation":"Shaibu, Margaret Aladi. (2024). Warfares and Weaponry of Pre-Colonial Igala Land 1500–1900: A Historical Analysis. NIU Journal of Humanities 9(3): 49–63","url":"https://www.kampalajournals.ac.ug/ojs/index.php/niuhums/article/download/1951/2730","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-igala-kingdom","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igala Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igala_Kingdom","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-igala-benin-war","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Igala–Benin War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igala%E2%80%93Benin_War","checked":true},{"n":4,"id":"lasttribes-igala","citation":"101 Last Tribes. Igala (tribal profile: extent at its height, vassals at Panda, Igu and Kakanda, the Tsoede tradition)","url":"https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/igala.html","checked":false},{"n":5,"id":"igala-colonisation-northern-igbo","citation":"Igala Project (author not named in the copy seen). (2017). Igala Colonisation of Northern Igbo States (1450–18th century)","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319687582_IGALA_COLONISATION_OF_NORTHERN_IGBO_STATES_1450-18th_century","checked":false},{"n":6,"id":"owner-2026-10-10-benin-war","citation":"HistoNaija owner. (2026). Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: the Igala–Benin war was not an Igala defeat; the Igala forces were driven back to Idah","checked":true},{"n":7,"id":"yusufu-2020","citation":"Yusufu, Abdullahi Musa. (2020). Historicizing the Myriad of Traditions on the Origin of Igala of Central Nigeria. FUWukari Journal of Politics and Development 4(2): 87–99","url":"https://www.fuwjpd.com.ng/download-pdf-article/82","checked":true},{"n":8,"id":"boston-1968","citation":"Boston, J. S. (1968). The Igala Kingdom. Oxford University Press for the Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, Ibadan","checked":false},{"n":9,"id":"ayegba-2020-summit","citation":"Ayegba A. A. (2020). Many kings fell during Usman Danfodio struggle but Attah Igala sat firmly on his throne. Summit Post News","url":"https://summitnewspaper.wordpress.com/2020/05/05/many-kings-fell-during-usman-danfodio-struggle-but-attah-igala-sat-firmly-on-his-throne/","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"abbah-2018-igala-fulani","citation":"(2018). Igala–Hausa/Fulani Relations (1818–2018): Past, Present and What Future?. Igala Project","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323295840_IGALA-HAUSAFULANI_RELATIONS_PAST_PRESENT_AND_WHAT_FUTURE_1818-2018","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"allen-thomson-1848","citation":"Allen, William; Thomson, T. R. H. (1848). A Narrative of the Expedition sent by Her Majesty’s Government to the River Niger in 1841, vol. I, chapters XII (the conference with the Attàh), XIV (Adda Kuddu) and XV (conquests of the Filatahs). Richard Bentley, London (transcribed by P. Davis)","url":"https://www.pdavis.nl/Niger_Contents.htm","checked":true},{"n":12,"id":"owner-2026-10-07-igu","citation":"Local knowledge from the HistoNaija owner: Igala forces fought and defeated invading jihadist forces at Igu (Koton Karfe)","checked":true},{"n":13,"id":"owner-2026-10-11-koto","citation":"Direction from the HistoNaija owner: Koton Karfe was never taken, because the Igala, the Ebira and the Koto people fought the jihad’s advance","checked":true},{"n":14,"id":"james-2017-igala","citation":"James, Favor Ojochegbe. (2017). A brief history of the Igala kingdom, part 3. Nigeria Tribal Languages (blog)","url":"https://nigeriatriballanguages.blogspot.com/2017/06/a-brief-history-of-igala-kingdom-part-3.html","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Arms levels (1 some, 2 a real strength, 3 famous for it) are the compiler’s judgement from the sources, for the Versus page’s guess; please check them."]},{"id":"igbo-village-groups","of":"society","status":"published","terrain":"forest","summary":{"text":"The Igbo village groups had no king and no standing army: every grown man defended his town, age grades fought together, and some towns were famous warriors who fought for the Aro. 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NIU Journal of Humanities 9(3): 49–63","url":"https://www.kampalajournals.ac.ug/ojs/index.php/niuhums/article/download/1951/2730","checked":true},{"n":11,"id":"yusufu-2020","citation":"Yusufu, Abdullahi Musa. (2020). Historicizing the Myriad of Traditions on the Origin of Igala of Central Nigeria. FUWukari Journal of Politics and Development 4(2): 87–99","url":"https://www.fuwjpd.com.ng/download-pdf-article/82","checked":true},{"n":12,"id":"wikipedia-gombe-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gombe Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":13,"id":"wikipedia-muri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Muri, Taraba State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muri,_Taraba_State","checked":true},{"n":14,"id":"wikipedia-wukari-federation","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Wukari Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wukari_Federation","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Arms levels (1 some, 2 a real strength, 3 famous for it) are the compiler’s judgement from the sources, for the Versus page’s guess; please check them."]},{"id":"lagos","of":"polity","status":"published","terrain":"delta","summary":{"text":"Lagos was a lagoon port, founded as a Benin war camp, whose power was trade. Its war canoes ruled the lagoon, but it fell to a British naval attack in 1851.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"arms":[{"kind":"canoes","level":2,"text":"War canoes on the lagoon.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"kind":"firearms","level":1,"from":1700,"text":"Guns from the Atlantic trade.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"}],"record":[{"year":1851,"against":"British","result":"lost","text":"A British naval force bombarded Lagos and put Akitoye on the throne.","event":"lagos-1851","refs":[2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"mann-2007","citation":"Mann, Kristin. (2007). Slavery and the Birth of an African City: Lagos, 1760–1900. Indiana University Press","checked":false},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-reduction-of-lagos","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Reduction of Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction_of_Lagos","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["Arms levels (1 some, 2 a real strength, 3 famous for it) are the compiler’s judgement from the sources, for the Versus page’s guess; please check them."]},{"id":"nembe","of":"polity","status":"published","terrain":"delta","summary":{"text":"Nembe (Brass) was a canoe city-state. 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The Small Brave City-State: A History of Nembe-Brass in the Niger Delta. Ibadan University Press / University of Wisconsin Press","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-akassa-raid","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Akassa raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akassa_raid","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["Arms levels (1 some, 2 a real strength, 3 famous for it) are the compiler’s judgement from the sources, for the Versus page’s guess; please check them."]},{"id":"nri","of":"polity","status":"published","terrain":"forest","summary":{"text":"Nri had no army. Allegiance to the Eze Nri came by ritual oath, not force; violence was held an abomination that polluted the earth, and his punishment was to cut a town off from the Nri order.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},"arms":[{"kind":"ritual","level":3,"text":"Ritual authority spread by travelling agents (mbùríchi); the Eze Nri could excommunicate a town.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"}],"record":[],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-nri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Nri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"onwuejeogwu-1981","citation":"Onwuejeogwu, M. Angulu. (1981). An Igbo Civilization: Nri Kingdom and Hegemony. Ethnographica, London","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["Arms levels (1 some, 2 a real strength, 3 famous for it) are the compiler’s judgement from the sources, for the Versus page’s guess; please check them."]},{"id":"nupe","of":"polity","status":"published","terrain":"river","summary":{"text":"Nupe was a river power with horses. Its Kede canoemen ruled the middle Niger, and its cavalry raided the Yoruba and the confluence; under the emirs of Bida (from 1857) it became one of the strongest raiding states of the caliphate.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"arms":[{"kind":"canoes","level":3,"text":"The Kede canoemen controlled traffic on the middle Niger.","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"kind":"cavalry","level":2,"text":"Horsemen carried Nupe’s raids south and west.","refs":[2,4],"confidence":"medium"},{"kind":"cavalry","level":3,"from":1857,"text":"The Bida emirate raised large cavalry armies for its raids on Okun and the confluence.","refs":[1,3,5],"confidence":"medium"},{"kind":"firearms","level":1,"from":1857,"text":"Guns came with the river trade in the late 19th century.","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"}],"record":[{"year":1535,"yearLabel":"c. 1535","against":"Oyo","polity":"oyo","result":"won","text":"Nupe armies sacked Oyo-Ile and drove its court into exile.","event":"oyo-exile-igboho","refs":[6,7],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1789,"against":"Oyo","polity":"oyo","result":"won","text":"Alaafin Abiodun’s army was destroyed in Nupe, losing the equivalent of thirteen generals.","refs":[6],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1860,"yearLabel":"mid 19th century","against":"Igala","polity":"igala","result":"won","text":"Nupe raids emptied Adda Kuddu in 1838 and broke the Attah’s hold on the north after 1853, though Koton Karfe was never conquered.","event":"nupe-raids-confluence","refs":[8,9,10],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1894,"yearLabel":"c. 1894–1897","against":"The Esan Akota alliance","result":"lost","text":"Esan tradition says the Akota alliance drove the Nupe back to Agbede after three years.","event":"esan-nupe-war","refs":[11],"confidence":"disputed"},{"year":1896,"yearLabel":"1894–1897","against":"The Ogidi grand alliance (Okun Yoruba)","result":"held","text":"Bida’s cavalry camped at Ogidi and the allies held their hill; the war was still open when the Company came.","event":"ogidi-grand-alliance","refs":[12,13],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1897,"against":"Royal Niger Company","result":"lost","text":"The Company’s force with Maxim guns took Bida.","event":"bida-ilorin-1897","refs":[1,14],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-bida-emirate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Bida Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bida_Emirate","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"nadel-1942","citation":"Nadel, S. F. (1942). A Black Byzantium: The Kingdom of Nupe in Nigeria. Oxford University Press for the International African Institute","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"mason-1981","citation":"Mason, Michael. (1981). Foundations of the Bida Kingdom. Ahmadu Bello University Press, Zaria","checked":false},{"n":4,"id":"law-1980-horse","citation":"Law, Robin. (1980). The Horse in West African History: The Role of the Horse in the Societies of Pre-colonial West Africa. 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Collaboration and the British Conquest of Bida in 1897: The Role and Achievement of the Indigenous Interest Groups. African Study Monographs 10(2): 69–82","url":"https://jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/ASM%20%20Vol.10%20No.2%201989/Aliyu%20A.%20IDREES.pdf","checked":true},{"n":13,"id":"apata-2003-ogidi","citation":"Apata, Z. O. (2003). The Nupe Imperialism and the Ogidi Grand Alliance 1894–1897: Reflections of Ekitiparapo War. In Adeagbo Akinjogbin (ed.), War and Peace in Yorubaland 1793–1893, pp. 431–437. Heinemann Educational Books Nigeria, Ibadan","checked":false},{"n":14,"id":"wikipedia-royal-niger-company","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Royal Niger Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Niger_Company","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Arms levels (1 some, 2 a real strength, 3 famous for it) are the compiler’s judgement from the sources, for the Versus page’s guess; please check them."]},{"id":"old-calabar","of":"polity","status":"published","terrain":"delta","summary":{"text":"Old Calabar’s Efik towns on the Cross River were ruled through the Ekpe society; their power was trade, guarded by war canoes.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"arms":[{"kind":"canoes","level":2,"text":"War canoes on the Cross River.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"},{"kind":"firearms","level":1,"from":1700,"text":"Guns from the Atlantic trade.","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"}],"record":[],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-calabar","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Calabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabar","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"latham-1973","citation":"Latham, A. J. H. (1973). Old Calabar, 1600–1891: The Impact of the International Economy upon a Traditional Society. Clarendon Press, Oxford","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"thornton-1999","citation":"Thornton, John K. (1999). Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500–1800. UCL Press","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["Arms levels (1 some, 2 a real strength, 3 famous for it) are the compiler’s judgement from the sources, for the Versus page’s guess; please check them."]},{"id":"opobo","of":"polity","status":"published","terrain":"delta","summary":{"text":"Jaja founded Opobo in 1869 and held the oil markets of the interior with his war canoes and guns, until the British seized him by a trick in 1887.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"arms":[{"kind":"canoes","level":3,"text":"War canoes controlling the creeks to the oil markets.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"medium"},{"kind":"firearms","level":2,"text":"Guns and cannon bought in trade.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"record":[{"year":1869,"against":"Bonny","polity":"bonny","result":"won","text":"Jaja broke from Bonny and took much of its trade.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1887,"against":"British","result":"lost","text":"The consul lured Jaja aboard a ship and deported him.","event":"opobo-1887","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-opobo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Opobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opobo","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"dike-1956","citation":"Dike, K. Onwuka. (1956). Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta, 1830–1885. Clarendon Press, Oxford","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-jaja-of-opobo","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Jaja of Opobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaja_of_Opobo","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Arms levels (1 some, 2 a real strength, 3 famous for it) are the compiler’s judgement from the sources, for the Versus page’s guess; please check them."]},{"id":"oyo","of":"polity","status":"published","terrain":"savanna","summary":{"text":"Oyo was a cavalry empire. Horses bought from the north could live in the open savanna around Oyo-Ile, where the tsetse fly was rarer, and its horsemen raided as far as Dahomey. The same horses died in the forest, so Oyo could raid the south but never hold it with cavalry.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high"},"arms":[{"kind":"cavalry","level":3,"from":1610,"to":1836,"text":"Horsemen were the core of the army; one account puts the force sent against Dahomey at over 100,000 riders.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high"},{"kind":"cavalry","level":1,"from":1400,"to":1609,"text":"In exile at Igboho the court rebuilt slowly; the great cavalry came with the return to Oyo-Ile.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"kind":"standing","level":2,"from":1610,"text":"Seventy war chiefs, the Eso, nominated by the Oyo Mesi, under the Are-Ona-Kakanfo, who lived on the frontier.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},{"kind":"allies","level":2,"from":1730,"text":"Tributaries from the Egbado corridor to Dahomey owed levies and tribute.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"medium"},{"kind":"firearms","level":1,"from":1800,"text":"Oyo did not use guns in its great conquests and only took them up in the 19th century.","refs":[1],"confidence":"high"}],"record":[{"year":1535,"yearLabel":"c. 1535","against":"Nupe","polity":"nupe","result":"lost","text":"Nupe sacked Oyo-Ile; the court fled into exile at Igboho for most of a century.","event":"oyo-exile-igboho","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1748,"yearLabel":"1726–1748","against":"Dahomey","result":"won","text":"After invasions from 1726, Dahomey was made to pay yearly tribute, finally settled in 1748.","event":"oyo-dahomey-wars","refs":[1,4,2],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1783,"against":"Borgu","polity":"borgu","result":"lost","text":"Alaafin Abiodun’s army was beaten by Borgu at Gberegburu, losing some eleven generals.","refs":[1,5],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1789,"against":"Nupe","polity":"nupe","result":"lost","text":"A campaign against Nupe failed with the loss of some thirteen generals and their men.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1836,"yearLabel":"c. 1836","against":"Ilorin and the Sokoto Caliphate","polity":"sokoto","result":"lost","text":"Ilorin, now an emirate of the caliphate, destroyed Oyo-Ile; the Alaafin and the Bariba king of Nikki fell in the war of Eleduwe.","event":"fall-of-oyo","refs":[5,2,6],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-oyo-empire","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. 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Routledge, London (CMS Lagos)","url":"https://archive.org/details/the-history-of-the-yorubas-from-the-earliest-times-to-the-beginning-of-the-british-protectorate","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Arms levels (1 some, 2 a real strength, 3 famous for it) are the compiler’s judgement from the sources, for the Versus page’s guess; please check them."]},{"id":"sokoto","of":"polity","status":"published","terrain":"savanna","summary":{"text":"The caliphate was a federation of emirates, each with its own army, joined by allegiance to the Sultan. Fulani and Hausa horsemen and infantry fought the jihad, and walled ribats held its frontiers. Its cavalry stopped where the forest began: Ibadan beat it at Osogbo in 1840.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"high"},"arms":[{"kind":"cavalry","level":3,"from":1808,"text":"Mounted armies, more of them as the emirates grew.","refs":[2,4,1],"confidence":"high"},{"kind":"cavalry","level":1,"from":1804,"to":1807,"text":"The first jihad armies were mostly foot soldiers and archers.","refs":[5,2],"confidence":"medium"},{"kind":"archers","level":2,"from":1804,"to":1830,"text":"Fulani bowmen were a main arm of the early jihad.","refs":[5,6],"confidence":"medium"},{"kind":"allies","level":3,"from":1812,"text":"Some thirty emirates owed the Sultan men and tribute.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"},{"kind":"walls","level":2,"from":1812,"text":"Walled towns and frontier ribats held the borders.","refs":[2,1],"confidence":"medium"},{"kind":"firearms","level":1,"from":1850,"text":"A few guns and gunmen late in the century.","refs":[6,7],"confidence":"medium"}],"record":[{"year":1804,"against":"Gobir","polity":"gobir","result":"won","text":"At Tabkin Kwotto a small jihad army routed Gobir’s.","event":"fulani-jihad","refs":[5],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1808,"against":"Gobir","polity":"gobir","result":"won","text":"The jihad took Alkalawa, Gobir’s capital, and killed its king.","event":"fulani-jihad","refs":[5,8],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1808,"against":"Kanem-Bornu","polity":"kanem-bornu","result":"won","text":"Jihadists captured and destroyed Ngazargamu, though al-Kanemi saved Borno itself.","refs":[9],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1836,"yearLabel":"c. 1836","against":"Oyo","polity":"oyo","result":"won","text":"Ilorin, an emirate of the caliphate, destroyed Oyo-Ile.","event":"fall-of-oyo","refs":[10,11],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1840,"against":"Ibadan","polity":"ibadan","result":"lost","text":"At Osogbo Ibadan’s army decisively beat the jihad’s push into the Yoruba forest.","refs":[3],"confidence":"high"},{"year":1903,"against":"British","result":"lost","text":"British forces took Kano and Sokoto.","event":"sokoto-1903","refs":[12,2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-sokoto-caliphate","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. 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(1971). Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria, 1804–1906. Longman, London","checked":false},{"n":8,"id":"wikipedia-alkalawa","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Alkalawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalawa","checked":true},{"n":9,"id":"wikipedia-kanem-bornu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kanem–Bornu Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire","checked":true},{"n":10,"id":"law-1977","citation":"Law, Robin. (1977). The Oyo Empire, c. 1600 – c. 1836: A West African Imperialism in the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade. Clarendon Press, Oxford","checked":false},{"n":11,"id":"johnson-1921","citation":"Johnson, Samuel. (1921). The History of the Yorubas. Routledge, London (CMS Lagos)","url":"https://archive.org/details/the-history-of-the-yorubas-from-the-earliest-times-to-the-beginning-of-the-british-protectorate","checked":true},{"n":12,"id":"wikipedia-battle-of-sokoto","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Battle of Sokoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sokoto","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["Arms levels (1 some, 2 a real strength, 3 famous for it) are the compiler’s judgement from the sources, for the Versus page’s guess; please check them."]},{"id":"tiv","of":"society","status":"published","terrain":"savanna","summary":{"text":"The Tiv had no king and no standing army: lineages fought for themselves and joined together against outsiders, and they pushed out into the Benue plains in the 18th and 19th centuries.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},"arms":[{"kind":"militia","level":2,"text":"Lineage levies joining together against outsiders.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"},{"kind":"archers","level":2,"text":"Poisoned arrows and bows.","refs":[1],"confidence":"medium"}],"record":[],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-tiv-people","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. 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In the 1880s the merchant prince Nana Olomu kept a fleet of war canoes and a fortified town, Ebrohimi, armed with cannon.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"arms":[{"kind":"canoes","level":3,"text":"War canoes in the creeks.","refs":[2,3],"confidence":"medium"},{"kind":"firearms","level":2,"from":1600,"text":"Guns and cannon from the Atlantic trade; Ebrohimi had many cannon.","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"}],"record":[{"year":1894,"against":"British","result":"lost","text":"A British naval force took Nana’s fortress at Ebrohimi.","event":"ebrohimi-1894","refs":[3,2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-kingdom-of-warri","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Kingdom of Warri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Warri","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"ikime-1969","citation":"Ikime, Obaro. (1969). Niger Delta Rivalry: Itsekiri–Urhobo Relations and the European Presence, 1884–1936. Longman, London","checked":false},{"n":3,"id":"wikipedia-nana-olomu","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Nana Olomu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_Olomu","checked":true}],"reviewNotes":["Arms levels (1 some, 2 a real strength, 3 famous for it) are the compiler’s judgement from the sources, for the Versus page’s guess; please check them."]},{"id":"zamfara","of":"polity","status":"published","terrain":"savanna","summary":{"text":"Zamfara was a Hausa kingdom of horsemen, conquered by Gobir in the 18th century.","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"medium"},"arms":[{"kind":"cavalry","level":1,"text":"Hausa horsemen.","refs":[3,1],"confidence":"medium"}],"record":[{"year":1764,"against":"Gobir","polity":"gobir","result":"lost","text":"Gobir took Zamfara’s lands.","refs":[2],"confidence":"medium"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-hausa-kingdoms","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Hausa Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms","checked":true},{"n":2,"id":"wikipedia-gobir","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. Gobir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobir","checked":true},{"n":3,"id":"law-1980-horse","citation":"Law, Robin. (1980). The Horse in West African History: The Role of the Horse in the Societies of Pre-colonial West Africa. Oxford University Press for the International African Institute","checked":false}],"reviewNotes":["Arms levels (1 some, 2 a real strength, 3 famous for it) are the compiler’s judgement from the sources, for the Versus page’s guess; please check them."]},{"id":"zazzau","of":"polity","status":"published","terrain":"savanna","summary":{"text":"Zazzau, the southern Hausa state, raided the lands to its south for captives. Tradition credits Queen Amina with wars that made Kwararafa pay tribute, and with the earthen walls named after her.","refs":[1,2,3],"confidence":"medium"},"arms":[{"kind":"cavalry","level":2,"text":"Horsemen led Zazzau’s raids to the south.","refs":[2,4],"confidence":"medium"},{"kind":"walls","level":2,"text":"Walled towns, the ganuwar Amina of tradition.","refs":[1],"confidence":"disputed"}],"record":[{"year":1576,"yearLabel":"16th century","against":"Kwararafa","polity":"kwararafa","result":"won","text":"Tradition says Amina beat Kwararafa and made it pay tribute.","refs":[3,1],"confidence":"disputed"},{"year":1680,"against":"Kwararafa","polity":"kwararafa","result":"lost","text":"Kwararafa assaulted Zazzau.","refs":[3],"confidence":"medium"},{"year":1808,"against":"The Sokoto jihad","polity":"sokoto","result":"lost","text":"Zaria fell to the jihad.","event":"fulani-jihad","refs":[1,2],"confidence":"high"}],"sources":[{"n":1,"id":"wikipedia-zaria","citation":"Wikipedia contributors. 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